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1、定語從句與名詞性從句的互換 一、定語從句和名詞性從句由于表達(dá)意思的需要,有時可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。大致有下面三種情況: ()定語從句與表語從句的互換 That's the thing that we're worrying about.(定語從句) That's what we're worrying about.(表語從句) 那就是我們正在擔(dān)心的事。 This is the way she did it.(定語
2、從句) This is how she did it.(表語從句) 這就是她做這件事的方法。 This is the reason why we must go now.(定語從句) This is why we must go now.(表語從句) 這就是我們現(xiàn)在該走的理由。 That is the place where Xiao Lin
3、60;was born.(定語從句) That is where Xiao Lin was born.(表語從句) 那就是小林出生的地方。 ()定語從句與賓語從句的互換 I don't know the reason why she is so happy.(定語從句) I don't know why she is so happy.(賓語從句) 我
4、不知道她為什么這樣高興。 He showed me the place where he used to live.(定語從句) He showed me where he used to live.(賓語從句) 他帶我看了他曾經(jīng)住過的地方。 Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated?(定語從句) Do
5、60;you know when Wuhan was liberated?(賓語從句) 你知道武漢是什么時候解放的嗎? ()定語從句與主語從句的互換 The thing that we need is more time.(定語從句) What we need is more time.(主語從句) 我們所需要的是更多的時間。 The time when they will s
6、tart out has not been decided yet.(定語從句) When they will start out has not been decided yet.(主語從句) 他們什么時候動身還沒有決定下來。 The reason why he did it wasn't quite clear.(定語從句) Why he
7、0;did it wasn't quite clear.(主語從句) 他為什么做那件事還不很清楚。 The place where she lives is not known yet.(定語從句) Where she lives is not known yet.(主語從句) 她住在什么地方,大家還不知道。 二、學(xué)習(xí)定語從句應(yīng)注意的幾個問題 ()定語從句中關(guān)
8、系代詞與先行詞的一致性 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞一般應(yīng)與它所指代的先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持主謂一致。例如: The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但注意下列一組句子: He is the only one of the
9、students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now. 如果"one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞"后跟有定語從句,一般情況下"one of"后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為先行詞,但當(dāng)one前有the only,the very,j
10、ust the修飾時,先行詞則為one。 ()定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一個句子為定語從句,where指代the place,在定語從句中作狀語,第二個句子為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)in the
11、 place,that沒有意義,把in the place 放回后面句子,句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問副詞where)。 Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定語從句,that指代the watch) ()定語
12、從句與并列結(jié)構(gòu) He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. I've got two sisters.Both of them are
13、 in Shanghai. 第一個句子為定語從句,關(guān)系代詞whom指代two sons,在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語。第二個句子為并列結(jié)構(gòu),由并列連詞and連接,人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個為兩個獨(dú)立的句子,兩個句子中間用句號,兩句開頭的處一個字母都大寫。 ()定語從句與狀語從句 He found the books where he had put. He found the&
14、#160;books in the place where he had put. 第一個句子為狀語從句,where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地點(diǎn)狀語。第二個句子為定語從句,where引導(dǎo)從句修飾the place。 This is such an interesting book th
15、at I'd like to read it. This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read. 第一個句子為結(jié)果狀語從句,在結(jié)果狀語從句中,it指代book,作read的賓語。第二個句子為定語從句,關(guān)系代詞as指代先行詞book的定語從句中read的賓語。 ()定語從句中的先行詞 Is th
16、is book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday? 第一個句子中,this book是主句的主語,the one 是先行詞。在第二個句子中this是主句的主語,the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現(xiàn):Is this book
17、160;that you bought yesterday? ()定語從句與同位語從句 定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用,而同位語從句則相當(dāng)于名詞,它對其前面的詞給予說明或作進(jìn)一步解釋,即說明該詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。例如: The news that we heard is not true.(定語從句) The news that he won the&
18、#160;prize is not true.(同位語從句) 另:在"have no idea+從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中,其從句都作idea的同位語。例如: I have no idea when she will be back. 三、把握定語從句中的時空概念 在定語從句的運(yùn)用中,當(dāng)其先行詞表示時間或空間概念時,有些學(xué)生很容易想當(dāng)然地用關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo),而沒有具體情況具
19、體處理。所以,應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)。 ()從邏輯意義上講,只有從句中的謂語動詞與該先行詞構(gòu)成動狀(時間、地點(diǎn))關(guān)系時,才能用when或where引導(dǎo)從句;或視不同情況以prep.+which代之。例如: 1、 This is the country where/in which Edison was born。(動狀關(guān)系) 2、 I'll never forget the year when/in which the
20、0;terrible earthquake happened.(動狀關(guān)系) 3、 England was one of the places from which the settlers moved to America.(動狀關(guān)系) ()從邏輯意義上看,當(dāng)從句中的謂語動詞與該類先行詞有主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系時,則以which/that或prep.+which引導(dǎo)從句。 4、 Please follow the
21、0;custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.(動賓關(guān)系) 5、 For ever I'll remember the year that/which brought me happy memory.(主謂關(guān)系) 6、 He is going to work i
22、n Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei Province.(主謂關(guān)系) ()從邏輯意義上講,當(dāng)從句中作主語的名詞與先行詞存在所屬關(guān)系時,則用詞whose。 7、 Mr.Gallant is going to the country whose name is Sweden.(所屬關(guān)系) 8、 Generally,we refer to the&
23、#160;time whose speed is unchanged.(所屬關(guān)系) 淺述主動式定語從句的簡化 一、定語從句簡化 英語表達(dá)方式是相當(dāng)靈活的,為了表達(dá)言簡意賅,使敘述簡潔明快,常用一定的語法手段把句子加以簡化,定語從句被簡化成簡單句就是常見的一種。下面簡單談?wù)勚鲃邮蕉ㄕZ從句簡化的幾種情況。 ()定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞為從句主語,其謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,可以用現(xiàn)在分詞短語來簡化。例如: The man who is teac
24、hing us English now graduated from Hubei University three years ago. ->The man teaching us. 現(xiàn)在教我們英語的老師三年前畢業(yè)于湖北大學(xué)。 但是,如果定語從句動詞之后沒有介詞作狀語時,現(xiàn)在分詞常置于中心詞之前。例如: The countries which
25、160;are developing should get united. ->The developing countries should. 發(fā)展中的國家應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)起來。 ()把定語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語有以下幾個條件。 1、從句的動詞和主句的動作的時態(tài)的一致。例如: My father used to work for th
26、e neighbours that lived here. -> .the neighbours living here. 我父親過去常給住在這兒的鄰居干活兒。 2、從句謂語的動作可以發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前。例如: Can you catch the early bus which will leave at
27、160;6:00 this morning? -> Can you catch the early bus leaving at. 你能趕上今天早晨六點(diǎn)鐘離開的早班汽車嗎? 3、從句和主句的動詞和動作都是泛指的。例如: China is a developing country which belongs to the
28、0;third world. -> .country belonging to the third world. 中國是一個屬于第三世界的發(fā)展中國家。 4、從句謂語動作一發(fā)生,主句謂語動詞的動作緊接著發(fā)生。例如: The man who stole into the bank was caught
29、immediately on the spot. ->The man stealing into. 溜進(jìn)銀行偷竊的那個人被立即當(dāng)場逮住。 ()如果定語從句中是連系動詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時,且表語是介詞短語,形容詞短語或名詞短語,可以把它們簡化作中心詞的后置定語。例如: The farmers had to fetch water from a river
30、160;which was a mile away from the village. ->.a river a mile away from the village. 家民們得從離村子一里路遠(yuǎn)的河里取來水。 The students who were from the N0.14 Middle Sc
31、hool have gathered. -> The students from the No.14 Middle school. 來自十四中的學(xué)生集合好了。 ()定語從句的謂語是表示程度、時間和方式等的副詞或副詞短語修飾語,可用副詞和現(xiàn)在分詞(兩者之間用連字號)作中心詞的前置修飾語。例如: This is a man who works hard.
32、160; ->This is a hard-working man. 這是一位勤奮工作的人。 ()如果定語從句的動詞是一個普通名詞作賓語時,可用名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞(二者之間須用連字號)作定語來簡化。例如: The south of Hubei is an area which grows rice. The Sorth of H
33、ubei is a rice-growing area. ()定語從句中有一系列并列形容詞作表語,可簡化成簡單句,形容詞變成中心詞的前置定語。例如: A person who is gentle,lovable and familiar is always easy to get along with. ->A gentle,lovable
34、;and familiar person is always. 一位溫和,可愛和熟悉的人總是容易相處。 ()如果定語從句的謂語動詞與中心詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,動狀關(guān)系和主謂關(guān)系時,可以簡化成不定式短語作中心詞的后置定語。例如: He is a good student with whom you can study. ->.student to
35、;study with. 他是一位能一起學(xué)習(xí)的好學(xué)生。 ()如果定語從句中有have加賓語被形容詞修飾時,可以簡化成with短語中心詞的后置定語,也可以簡化成名詞加-ed作前置定語。例如: a girl who has blue eyes-> a girl with blue eyes.-> a blue-eyed girl 二、定語從句典型錯誤例析 1.【誤】Th
36、e finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. 【正】The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mo
37、uth. 【析】上句應(yīng)由關(guān)系代詞that或which在定語從句中作賓語,已省去。因此,從句中的賓語it多余。又如: 【誤】Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried there in 1977 【正】Chaplin lived the last years
38、;of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried in 1977. 2.【誤】I,who is a Chinese,will do my best for our country. 【正】I,who am a Chinese,will do my best for our
39、;country. 【析】定語從句中謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)依據(jù)先行詞的人稱和數(shù)來確定,保持主謂一致。如:Mike is one of the students who know the truth.(先行詞為students)Mike is the only one of the students who knows the truth.(先行詞為the only one
40、) 3.【誤】All what you have done is not necessary. 【誤】All which you have done is not necessary. 【正】All that you have done is not necessary. 【析】what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞(all,something,
41、anything,nothing,everything等),或先行詞受形容詞最高級,序數(shù)詞或last,very等詞修飾時,關(guān)系代詞常用that而不用which。如:This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.They asked him to tell them everything that he saw in the
42、 factory. 4.【誤】I don't know the man with who my brother is talking. 【正】I don't know the man with whom my brother is talking. 【析】定語從句中,如介詞提前,指人時只用whom,指物時只用which:如:The two
43、 things about which Marx was not sure were grammar and some of the idioms. 5.【誤】He is the very person for whom I am looking. 【正】He is the very person who(
44、whom)I am looking for. 【析】有些定語從句中的介詞不能提前,如提前,從句動詞的意義會改變。take care of,look up,look forward to,ask for,make up等短語動詞均屬此列。 6.【誤】China Daily has plenty of advertisements,that help to cut the costs
45、60;of making the newspaper. 正】China Daily has plenty of advertisements,which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper. 【析】在非限制性定語從句中,指物時用which,不用that. 7.【誤】I can't remember the thi
46、ngs and persons who I met at that time. 【正】I can't remember the things and persons that I met at that time. 【析】先行詞既有人又有物時,定語從句用that引導(dǎo)。 定語從句誤用辨析 1. Th
47、is is the factory where we visited last week. 2. This is the watch for which Li Feng is looking. 3. The person to who&
48、#160;you spoke is a student of Grade Two. 4. The house in that we live is very small. 5. Everything which we saw was o
49、f great interest. 6. I've read all the books which I borrowed from the library. 7. This is the best film which I have
50、160;ever seen. 8. My father and Mr Crosset talked of things and persons who they remembered in the school. 9. This is the s
51、ame bag like I lost yesterday. 10. His dog,that was now very old,became ill and died. 11. This is one of the reasons,why you may like to eat it.
52、160; 12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands. 13. The boy,his mother died,studies very hard. 14. I have two sisters,both of them are
53、doctors. 15. We're going to visit the school where your brother works there. 16. The captain's head soon appeared out of the second storey windows,from w
54、hich he could see nothing but trees. 17. That is the way which they work. 18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice. 19. The news
55、 which a new English teacher will come makes us excited. 20. As we all know it,he is American. 辨析: 1、將where改為that或which。定語從句關(guān)系代副詞的選擇,一看先行詞,二看其在從句中的成分。本句中visit是及物動詞,which做其賓語。 2、把for放在looking之
56、后,當(dāng)which做短語動詞(即動詞和其介詞不能分開)的賓語時,介詞不前置。 3、who改為whom,盡管在口語中who、whom都能做賓語,但在介詞后只用whom。 4、that應(yīng)為which。 that不做介賓。 5、which改成that。當(dāng)先行詞有不定代詞something,someone,all等時,由that充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞,不用which。 6、which改為that。當(dāng)先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little等修飾時,用that,不用which。 7、which換成that。當(dāng)先行詞中有形容詞的最高級、序數(shù)詞,the only、
57、the very等時,只用that引導(dǎo)。 8、who改為that。如果先行詞既是人又有物時,則用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。 9、like改為as。當(dāng)先行詞里有the same,such時,用as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。 10、which代that。that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 11、去掉逗號。why可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,但不能用于非限制性定語從句。 12、wants改為want。定語從句的謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。 13、his改為whose。 14、them改為whom,由both of whom引導(dǎo)非限制定語,或去掉逗號,both大寫。 15、there多
58、余,去掉。 16、from which改為from where。which只表示地點(diǎn)(place),where(n)可表示地方,空間(space)。 17、which改為that或in which。 18、在Those后添上who,引導(dǎo)定語從句。 19、which改為that。本句是同位語從句,that不做成分,只起引導(dǎo)作用。 20、去掉it。as作know的賓語,以"he is American"為先行詞。 歷屆高考英語單項(xiàng)選擇題精選定語從句 1.His parents wouldnt
59、60;let him marry anyone _ family was poor. A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose
60、 (89) 2.She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A.it B.which C.this D.that &
61、#160; (91) 3.In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.that B.who
62、 C.from whom D.to whom (92) 4.The weather turned out to be very good , _ was
63、;more than we could expect. A.what B.which C.that D.it (92) 5.
64、After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A.which B.where C.that
65、160; D.when (96) 6Carol said the work would be done by October.personally I doubt very much. A. it &
66、#160; B.that C.when D.which (99) 7Dorothy was always speaking highly of
67、0;her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy. Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat
68、 (2000) 8.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _ was very reasonable. A.which price &
69、#160; B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose 9._ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set
70、of dead rules. A.As B.It C.That D.Which 10.He lived in London for 3 months , during _ time he&
71、#160;learned some English. A.this B.which C.that D.same 11.Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue. A.whose B.of which C.which
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