1、1. Sole Proprietorships (個人企業(yè)即獨資經(jīng)營企業(yè))An organization that is owned, and usually managed, by one person.Advantages: 1.a sole proprietor is his own boss;The easiest form to start business;Disadvantages: 1.Lack of enough capitalUnlimited liability (無限責(zé)任)Long working hoursLack of the fringe benefits (附加

2、福利)(Unlimited liability 無限責(zé)任: if the business owes money, the business owner is responsible for the debts, and the owner may have to use personal assets to pay. Sole proprietors are liable for all the debts of the business.)(Limited liability 有限責(zé)任： a person? s financial liability is limited to a fix

3、ed sum, most commonly the value of a person? s investment in a company.)(fringe benefit 附加福利: an incidental benefit awarded for certain types of employment (especially if it is regarded as a right) such as health insurance, disability insurance, sick leave, vacation pay , etc.)Partnerships (合伙企業(yè))A l

4、egal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated business.3 key elements： 1) Common ownership,Shared profits and losses，共同收益共擔(dān)風(fēng)險The right to participate in managing.2 types of partnerships : 1)General partnership(普通合伙) 2)Limited partnership (有限合伙)(The general partners arrange & run t

5、he business, while the limited partners are investors only)Advantages:Combining people with different skills and resources together;More money and credit to pay the rent, utilities, and other bills incurred by a business.(E.g. husband-and-wife teams managing restaurants, service shops)Disadvantages:

6、Unlimited liabilityDivision of profitsDisagreement among partnersdifficult to terminate the businessJoint ventures （合資企業(yè)）The pooling of resources and expertise by two or more businesses, typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal. （2或2個以上屬于不同國家地區(qū)的公司為了達成一個特別 的目的）Advantag

7、es：Business expansion, development of new products, access to new markets and distribution networks.Disadvantages：1： Imbalance in levels of expertise （專門技術(shù)、專家意見）， investment or assets brought into the venture by different partners.（技術(shù)、投資、財產(chǎn)收益不均衡）2: Different cultures and management styles result in

8、poorintegration （綜合、 結(jié)合）and cooperation.（不同文化、管理方式導(dǎo)致合作出現(xiàn)磨合）4. Corporations （公司）A legal entity （法人實體）,allowed by legislation（公司法）,which permits （允許、準許）a group of people, as shareholders （股東）or members, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives （客觀的、目標、軍事目標），and empowe

9、red with legal rights usually reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money.（依照公司法規(guī)定設(shè)立的法人 組織，具有獨立的法人資格，有權(quán)以自己的名義擁有資產(chǎn)、享有 權(quán)利和承擔(dān)義務(wù)。其主要形式為有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司。Wal-mart -ppt-23、State Grid 國家電網(wǎng)-ppt-24）Advantages: l.limited liability:skilledmanagement t

10、eam: professionalmanagers（職業(yè)經(jīng)理人）Transfer of ownership:（所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)化）Greater capital base:（雄厚資金）Stability:（穩(wěn)定）Disadvantages : 1. multiple taxati（雙重課稅）difficulty and expense of starting （創(chuàng)業(yè)難）government involvement （政府干預(yù)）lack of secrecy （無私密性）Lack of personal interestCredit limitationsLimited liability compan

11、ies （LLC,有限責(zé)任公司）A type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partnership structures.（結(jié)合了公司的一些特征和合伙企業(yè)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，股東以其出資額為限對本公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任， 公司以其全部責(zé)任對公司債務(wù)承擔(dān)責(zé)任）Advantages : 1. limited liabilityFlexible profit distribution （利潤分配自由）no minutes（無備忘錄，會議記錄）Flow through taxationDisadvantages:

12、1.limited lifegoing public （上市）（To become publicly owned, by launching shares of stock onto the open market.公開發(fā)售股票：通過把股票投入公開市場而使為 公眾所擁有）Added complexity （增加復(fù)雜性）由于世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度迅速競爭強烈，公司采用許多方法來增加自己實力以獲更多利，例如 企業(yè)兼并與收購、特許經(jīng)營Mergers（兼并）The result of the combination of two companies （or corporations） to form a n

13、ew company. （2或2個以上企業(yè)合并，企 業(yè)因吸收了其他企業(yè)而成為續(xù)存企業(yè)的合并形式）1）Horizontal merger 橫向兼并（統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營環(huán)節(jié)一消除減少競爭）When two companies competing in the same market merge or join together （say, if McDonalds were to merge with Burger King）.2）Vertical merger 縱向兼并（同一生產(chǎn)過程相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈一保證銷路）A vertical merger is one in which a firm or company

14、 combines with a supplier or distributor. （Say, if General Motors were to buy up Bridgestone Tyres and Michelin Tyres）3）conglomerate merger混合兼并（跨彳亍一產(chǎn)品多樣性）Acquisition/takeover （收購）One company buying the property （所有權(quán)、財產(chǎn)權(quán)）and obligations of another company.（一個企業(yè)購買另一個企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)和債務(wù)）Differences :A merger is a

15、 combination of two companies to form a new company; an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another with no new company being formed.Franchise (特許經(jīng)營)The right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory.Advantages: 1) Less risk and more supportEstablished infrastructure, product line (5 如同產(chǎn)品系列)， marketing strategySet customer baseManagement assistance, training, and financialsupport from the franchiserDisadvantages:Less free