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1、Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence概念句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的。組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主語、謂語、表語、賓語(直接和間接賓語)、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分(在英語中,一般句子必須有主語和謂語),表語、賓語和賓語的補(bǔ)足語是謂語里的組成部分。其他成份如定語和狀語是句子的次要成分。句子成分分類1主語 主語是謂語講述的對象,表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞或短語來充當(dāng),也有從句充當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)象。大多數(shù)主語都在句首。如:講述“誰” We work

2、 in a big factory. 講述“什么” The classroom is very big. 數(shù)詞作主語 Three are enough. 三個人就夠了不定式作主語 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.從句作主語 What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中,主語的位置在中間。如:There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在個別句型中,主語在整個句子后面,這時前面用it作形式主語。如: It is very i

3、nteresting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2謂語謂語時用來說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”,謂語必須是動詞,謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數(shù)”兩方面必須一致。如:He is very generous. She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job. He can speak German.3表語 表語說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”,由名詞、形容詞、介

4、詞、副詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng),它的位置在系動詞后面。 形容詞作表語 You look younger than before. 名詞作表語 My father is a teacher. 副詞作表語 Everyone is here. 介詞短語作表語 They are at the theatre.不定式作表語 My job is to teach them English. 動名詞作表語 Her job is training the nurses.從句作表語 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4賓語賓語是動作、行為的

5、對象,由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當(dāng),它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么,通常放在謂語動詞后面。有時,會有雙賓語。如:名詞作賓語 He never forgives others for their mistakes.代詞做賓語 He often helps me.不定式作賓語 He likes to sleep in the open air.動名詞作賓語The Americans enjoyed living in China.從句做賓語 I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接賓語和間接賓語及物動詞作謂語時

6、,后面要跟賓語,賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的對象。但有些動詞除了直接賓語外,還需要有一個間接賓語,間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的,所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當(dāng)。如:We brought them some food.主 謂 間賓 直賓間接賓語可以放在直接賓語后面,但必須加to 或 for。5賓語的補(bǔ)足語 在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達(dá)完整的意思,還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。我們把“賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語”合起來稱為復(fù)合賓語。復(fù)合賓語所表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語.如:名詞

7、作賓補(bǔ) If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容詞作賓補(bǔ) Dont make your hands dirty.副詞作賓補(bǔ) We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) I saw a girl go into the building.帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) The boy ordered the dog to lie down.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ) The boss kept them working all day.過去分詞作賓補(bǔ) Yesterday

8、he got his leg broken.在英語中,常見的“賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)有:“賓語+名詞”。常用于改結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“賓語+形容詞”。常見的動詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如:Do you think his idea wrong? We must keep our classroom clean.We

9、 cant leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補(bǔ)常表示賓語的狀態(tài),與賓語有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。常見的副詞有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如:Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out.“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)常表示其邏輯主語(即賓語)所處的狀態(tài),兩者有主表的關(guān)系。如:We found

10、everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“賓語+不定式”。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的不定式有三種: A 要求帶to的不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不帶to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often h

11、ear him read English in his room. C 單詞help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),此時在該句型中的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語,有著主謂關(guān)系。 I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“賓語+過去分詞”。賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動關(guān)系,過去分詞表示被動和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher

12、 explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式賓語形容詞 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.賓語+what 從句Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定語 定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于形

13、容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當(dāng)定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的,而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語,所以定語的位置很靈活,凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。如: 形容詞作定語 The black bike is mine. 代詞作定語 Whats your name?名詞作定語 They made some paper flowers.介詞短語作定語 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.從句作定語 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英語中,并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面

14、,有的是放在被修飾詞的后面,故稱“后置定語”。 修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定語必須后置。如: Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介詞短語作定語時要后置。如:Do you know the boy behind the tree?The stude

15、nts in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.動詞的不定式作定語時要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 動詞不定式作主語時,to 后面的動詞必須是及物動詞或相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語。如果時短語時,那么與動詞搭配的介詞或副詞是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of

16、music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等個別方位詞作定語時要后置。如:We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now? They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7狀語 狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式,從句或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)。狀語

17、一般放在句末,但有時也可以放在句首、句中。如: He did it carefully(程度狀語) They missed me very much.(程度狀語) Without his help, we couldnt work it out.(條件狀語) In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(目的狀語) When I was young, I could swim well.(時間狀語)英語句子成份一共有哪些? 所有的!一主語:主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme), 是句子所述說的主體。它

18、的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主語的有單詞、短語、從句乃至句子。 1名詞作主語。 如:A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵樹倒下橫在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代詞用作主語。如:Youre not far wrong. (你差不多對了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他說了個笑話,但沒有引人發(fā)笑 3數(shù)詞用作主語。如:Three is enough. 三個就夠了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。 4名詞化的形

19、容詞用作主語。 The idle are forced to work. 懶漢被迫勞動。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副詞用作主語。如:Now is the time. 現(xiàn)在是時候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6名詞化的介詞作主語。如:The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我們必須承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主語。 如:To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一個問題。 It would b

20、e nice to see him again. 如能見到他,那將是一件愉快的事。 8 動名詞用作主語。如:Smoking is bad for you. 吸煙對你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看電影是樂事, 制作影片則是苦事。 9 名詞化的過去分詞用作主語。如:The disabled are to receive more money. 殘疾人將得到更多的救濟(jì)金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介詞短語用作主語。如:To Beijing is not

21、very far. 到北京不很遠(yuǎn)。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 從延安到南泥灣要三個小時。 11.從句用作主語。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你無論什么時候準(zhǔn)備好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 不能說薩利要走因而我們也得走。 12.句子用作主語。如:”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句問候語。 二謂語 謂語(predicate

22、) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞主要動詞)構(gòu)成。 1由簡單的動詞構(gòu)成。 (1). What happened? 發(fā)生了什么事? (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飛機(jī)是十點起飛的。 2由動詞短語構(gòu)成的謂語。 (1). I am reading. 我在看書。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 這半天你在干什么來著? (3). You

23、can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態(tài)的謂語動詞,表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have, get, take, give 等。如: (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水(had a swim 代替了swam) (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那個?。╰ake a look 代替了 look) (3). He gave a sigh. 他嘆了口氣。(gave a sigh 代替了sighed) (4). I got a good shake-up.

24、我受到了很大的震動。(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,徹底的)) 三表語 表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說是一種主語補(bǔ)語。它位于聯(lián)系動詞之后,與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中,連系動詞只是形式上的謂語,而真正起謂語作用的則是表語。可以作表語的詞有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚禮是在那個星期天舉行的。(名詞) 2So thats that. 就是這樣。(代詞) 3We are seven. 我們一共7人。

25、(數(shù)詞) 4Are you busy? 你有空嗎?(形容詞) 5Are you there? 你在聽嗎?(電話用語)(副詞) Is anybody in? 里面有人嗎? (副詞) 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。(不定式) My answer to his threat(威脅) was to hit him on the nose. 我對他的威脅的回答是照他的鼻子打去。(不定式) 7Complimenting(贊美,祝賀) is lying. 恭維就是說謊。(動名詞) Is that asking so much? 這是要的高了嗎?(動名詞) 8I was

26、 so much surprised at it. 我對此事感到很驚訝。(過分) Im very pleased with what he has done. 我對他所做的很滿意。(過分) 9She is in good health. 她很健康。(介詞短語) The show is from seven till ten. 演出時間為7點至10點。(介詞短語) 10Is that why you were angry? 這就是你發(fā)怒的原因嗎?(從句) 11This is where I first met her. 這就是我初次與她會面的地方。(從句) 補(bǔ)充: 能做系動詞的實義動詞: com

27、e , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動詞) fell,sound ,smell , look , taste (感觀動詞) seem, appear (似乎,好像) 例如: 1Our dream has come true. 我的夢想實現(xiàn)了。(Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等) 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。 Keep作為系動詞還常接quiet ,calm ,cool, well, warm ,silent,clean,dry 3The well r

28、an dry. 這口井干枯了。(short , loose , wild , cold 等) 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一個瘦個子似乎比他的實際高度要高些。 四賓語 賓語(object)在句中主要充當(dāng)動作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如: Our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊打敗了所有其他球隊。 可以用作賓語的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯嗎?(名詞)

29、 2They wont hurt us. 他們不會傷害我們。(代詞) 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。(數(shù)詞)。 4I shall do my possible. 我將盡力而為。(名詞化形容詞) 5He left there last week. 他上個星期離開了那里。(副詞) 6Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要離開家嗎?(不定式) 7He never did the unexpected(想不到的,意外的). 他從不做使人感到意外的事。(名詞化的分詞) 8Do you understand wha

30、t I mean? 你明白我的意思嗎?(從句) 擴(kuò)展: 賓語中有些動詞需要兩個同等的賓語,即直接賓語(direct object)與間接賓語(indirect object)。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者,間接賓語指動作所向的或所為的人和物(多指人),具有這種雙賓語的及物動詞叫做與格動詞(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, sho

31、w, sing, take 等,間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用,通常放在直接賓語之前。(如果間接賓語發(fā)在直接賓語后則需要加介詞 “to”或“for”)如:I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個職位。 五補(bǔ)語 補(bǔ)語(complement)是一種補(bǔ)足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)語(subject complement),補(bǔ)足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)語(object complement). (1). 形容詞用作主語補(bǔ)語是常置于主語之前,后有逗號。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。

32、 有時可以置于主語之后,前后都有逗號,與非限定性定語相似。如: The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地殘酷,不聽取他們的懇求。 (2).可以用做賓語補(bǔ)語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他們將孩子命名為吉米。(名詞用作并與補(bǔ)語) 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母親面很嫩,你會以為她是我的姐姐(名詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)語) 3.

33、 He boiled the egg hard. 她將雞蛋煮老了。(形容詞用作賓語補(bǔ)語) 3.I found the book very interesting.我發(fā)現(xiàn)那本書很有趣。(形容詞短語用作賓補(bǔ)) 4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志們要白求恩大夫隱蔽一下。(不定式用作賓語補(bǔ)語) 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把這個叫做拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻。(動名作賓補(bǔ) 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是當(dāng)然的事。 六定語 定語是用來

34、說明名詞(代詞)的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞??捎米鞫ㄕZ的有:形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句和句子等。 1形容詞用作定語是大量的。 (1). She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音樂家。 (2). He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。(后置定語) 2. 名詞用作定語。如 (1). A baby girl 女嬰 (2). well water 井水 (3). Sports car 雙座輕型汽車 (4). A fools paradise 夢幻的天堂 2代詞作定語。

35、 (1). Your hair needs cutting. 你該理發(fā)了。(物主代詞用作定語) (2). Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人負(fù)責(zé)就是無人負(fù)責(zé)。 (不定代詞所有格作定語) 3數(shù)詞作定語 (1). Theres only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。 (2). Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 現(xiàn)在就干吧,你可能再沒有機(jī)會了。 基數(shù)詞用作后置定語: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副詞充當(dāng)定語時常后置,如: the r

36、oom above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定語 (1). Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘記了答應(yīng)寫信的事。 (2). Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。 6動名詞用作定語. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠藥 eating implements 吃飯用具 learning method 學(xué)習(xí)方法 7分詞充當(dāng)定語 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinkin

37、g man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一個退休工人 a faded flower 一朵謝了的花 7介詞短語用作定語。 (1). This is a map of China. 這是一幅中國地圖。 (2). The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那兇暴的目光說明得再清楚不過了。 8從句用作定語,即定語從句 The car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面的車是我的。 Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by anoth

38、er one. 我在外面看見你的汽車了,它給另一輛車撞了。 七同謂語 當(dāng)兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時,一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同謂語(appositive).這兩個句子成分多由名詞(代詞)擔(dān)任,同謂語通常皆放在其說明的名詞(代詞)之后。 1名詞用作同謂語是大量的。 (1). We have two children, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個孩子,一男一女。 (2)We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prospero

39、us country. 我們中國人民決心將中國建成一個強(qiáng)大的繁榮的國家。 2代詞用作同謂語。 (1)。They all wanted to see him. 他們都想見他。 (2)。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱們倆去工作吧。 3數(shù)詞用作同謂語。 (1)。Are you two ready?你們倆準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? (2)。They two went, we three stayed behind.他們倆去了,我們?nèi)齻€留了下來。 4不定式與動名詞用作同謂語。 (1)。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on prim

40、ary education, has met with some opposition.他們最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提議遭到了某些人的反對。 (2)。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個計劃是夜襲,被拒絕了。 5Of 短語用作同謂語 The city of Rome 羅馬城 the art of writing 寫作藝術(shù) The vice of smoking 吸煙嗜好 6從句用同謂語,即同謂語重句 (1)。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not

41、 true. 明天放假的消息不確。 (2)。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可信賴的問題。 八狀語 狀語(adverbial)是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如: 1The girl is improving remarkably. 這個女孩大有進(jìn)步。 2可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 (1)。副詞最常用作狀語,位置比較靈活,可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but re

42、ad it well. 這種語言,他講得不好,但閱讀能力很強(qiáng)。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 當(dāng)我們期望旅館的旅客把房門鎖上。 3狀語按用途來分,可以分為時間、地點、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等 (1)。時間狀語,多位于句末和句首,有時亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world. (2).地點狀語,多置于句末,有時也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fi

43、sh in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月臺). (3)。原因狀語,包括表理由的狀語,多置于句末,有時亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4). 結(jié)果狀語,多由不定式、分詞和從句表示,常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear w

44、hat she said. (5). 目的狀語,多由不定式、介詞短語和從句等表示,常位于句末,強(qiáng)調(diào)時可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隱蔽處).他跑去避雨。 In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 條件狀語。多由短語和從句表示,常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 讓步狀語,由短語和從句表示,常置于句末和句首。 For

45、 all his money, he didnt seem happy. 他盡管有錢,但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didnt know me. (8).程度狀語。常由副詞、介詞短語及從句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 你對他們信任程度如何? (9)。伴隨狀語,常由短語和獨立主格等表示。對位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,

46、pipe(煙斗) in mouth.如何劃分英語句子成分? 一主語:主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme), 是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首??捎米髦髡Z的有單詞、短語、從句乃至句子。 1名詞作主語。 如:A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵樹倒下橫在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代詞用作主語。如:Youre not far wrong. (你差不多對了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他說了個笑話,但沒有引人發(fā)笑 3數(shù)

47、詞用作主語。如:Three is enough. 三個就夠了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。 4名詞化的形容詞用作主語。 The idle are forced to work. 懶漢被迫勞動。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副詞用作主語。如:Now is the time. 現(xiàn)在是時候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6名詞化的介詞作主語。如:The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我們必須承受人生之

48、沉浮。 7不定式用作主語。 如:To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一個問題。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能見到他,那將是一件愉快的事。 8 動名詞用作主語。如:Smoking is bad for you. 吸煙對你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看電影是樂事, 制作影片則是苦事。 9 名詞化的過去分詞用作主語。如:The disabled are to receive more money. 殘疾人將得到更多的救

49、濟(jì)金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介詞短語用作主語。如:To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很遠(yuǎn)。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 從延安到南泥灣要三個小時。 11.從句用作主語。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你無論什么時候準(zhǔn)備好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 不能說薩利要走因而我們也得

50、走。 12.句子用作主語。如:”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句問候語。 二謂語 謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞主要動詞)構(gòu)成。 1由簡單的動詞構(gòu)成。 (1). What happened? 發(fā)生了什么事? (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飛機(jī)是十點起飛的。 2由動詞短語構(gòu)成的謂語。 (1). I am read

51、ing. 我在看書。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 這半天你在干什么來著? (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態(tài)的謂語動詞,表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have, get, take, give 等。如: (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水(had a swim 代替了swam) (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那個!(take a look 代替了 look) (3)

52、. He gave a sigh. 他嘆了口氣。(gave a sigh 代替了sighed) (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震動。(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,徹底的)) 三表語 表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說是一種主語補(bǔ)語。它位于聯(lián)系動詞之后,與之構(gòu)成所謂的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)鐘,聯(lián)系動詞只是形式上的謂語,二真正起謂語作用的則是表語??梢宰鞅碚Z的詞有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 1The wedding was that

53、 Sunday. 婚禮是在那個星期天舉行的。(名詞) 2So thats that. 就是這樣。(代詞) 3We are seven. 我們一共7人。(數(shù)詞) 4Are you busy? 你有空嗎?(形容詞) 5Are you there? 你在聽嗎?(電話用語)(副詞) Is anybody in? 里面有人嗎? (副詞) 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。(不定式) My answer to his threat(威脅) was to hit him on the nose. 我對他的威脅的回答是照他的鼻子打去。(不定式) 7Complimenting

54、(贊美,祝賀) is lying. 恭維就是說謊。(動名詞) Is that asking so much? 這是要的高了嗎?(動名詞) 8I was so much surprised at it. 我對此事感到很驚訝。(過分) Im very pleased with what he has done. 我對他所做的很滿意。(過分) 9She is in good health. 她很健康。(介詞短語) The show is from seven till ten. 演出時間為7點至10點。(介詞短語) 10Is that why you were angry? 這就是你發(fā)怒的原因嗎?(

55、從句) 11This is where I first met her. 這就是我初次與她會面的地方。(從句) 補(bǔ)充: 能做系動詞的實義動詞: come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動詞) fell,sound ,smell , look , taste (感觀動詞) seem, appear (似乎,好像) 例如: 1Our dream has come true. 我的夢想實現(xiàn)了。(Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等) 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.

56、保重。 Keep作為系動詞還常接quiet ,calm ,cool, well, warm ,silent,clean,dry 3The well ran dry. 這口井干枯了。(short , loose , wild , cold 等) 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一個瘦個子似乎比他的實際高度要高些。 四賓語 賓語(object)在句中主要充當(dāng)動作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如: Our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊打敗了所有其他球隊。 可以用作賓語的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯嗎?(名詞) 2They wont hurt us. 他們不會傷害我們。(代詞) 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。(數(shù)詞)。 4I shall do my possible. 我將盡力而為

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