1、取得英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法成功的基石句子成分和句子的基本類型取得英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法成功的基石句子成分和句子的基本類型句子成分主 謂 賓 主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)句子成分主 謂 賓 狀語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)觀察下面一個(gè)例句，你能找到句中的“主語(yǔ)” 、“謂語(yǔ)” 、“賓語(yǔ)”嗎?Iloveyou .主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)SVO因此這是個(gè)典型的“主謂賓”句型。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)觀察下面一個(gè)例句，你能找到句中的“主語(yǔ)” 、主語(yǔ) (Subject) 主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的主體部分在主動(dòng)句中：主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者I teach you English.在被動(dòng)句中：主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者You are beaten .主語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞充當(dāng)。T

2、welve divided by four is three.（數(shù)詞）主語(yǔ)還可以由從句或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。What I want to do is join the party.Smoking is harmful to your health.To learn English is difficult.主語(yǔ) (Subject) 主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的主體部分謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 謂語(yǔ) 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作、行為，是由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)?shù)?。I teach you English.一個(gè)句子能不能沒有謂語(yǔ)？謂語(yǔ)不能謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 謂語(yǔ) 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作、行為，是由賓語(yǔ) (Object): 賓語(yǔ)的分類：動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)

3、：動(dòng)作涉及的對(duì)象。I love you.介詞賓語(yǔ)：介詞所涉及的對(duì)象。I want to give this book to you.賓語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞充當(dāng)。賓語(yǔ)也可以是一個(gè)從句或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。He told me that he felt lonely.He likes swimming.動(dòng)賓介賓賓語(yǔ) (Object): 賓語(yǔ)的分類：動(dòng)賓介賓定語(yǔ) (Attributive):定語(yǔ)的作用用于修飾、限定名詞或代詞。定語(yǔ)一般由？充當(dāng)。a beautiful girl定語(yǔ)還可以由名詞充當(dāng)，表用途。 a pencil box定語(yǔ)形容詞定語(yǔ) (Attributive):定語(yǔ)的作用定語(yǔ)形容詞定語(yǔ) (Attr

4、ibutive): 定語(yǔ)也可以由從句或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。Those who want to learn English well should study harder than others.an interesting booka meeting to attend定語(yǔ)也可以由副詞（詞組）或介詞（詞組）充當(dāng)。The man over thereThe books on the shelf定語(yǔ) (Attributive): 定語(yǔ)也可以由從句或狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial) 狀語(yǔ)是用于修飾副詞、形容詞或動(dòng)詞的成分。狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞充當(dāng)。Those problems are pretty hard.形容

5、詞也可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。Happy to see him, she forgot everything.狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial) 狀語(yǔ)是用于修飾副詞、形容狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial) 介詞詞組、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句也可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。They managed to finish the job before Monday.（介詞詞組）The old man sat on the bench, enjoying the sun-set.（現(xiàn)在分詞詞組）As he was leaving the office, it started to rain.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial) 介詞詞組、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

6、詞和從句補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的身份或特征。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)一般由名詞或形容詞充當(dāng)。 I am a teacher. (S C)Dont leave me alone. (O C)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)PS：位于連系動(dòng)詞后的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)又稱“表語(yǔ)”。Notice:這是一句“SVC”句型不是“SVO”補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的身補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)副詞、介詞（詞組）、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句都可以在系動(dòng)詞后充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。Time is up. (adv.)They are in the classroom. (prep.)The place is whe

7、re we first met each other.副詞、介詞（詞組）或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。She laid the baby on the bed. (prep.)I saw him rushing into the classroom.補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)副詞、介詞（詞組）、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)隨著語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是發(fā)生變化的。Everyone calls him Jack. （賓補(bǔ)）He is called Jack.（主補(bǔ)）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)隨著語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)同位語(yǔ)(Appositive)同位語(yǔ)是位于名詞或

8、代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞或名詞詞組，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明同位語(yǔ)一般由名詞或名詞詞組充當(dāng)The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.名詞性從句也可以充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)（修飾抽象名詞為多）The news that he went abroad surprised me.同位語(yǔ)(Appositive)同位語(yǔ)是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)句子的基本類型根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同特點(diǎn)，我們可以把句子分成五大種七大類。我們用S表示主語(yǔ)，V表示謂語(yǔ)，O表示賓語(yǔ)，C表示補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，A表示狀語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)為不及物

9、動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)為連系動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)為及物動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)為帶雙賓的及物動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)為帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞句子的基本類型根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同特點(diǎn)，我們可以把句子分成五大基本句型一SV、二SVA這兩個(gè)基本句型的共同點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為不及物動(dòng)詞。SV句型 They have arrived.SVA句型The famous writer lived in the 18th century.基本句型一SV、二SVA這兩個(gè)基本句型的共同點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為比較SV和SVA句型區(qū)別在于狀語(yǔ)A是不是不可或缺的：如果沒有狀語(yǔ)句子仍能被理解，這是SV句型。如果沒有狀語(yǔ)句子不能被理解，這是SVA句型。比較SV和SVA句型區(qū)別在于狀語(yǔ)A是不是不可或

10、缺的：基本句型三SVC這個(gè)句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為連系動(dòng)詞。He is an excellent teacher.表語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)？千萬(wàn)記住：表語(yǔ)！基本句型三SVC這個(gè)句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為連系動(dòng)詞。表語(yǔ)還是基本句型四、五這兩個(gè)基本句型的共同點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為及物動(dòng)詞。SVO句型 I love you very much!SVOA句型 I put the bottle on the desk.SVO 句型與SVOA句型的區(qū)別在于A是否必須存在！不能缺少！可以省略！基本句型四、五這兩個(gè)基本句型的共同點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為及物動(dòng)詞?；揪湫土@個(gè)基本句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。SVOC句型 I sa

11、w him rushing out of the room.OC可以看作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)！基本句型六這個(gè)基本句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。O基本句型七這個(gè)基本句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以接雙賓語(yǔ)。SVoO句型 I gave him the book. I gave the book to him.辨清直接和間接賓語(yǔ)!能放在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)為間接賓語(yǔ)！基本句型七這個(gè)基本句型的特點(diǎn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以接雙賓語(yǔ)。辨清直接判斷下列各句句子的基本句型Mr Black is English.The teacher taught us some grammar rules.The farmer dug up the s

12、oil.She found her ring lost.She left her job unfinished.SVCSVoOSVOSVOCSVOC判斷下列各句句子的基本句型Mr Black is Engli判斷下列各句句子的基本句型The great poet lived in the 18th century.She introduced her friends to us.The tape-recorder is on the desk.The guests have just arrived.She laid the baby on the bed.SVSVOCSVASVoOSVC判斷

13、下列各句句子的基本句型The great poet li簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞（即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。 作一種陳述 提出一個(gè)問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請(qǐng)求 表示一種感嘆The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this i

14、s!簡(jiǎn)單句的分類簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞（即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分賓語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)（謂語(yǔ)） 方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分賓語(yǔ)

15、狀語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)可以加上一個(gè)短語(yǔ)（如定語(yǔ)）來擴(kuò)展，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語(yǔ)（如狀語(yǔ)）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a

16、 madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)可以加上一個(gè)短語(yǔ)（如定語(yǔ)）兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)可以連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，但應(yīng)注意主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his sec

17、retary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)的合并兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語(yǔ)可以連詞and、but、both.and、并列句需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號(hào)或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。用分號(hào)：We fished

18、 all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分號(hào)，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號(hào)或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句并列句常用并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, howeve

19、r, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither nor并列句常用并列連詞平行并列連詞: and, bothan并列句并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡(jiǎn)單句的詞序。主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 連詞 主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞 表語(yǔ)Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡(jiǎn)單句型可用并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。 主 謂 狀（方式） 連 主 謂 表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主 謂 賓 連 主 謂 地點(diǎn)I ve got a cold, so I m going to be

20、d. 主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ) 連 主 謂 賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.并列句并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡(jiǎn)單句的詞序。主語(yǔ) Exercise:請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He d

21、idnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.Exercise:請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語(yǔ)書面語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是一個(gè)完整的句子,它可以獨(dú)立存在。從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子,它必須和一個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在。復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個(gè)句子由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)（從句），用以充當(dāng)另

22、一句子（主句）的某一成分。 復(fù)合句 = 主句 + 從句復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語(yǔ)從句 2. 賓語(yǔ)從句3. 表語(yǔ)從句 4.同位語(yǔ)從句5.定語(yǔ)從句 6.狀語(yǔ)從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句賓語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句He told me the news.that the match had been

23、cancelled.賓語(yǔ)how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fathered was working in that school.賓語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句H復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單

24、句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句I dont knowhim.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語(yǔ)從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether

25、 he is leaving for Washington.復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句I復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主語(yǔ)That he didnt know the answerin the room.定語(yǔ)who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 +

26、從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句t復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句That is the fact.表 語(yǔ)what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句T復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where his father workedin that factorywhere I live

27、dwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句H復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句P指出下列各從句的類型I believe that everything is going on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in my class.賓語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句Practice指出下列各從句