1、(5年高考3年模擬A版)天津市2020年高考英語總復習專題八謂語動詞課件(5年高考3年模擬A版)天津市2020年高考英語總復習專題八考點一動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致一、動詞的時態(tài)(一)一般體一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作或狀態(tài);一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài),或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài);過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作。所謂一般體,表示既不“進行”,又沒“完成”。When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小時候常去那個公園玩。(過去的習慣)考點清單考點一動

2、詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致考點清單1.一般現(xiàn)在時(1)一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成1)一般現(xiàn)在時主要用動詞的原形表示,如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則一般在動詞原形后加-s或-es,其變化規(guī)則如下表所示:2)be的變化:am,is,are。3)have的變化:has,have。(2)一般現(xiàn)在時的用法情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-seateats,riserises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z結(jié)尾的動詞加-esdiscussdiscusses teachteaches以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞變y為iescarrycarries flyflies1.一般現(xiàn)在時2)be的變化:am,is,are。情況規(guī)則例用法例句表示現(xiàn)在

3、的經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作或狀態(tài)We have meals three times a day.我們一日吃三餐。(現(xiàn)在的習慣)He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于助人。(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))表示客觀真理、科學事實及自然現(xiàn)象。此用法即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中,也用一般現(xiàn)在時The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。He said that hydrogen is a light gas.他說氫是很輕的氣體。用于以here,there開頭的倒裝句中,一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)There goes the bell.鈴響了。Here

4、 comes the bus.公共汽車來了。2.一般過去時(1)一般過去時的構(gòu)成用法例句表示現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作或狀態(tài)We have m情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-edpackpacked以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞 變y為-ied carrycarried以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞雙寫輔音字母加-edplanplanned以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞直接加-dlikelikedprovideprovided1)一般過去時用動詞的過去式表示,其規(guī)則動詞變化方法如下表所示:情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-edpackpacked以輔音字2)was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù),were用于其他人稱。3)注意以元

5、音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞,直接加-ed。如playplayed。(2)一般過去時的用法用法例句表示過去發(fā)生的一次性或習慣性動作或狀態(tài)We often played basketball together.我們(過去)經(jīng)常在一起打籃球。(過去的習慣性動作)I got to know her in 1998.我1998年結(jié)識了她。(過去的一次性動作)I didnt know her at that time.那時我不認識她。(過去的狀態(tài))want,hope, think,intend等動詞的一般過去時往往表示“過去原”之意I thought he was an honest man.我原以為他是個老實

6、人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他沒打算傷害你。wonder的一般過去時有時也可表示現(xiàn)在的行為,但口氣要比用一般現(xiàn)在時更加委婉、客氣I wondered if you could do me a favour.我不知道你能否幫我一個忙?！皍sed to+動詞原形”表示過去的習慣性動作而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再發(fā)生了We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我們以前常常在山里度假。(暗示現(xiàn)在不再在山里度假了)2)was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù),were用于其他人稱。用法例3.一般將來時(1)一般將來時的構(gòu)成1)will/shall+

7、動詞原形2)is/am/are going to+動詞原形3)is/am/are about to+動詞原形4)is/am/are to+動詞原形5)is/am/are due to+動詞原形6)某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時形式3.一般將來時用法例句表示將來的習慣性動作或狀態(tài)Spring will come again.春天還會再來。He will be here in an hour.他一個小時后到這里。表示將來發(fā)生的一次性動作If you dont hurry, you will miss the train.如果你不快點兒,你就會趕不上火車。will表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢Fis

8、h will die without water.離開水,魚就會死。表示偶然的、臨時的決定Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生來我們鎮(zhèn)了嗎?不知道。我現(xiàn)在就去看他。Be going to用在口語中,表示“計劃、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to還可表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象對未來進行推斷He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在電視上講話。Look at the dark clouds.It is going

9、 to rain.看這些烏云,要下雨了。(2)一般將來時的用法用法例句表示將來的習慣性動作或狀態(tài)Spring will cbe about to/be on the point of+動名詞表示“立即的將來(immediate future)”,這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示將來的具體時間狀語連用,但可以和并列連詞when(=and at this/that time)引出的分句連用The train is about to start.火車就要開了。be to表示“按計劃或安排要做的事”When are you to leave for home?你什么時候回家?表示要求做某事,意為“應(yīng)該”,相當于sh

10、ould,ought toYou are to report it to the police.你應(yīng)該報警。表示“想,打算”,相當于intend,wantIf we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我們要在10點前到那兒,我們現(xiàn)在就得走。Be due to定于They are due to meet again tomorrow.他們定于明天再次見面。有些動詞如come,go,arrive, leave,begin,start等,其現(xiàn)在進行時表示按計劃、安排近期將要發(fā)生的動作Im leaving for Beijing next

11、 month.下個月我要去北京。某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示按計劃、安排將要做的事情,這種用法常常用于介紹火車時刻表、飛機時刻表、電影開演時刻表、作息安排等We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我們必須快點兒。第一節(jié)課將在8點開始。be about to/be on the表示“立即的將來(4.過去將來時(1)過去將來時的構(gòu)成1)should/would+動詞原形2)was/were going to+動詞原形3)was/were about to+動詞原形4)was/were to+動詞原形5)某些動詞的過去進行時形式4.過去

12、將來時用法例句從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的事情He said he would be here at eight oclock.他說他將在8點到這里。I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我剛要睡覺正在那時有人敲門。I thought it was going to rain.我當時覺得要下雨。He told me he was leaving in an hour.他告訴我他計劃一個小時后離開。was/were going to過去本打算做某事,但未做I was going to go to the party,

13、 but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.我本打算要參加聚會,但是我突然記起來我有作業(yè)要做。Was/were to have+過去分詞We were to have told you,but you were not in.我們本來想告訴你的,但是你不在家。(2)過去將來時的用法用法例句從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的事情He said he was/were to+動詞原形過去曾計劃要做某事,但不表明計劃是否被執(zhí)行I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time

14、.我感到緊張,因為我很快就要首次離開家了。表示命中注定要發(fā)生的事They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他們告了別,一點也沒想到以后再也不會見面了。續(xù)表was/were to+動詞原形過去曾計劃要做某事,但不表明題組訓練單句填空Theylive(live)in the same building, dont they?I promise Iwill support(support)you all the time.The planetakes(take)off at 8:00 a.m.I hoped

15、 Iwould find(find)a job soon.(二)進行體1.進行體的構(gòu)成(1)考綱對進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時,它們的形式分別為:現(xiàn)在進行時:am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞過去進行時:was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞題組訓練單句填空將來進行時:will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成形式:情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-ingtrytrying以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞雙寫輔音字母加-ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞去掉e,加-ing hatehatingdatedating將來進行時:

16、will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞情況規(guī)則例詞用法例句表示某一時刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài),具有暫時性和未完成性的特點I didnt really work there;I was just helping out until the new secretary arrived.我并不在那里上班,我只是去幫忙。新秘書來了,我就離開了。(暫時性)表示某階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事情,常與these/those days,this/that week等時間狀語連用We are making model planes these days. 這些天我們在做飛機模型。(此時此刻不一定在做)表示贊賞

17、、厭惡、遺憾等情緒,常與always, continually,constantly,forever,all the time等連用He is always thinking of others first.他總是先想到他人。有些動詞的進行體可以表示將來(見一般將來時的用法)2.進行體的用法用法例句表示某一時刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài),具有暫時性和3.有些動詞(短語) 不用于進行體,常見的有:題組訓練單句填空Sorry, you cant use my computer. Iam using(use)it now.Iwas watching(watch)TV when you rang me

18、 up.At this time tomorrow, Iwill be sitting(sit)at the table.分類示例感覺類look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear情感類like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore心態(tài)類wish,hope,want,need,believe, understand, remember,forget,agree,know狀態(tài)類appear,lie(位于),remain,belong to,have3.有些動詞(短語) 不用于進行體,常見的有:題組訓練單句時態(tài)形式現(xiàn)在完成時have/ha

19、s+過去分詞過去完成時had+過去分詞將來完成時will have+過去分詞(三)完成體1.完成體的構(gòu)成溫馨提示(1)規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法同過去式的構(gòu)成方法,詳見一般過去時部分“規(guī)則動詞變化方法”。(2)不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成詳見“附錄二”(不規(guī)則動詞表)部分。時態(tài)形式現(xiàn)在完成時have/has+過去分詞過去完成時had2.完成體的用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用法例句表示一個動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(甚至到將來)。常與之連用的時間狀語有:lately,recently, in the last(past)few days/years,since then,up to now,so far(

20、至今)等In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.在過去的幾年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。He has written 8 books so far.到現(xiàn)在為止,他已經(jīng)寫了8本書了。表示過去發(fā)生的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。說話者中心在現(xiàn)在,常用的狀語有:already,ever,just(剛剛),yet,before等He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。The concert has already started.(=

21、The concert is on now.)音樂會已經(jīng)開始了。在“最高級+名詞”或“It/This is+the+序數(shù)詞+time”之后的定語從句中謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時This is the first time(that)I have come here.這是我第一次來這里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的茶了。have gone to意為“去某地了”,表示此人現(xiàn)在還在那里He has gone to the zoo.他去動物園了。He has gone to live abroad.他到國外居住了。have be

22、en to意為“去過某地”,表示此人已經(jīng)回來了Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去過上海嗎?He has been to see his teacher.他去看他老師了。(已經(jīng)回來)瞬間動詞可以用于完成時態(tài),但不可以接表示一段時間的狀語()He has finished his work. ()He has finished his work for an hour.2.完成體的用法用法例句表示一個動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(溫馨提示1)瞬間行為用于現(xiàn)在完成時且與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用時,需在謂語動詞、時態(tài)或句型方面作相應(yīng)變化。如:他參軍3年了。()He ha

23、s joined the army for 3 years.()He has been in the army for 3 years.(變換動詞)()He joined the army 3 years ago.(變換時態(tài))()It has been/is 3 years since he joined the army.(變換句型)溫馨提示漢語意思瞬間動詞(詞組)延續(xù)性動詞(詞組)買buyhave借borrowkeep結(jié)婚get marriedbe married認識get to knowknow離開leavebe away回來come backbe back生病fall illbe il

24、l死亡diebe dead關(guān)閉turn offbe off打開turn onbe on動身leave forbe off to返回returnbe back變成becomebe開始beginbe on2)部分瞬間動詞與延續(xù)性動詞對應(yīng)表漢語意思瞬間動詞(詞組)延續(xù)性動詞(詞組)買buyhave借睡覺go to bedsleep穿put onhave on/wear來/去come/gobe in/away參加joinbe a member of感冒catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleep/fall asleepbe asleep到達get to/arrive in/

25、at/reachbe in續(xù)表睡覺go to bedsleep穿put onhave on(2)過去完成時用法例句一件事情發(fā)生在過去,而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過去的過去”),那么發(fā)生在前的動作要用過去完成時She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在來這個機構(gòu)前已學過一些英語了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他說他在國外待了3年了。表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間的動作,常用的時間狀語有:by/until/before/by th

26、e end of+“表過去的某一時間”By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那時,他已學了3年英語了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那時為止,他對此仍一無所知。hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner. than.”句型中,w

27、hen和than 從句里用一般過去時,主句用過去完成時,且用倒裝,表示“剛剛就”Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我剛到家,大雨就傾盆而下。在“It was/had been+一段時間+since 從句”中since從句的謂語用過去完成時It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我們有10年沒那么高興過了。在“That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 從句”句型中,that 從句的謂語要用

28、過去完成時It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同樣的錯誤了。(2)過去完成時用法例句一件事情發(fā)生在過去,而另外一件事情先(3)將來完成時將來完成時表示到將來某一時間某一動作將會完成,常用的時間狀語為“by+將來的某個時間”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的這個時候,你們大家就都成為大學生了。題組訓練單句填空Happy birthday! By this time of next year,

29、 youwill have turned(turn)18.Ihad thought(think)you would come the next day,but you didnt.This is the first time that hehas passed(pass)the exam.Hardlyhad(have)we started when the car got a flat tyre.(3)將來完成時(四)完成進行體1.考綱對完成進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進行時,其形式為:have/has+been+doing。2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時的用法用法例句動作發(fā)生在過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且現(xiàn)在

30、還在進行He has been learning English for 6 years.他學英語已經(jīng)6年了。(強調(diào)到現(xiàn)在還在學)現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時的組合,因此,它既具備現(xiàn)在完成時的特征,又具備現(xiàn)在進行時的特征,如:它具備進行體的“未完性、暫時性、感情色彩”的特點It has been raining for 3 days.已經(jīng)下了三天雨了。(強調(diào)說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)(四)完成進行體用法例句動作發(fā)生在過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且現(xiàn)在還在(五)動詞時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)1.主將從現(xiàn)用法例句所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”,即主句表將來(不一定為一般將來時,祈使句、“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”也可表將來),從句(包

31、括時間、條件、讓步狀語從句)用現(xiàn)在時(不一定是一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時也可在這類從句中表示將來)Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.無論你說什么,我都不會改變主意。If she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她還在等,就讓她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完工作就和你一起去。(五)動詞時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)用法例句所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”,即主句表將來(2.含賓語從句的句子的時態(tài)一致問題(1)賓語從句中的動詞時態(tài)常受主句謂

32、語時態(tài)的制約,如果主句謂語為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,賓語從句中的謂語可以不受影響。He says (that) (2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞一般需用過去的某種時態(tài),即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去完成進行時、過去將來時、過去將來進行時等。如:2.含賓語從句的句子的時態(tài)一致問題I thought (that)注意:(1)當主句為過去時,賓語從句有明確的表過去的時間狀語時,可不必用過去完成時而用一般過去時。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。I thought (that)注意:(2)當賓語從句表達真理時,謂語動詞不必變?yōu)檫^去時,

33、而繼續(xù)采用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。This proved that the earth is round.這證明地球是圓的。題組訓練單句填空The teacher told us that the Yangtze Riveroriginates(originate)in Qinghai. He said hewas leaving/would leave(leave)a few days later.(2)當賓語從句表達真理時,謂語動詞不必變?yōu)檫^去時,而繼續(xù)采用法例句在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.have done st

34、h.,but.”句型中,but后面的謂語動詞需用一般過去時或過去進行時He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.他本應(yīng)該到場,但他那里來了一個不速之客。在“But for the fact+that從句”中,that從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)要根據(jù)后面句子謂語動詞所表示的時間而定But for the fact that he is busy now,he would be here.要不是他現(xiàn)在很忙,他就在這里了。It is(high)time+that從句,that從句中謂語動詞需用一般過去時或should+動詞原形It i

35、s time that we went/should go to bed.我們該睡覺了。3.含虛擬語氣的句子中的時態(tài)一致問題用法例句在“would/should/ought to/co題組訓練單句填空But for the fact that youwere(be)ill,I would have had you print the papers.It is high time that wehad/should have(have)lunch. I would have picked you up at the airport,but Iwas having/had(have)a meeti

36、ng then.(六)易混時態(tài)的區(qū)別1.一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別一般過去時所表示的一個或一段過去時間是可以具體確定的,與其他時間沒有牽連,它所表示的事情純屬過去;現(xiàn)在完成時說的是現(xiàn)在的情況。比較下面幾組句子,體會兩種時態(tài)的不同:題組訓練單句填空 2.一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別(1)一般過去時是指過去的動作或情況,而過去完成時指過去的一個動作或時間之前發(fā)生的事。He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.他來這個學校之前就已經(jīng)學了3,000個英語單詞了。 (2)過去完成時的時間狀語常用by或bef

37、ore 引導的短語或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般過去時)等。He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.到上個月月底為止,他已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。3.過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別兩種時態(tài)都常與表示一段時間的狀語連用,但現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作(句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語),而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作(句中可有表示過去特定時間的狀語)。比較下面的說法:(2)過去完成

38、時的時間狀語常用by或before 引導的短語題組訓練用所給動詞的正確時態(tài)填空The reports went missing in 2012 and nobodyhas seen(see) them since.Im calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise)the other day.Could you tell me more about it?During the last three decades,the number of people participating in physical fitness progr

39、ams has increased (increase)sharply.題組訓練用所給動詞的正確時態(tài)填空二、動詞的語態(tài)(一)被動語態(tài)1.主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法二、動詞的語態(tài)2.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語中的及物動詞一般都有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種形式。主動語態(tài)是無標記的,而被動語態(tài)則是有標記的。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)和句子的時態(tài)、語氣的不同而變化。幾種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式見下表:2.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成時體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould be done進行is/am/

40、are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been done(will have been done)(would have been done)完成進行時現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are don3.被動語態(tài)的用法溫馨提示(1)動詞短語在含被動語態(tài)的句子中作謂語時,切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。The plan will be given up.這項計劃就要被放棄了。Bad habits have been done away with.壞習慣已經(jīng)改掉了。用法例句不知道或沒有必要指明動作的執(zhí)行者Attention,

41、 please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.請注意!明天上午八點在辦公室召開會議。望大家準時參加。強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者The woman was taken to hospital.那位女士被送進了醫(yī)院。動作執(zhí)行者被較長的修飾語修飾The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.想掙許多錢的人們支持那個主意。3.被動語態(tài)的用法溫馨提示用法例句不知道或

42、沒有必要指明動(2)含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)形式是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞He must be prevented from going.必須阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.這項計劃應(yīng)該盡早執(zhí)行。(3)“get+過去分詞”可以表示被動,此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周治療一次。He fell off the car and got killed.他從汽車上掉下來,摔死了。(2)含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)形式是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞用法

43、例句“系動詞look,sound, feel, smell,taste等+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)The steel feels cold.鋼摸起來很涼。某些與cant,wont等連用的不及物動詞,如open,shut,move等The door wont shut.這扇門關(guān)不上。某些可和well,easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞,如read, write,draw,wash,clean,cook等Nylon cleans easily.尼龍容易洗干凈。Your article reads very well.你的文章讀起來很不錯。少數(shù)不及物動詞用于進行時,其主動形式表示被動含義,如pri

44、nt,cook,sell等The meat is cooking.肉正在燉著。(二)主動形式表被動意義用法例句“系動詞look,sound, feel, smel注意:“介詞in,on,under 等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義。表示方位或目的的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用,含被動之意,其意義相當于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見的有:under control 受控制under treatment 在治療中under repair 在修理中under discussion 在討論中under construction 在施工中beyond belief 令人難以置信beyo

45、nd ones reach 夠不著beyond ones control 無法控制for sale 待售for rent 出租in print 已出版in sight 在視野范圍內(nèi)on sale 出售on show 展出注意:“介詞in,on,under 等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語表on trial 受審out of control 控制不了out of sight 在視野范圍外out of ones reach 夠不著out of fashion 不流行The rumor is beyond belief(=cant be believed).那個謠言令人難以置信。Today some trea

46、sures are on show(=are being shown)in the museum.今天一些珍寶正在博物館展出。(三)不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語:have(有),wish(希望),cost(花費),date back to(追溯到),agree with(同意),arrive at/in(到達),shake hands with(握手),succeed in(成功),suffer from(受苦),take part in(參加),walk into/enter(走進),belong to(屬于) 等。on trial 受審out of control 控制This k

47、ey just fits the lock.這把鑰匙正好開這把鎖。(四)be to blame(該受責備,對某件壞事應(yīng)負責任)與be to let(待出租)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。Which driver is to blame for the accident?這次事故是哪個司機的責任?This house is to let.這座房子要出租。題組訓練單句填空If nothing is done (do),the oceans will turn into fish deserts.Hundreds of jobswill be lost(lose)if the fact

48、ory closes.A new cinemais being built(build) here.They hope to finish it next month.This key just fits the lock.這把三、主謂一致主謂一致即在句子中謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的數(shù)保持一致。一般可根據(jù)三個原則來確定:三、主謂一致用法例句主語是單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);主語是復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)The results of the research are to be published soon.研究結(jié)果不久將發(fā)表。復合不定代詞someone,anyone, everyone, nobody/n

49、o one, something, anything, everything,nothing等作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看到莉薩,請她給我打個電話。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上無難事,只怕有心人。each of+作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,但“we, you, they或名詞復數(shù)+each”作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式Each of the students has an apple.這些學生每人有一個蘋果。(不定代詞Each作主語)The stude

50、nts each have an apple.這些學生每人有一個蘋果。(The stu-dents作主語,each作同位語)代詞all 作主語:若指人,謂語動詞用復數(shù);若指事物或現(xiàn)象,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)All are equal before the law.法律面前,人人平等。All is well that ends well.結(jié)局好一切都好。不定式、動名詞或從句作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.換乘火車多少有些不便。 +單數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)Many a page in this book

51、 is missing.這本書缺了許多頁。The whole nation is in deep sorrow.整個國家沉浸在悲痛之中。(一)語法一致用法例句主語是單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);主語是復數(shù),謂語動詞用復題組訓練單句填空His suggestionhas(have)been accepted.To say you were ignorant of the rulesis(be)no excuse. How to earn daily bread by my penwas(be)then the problem. 題組訓練單句填空用法例句形式為單數(shù)但意義為復數(shù)概念的police,cattl

52、e等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)The police have not made any arrests. 警方未逮捕任何人。表示一類人/物的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded等和“the+姓氏復數(shù)”作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)The rich are to help the poor.富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。The Greens are going to London.格林一家要去倫敦。表示某國人的總稱的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)The Chinese are hard-working.中國人民是勤勞的。m

53、aths,physics,politics,news等以“s”結(jié)尾卻表示單數(shù)或不可數(shù)概念的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)Physics is my favorite subject.物理是我最喜歡的科目。Bad news has wings.壞事傳千里。單復數(shù)同形的名詞sheep,deer,means,works(工廠)等作主語,謂語動詞的數(shù)與實際意義一致3 sheep are eating grass there.3只羊在那里吃草。A sheep is lying there.有只羊正躺在那里。集體名詞family,class,crew,team,group,public,audience,c

54、rowd,government,committee等作主語時,動詞的單復數(shù)要根據(jù)主語所指的意義而定。當集體名詞作為一個整體看待時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);如果指其中各個成員時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.這個班由25個男生和20個女生組成。(強調(diào)class這一整體)The class are doing experiments. 全班學生正在做實驗。(強調(diào)class里的各個成員)(二)意義一致用法例句形式為單數(shù)但意義為復數(shù)概念的police,cattl題組訓練單句填空 The cattleare(be)e

55、ating grass on the hill now.Not every meansis(be)useful.The Englishare(be)proud of their sense of humor.(三)就近一致or, either.or., neither.nor.,not only.but also.,not.but.在句子中連接并列主語的時候或者在there be句型中,謂語動詞要和離它最近的主語保持一致。Not his parents but he doesnt want to go.不是他的父母不想去而是他不想去。Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我

56、都沒錯。題組訓練單句填空Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.不僅是學生,老師也盼望假期。There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.桌上有一杯茶和一些蘋果。題組訓練單句填空 Are(be)either you or he fit for the job?Not you but Iam(be)responsible for this. Are(be)not only the students but also their teacher requi

57、red to attend the meeting?Not only the students but also用法例句兩個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示兩個不同的概念時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)Tom and Jack were close friends.湯姆和杰克是親密的朋友。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。兩個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人、同一物或同一個概念,或表示不可分的整體時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party

58、.那位歌舞演員將參加我們的晚會。被every,each,many a,no等限定的名詞由and連接時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)Many a teacher and(many a)student has seen the film.許多老師和學生看過這部電影。一個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞被幾個用and連接的并列形容詞所修飾時,可以指一件事或幾件事,這種名詞作主語,要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活簡樸是一種優(yōu)良的品質(zhì)。English and American literature are appealing

59、 to her. 英國文學和美國文學都對她有吸引力。由and連接的兩個what從句作主語時,要根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行與我無關(guān)。在含“名詞或代詞+with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,except或not等+名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該和第一個名詞或代詞保持一致Tom as well as two of his

60、friends was invited to the party.湯姆以及他的兩個朋友一起被邀請參加聚會了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一個老師和三個學生在實驗室里。(四)主謂一致的幾個難點1.并列主語的主謂一致用法例句兩個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示兩個不題組訓練單句填空Many a good manhas(have) been destroyed by drink. The writer and translatoris(be) delivering a speech in