1、Unit 10-11重讀、弱讀、連讀、停頓及意群名詞、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、指示代詞、疑問詞和感嘆詞等一般都重讀。而冠詞、介詞、連詞和一般性的代詞則不重讀。Note助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞是否有句子重音？1. 助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞一般沒有句子重音，但在附加句中可以重讀，在簡(jiǎn)答句中則必須重讀：He wont do it, will he? No he wont.You can do it, cant you? Yes, I can.You were trying, werent you? Yes, I was.2. 助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞與not連成一詞時(shí)要重讀：She do

2、esnt like the weather here.I cant speak French。They arent waiting for us.He isnt a tech nician.3. be用在一般疑問句句首時(shí)，重讀與否均可：Is he a worker? Is he a worker?比較句中的重音在比較句中，重音落在as或than后的代（名）詞上：This is better than that.John is taller than Bill.Shes as happy as a lark.Hes as sly as a fox.邏輯重音句子的重音總是要表現(xiàn)說話人的思想和他所要

3、表達(dá)的意思的重點(diǎn)。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，句子中幾乎任何詞都可以有句子重音，包括一些通常沒有句子重音的詞，這種依說話者意圖重讀的音就是邏輯重音。Are you angry with me?Are you angry with me?Are you angry with me?Did you tell my wife?Did you tell my wife?Did you tell my wife?We heard John talking.We heard John talking.We heard John talking. 一個(gè)英文單詞如果由多個(gè)音節(jié)構(gòu)成，那么其中至少有一個(gè)音節(jié)是重音；如果，音節(jié)足

4、夠多的話，那么可能還有次重音以及一個(gè)以上的重音。 同樣的道理，一個(gè)句子由多個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成，那么，其中總是有至少一個(gè)單詞被強(qiáng)讀，而相對(duì)來看，其它的單詞會(huì)被弱讀。弱讀弱讀的規(guī)則一般是：元音音節(jié)弱化成 或i 。如下幾個(gè)單詞：at, of, the, to, as, than, and, or, his, a, an, but, been, for, her, we, be, shall, was, them, 弱讀的頻率達(dá)到90，其中a, an, the, than極少用強(qiáng)式。查字典會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些詞都至少有兩種讀音，如for: 重讀時(shí)f: , 弱讀時(shí) f；as的強(qiáng)讀形式是/ z/ ，弱讀形式是/z/。大多助

5、動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、代詞，都有兩種發(fā)音形式：強(qiáng)讀式、弱讀式。這些單詞往往都是單音節(jié)單詞。Note1）弱讀形式和強(qiáng)讀形式各自的元音不同。 2）弱讀音節(jié)中常常省略了某一個(gè)音。弱讀與強(qiáng)讀的區(qū)別如果一個(gè)單詞被強(qiáng)讀 ，那么這個(gè)單詞中的：長(zhǎng)元音會(huì)被讀的很清楚，并且顯得更長(zhǎng)一些； 雙元音會(huì)被讀的很飽滿，并且顯得很有彈性； 落在重音上的短元音都會(huì)顯得更長(zhǎng)一些； 重音所在的音節(jié)可能帶著不同的語調(diào)（升調(diào)、降調(diào)、降升調(diào)） 如果一個(gè)單詞被弱讀，那么這個(gè)單詞中的：長(zhǎng)元音會(huì)變得短一些（幾乎與短元音的長(zhǎng)度相當(dāng)）； 重音音節(jié)會(huì)變得與非重音音階一樣輕； 很多元音都會(huì)發(fā)生變化，向/靠攏； 輕輔音/s/、/t/、/k/

6、、/f/之后的元音/可能會(huì)直接被省略掉 弱讀的形式1.大多數(shù)有弱讀形式的單詞中，元音都變成了/ /； at / t/ ; as /z/; had / hd/；must /mst/2有少數(shù)幾個(gè)單詞的弱讀形式變成了i /； be /i/； been /bin/； me /mi/； the /i/3.有時(shí)，一些常用詞的弱讀形式中省略了一個(gè)元音。 am /m/； has/z/； have /v/； is / z /4. 有時(shí)，一些常用的弱讀形式中省略了一個(gè)輔音。 and / n/； have / v/； would /d/； her /:/要在連貫說話中應(yīng)用弱讀形式，不是懂得了道理就能學(xué)會(huì)的，也不是一

7、朝一夕就能掌握的，需要通過大量的模仿和練習(xí)才能學(xué)好。 1) to /t/ but /bt/ I want to come but I cant. 2) and /nd/ Hes rich and famous. 3) than /n/ /n/ Better than that. Hes older than she is. 4) but /bt/ She wants to sing but she cant. 5) such /st/ We have problems, such as pollution.朗讀下列句子，注意弱讀 6) some /sm/ There are some copi

8、es here. 7) any /ni/ There arent any more. 8) he /hi/ Does he want any? 9) her /h/ Ive met her mother. 10) him /im/ Tell him Id like to. 11) them /m/ /m/ I havent seen them yet.12) you /j/ What do you think?13) your /j/ Take your time.14) us /s/ Let us think it over.15) that /t/ This is the house th

9、at Jack built.16) at /t/ At least one.17) for /f/ Its for you.18) from /frm/ He comes from England.19) of /v/ Id love a cup of tea.20) to /t/ You ought to go.21) an /n/ Id like an apple.22) the / /i/ Thats the one.23) am /m/ Im going now.24) are / Where are you going?25) is /z/ /s/ Hes here. My hat

10、is here.26) was /wz/ Was he there?27) were /w/ We were very pleased.28) have /hv/, /v/, /v/ Theyve left. Have any been lost?29) had /hd/, /d/ They had better hurry.30) has /z/ What has he done? He has just arrived.31) do /du/, /d/ Do you think so?32) does /dz/ When does he leave?33) can /kn/, /kn/ C

11、an you hear me?34) could /kd/ Could you do it now?35) should /d/ How should I know? 36) there / There is nothing left. There are not enough.37) shall /l, l/ How shall I do like that? 38) when /wn/ Her parents had been dead when she was a child.39) will /l, l/ He will go back home tomorrow.40) would

12、/wd, d, d/ He would be happy if he had passed the exam.“連讀”是在一個(gè)意群內(nèi)進(jìn)行的，它是在說話較快時(shí)自然產(chǎn)生的一種語音連讀現(xiàn)象。 在同一意群中，前一詞以輔音音素結(jié)尾，后一詞以元音音素開頭，在說話或朗讀句子時(shí)，習(xí)慣上很自然地將這兩個(gè)音素合拼在一起讀出來，這種語音現(xiàn)象叫連讀。 連讀的條件：相鄰的兩詞在意義上必須密切相關(guān)，同屬一個(gè)意群。連讀意群與停頓句子意群是指句子中按意思和語法結(jié)構(gòu)劃分出的各個(gè)成分，每一個(gè)成分即稱為一個(gè)意群。意群可以用“l(fā)”符號(hào)表示。在說話或朗讀時(shí)，意群和意群之間可以有一定的停頓（但也不一定非停頓不可），但在同一意群的各個(gè)詞之

13、間則不可停頓，以使整個(gè)意群的意思不致中斷。 1.We three / are all good students / in school. 2.There are / five people / in my family. 3.Yesterday / Tom and Kate / played games. 4.Go down this road / and turn left / at the second crossing. 5.She suddenly remember / that she had to buy / some DVDs / for her son.在說話和朗讀時(shí)，意群的

14、作用是：如果感到句子很長(zhǎng)，一口氣說不下來，可以在意群和意群之間有一個(gè)很短的停頓（換氣）。正確的停頓應(yīng)該在意群和意群之間。同一個(gè)意群內(nèi)不應(yīng)停頓。意群之間的停頓不是固定的，而是靈活的。可以按照個(gè)人的需要，可停頓也可不停頓，可多停頓也可少停頓。意群是根據(jù)語義、語法和語調(diào)來劃分的。從語義和語法上講，意群必須是表達(dá)某種意義的一個(gè)（組）詞、一個(gè)短語、一個(gè)分句、一個(gè)主句或者從句。從語調(diào)上說，意群必須是可以用降調(diào)、聲調(diào)或平調(diào)來朗讀的一個(gè)語調(diào)單位Before 1949, I used to live in Hong Kong and worked as a teacher. （三個(gè)意義單位，三個(gè)語法單位，三個(gè)語

15、調(diào)單位。）NoteThree reasons for pauses:1. to make the meaning clear,2. for emphasis,3. to enable the speaker to catch his breath.No Pauses in the following contexts:Within closely related word groups, such as adj./article(冠詞)+nouns; auxiliary verbs(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+verbs; prepositions(介詞)+nouns; adv.+adj./verbs, et

16、c.Pauses are made in the following contexts:1. a sentence begins with an adverbial clause (狀語從句) or an adverbial phrase(狀語短語) e.g. Last week / I went to the theatre.2. two or more elements are coordinated (并列句)e.g. I visited museums / and sat in public gardens.3. two phrases which are in apposition

17、(同位語或同格) e.g. He will be in his small boat, / Topsail.4. non-restrictive clause (非限制性從句) in a sentence e.g. The men, / who were lazy,/ stayed in bed.5. a pause may occur after a vocative (呼格，稱呼) or a linking adverb (聯(lián)系副詞)e.g. Sir, / we welcome you to our city.However, / this does not always happen.6

18、. a noun phrase or a long noun phrase (名詞從句或者長(zhǎng)名詞短語) as the subject(主語) of the sentence:e.g. Dreams of finding lost treasure / almost came true recently.What we need / is plenty of time.By the time he arrived / he was completely exhausted.When I leave Beijing / I will leave/ with very fond memories /

19、 of the city and its people / and with an increased knowledge of China.Reading aloud / is very important / for beginners.Early to bed / and early to rise / makes a man / healthy, happy, and wise.Jane, / whos a brilliant swimmer, / represented Britain / at the Olympic Games.After he took his bath, /

20、he dressed in a hurry, / ran to catch the bus, / and got to his appointment / before it was too late.E.g.Animal Instincts George is a young man. He does not have a wife, but he has a very big dog and he has a very small car too. He likes playing tennis. Last Monday he played tennis for an hour at hi

21、s club, and then he ran out and jumped into a car. His dog came after him, but it did not jump into the same car; it jumped into the next one. Come here, silly dog! George shouted at it but the dog stayed/ in the other car. George put his key into the lock of the car, but the key did not turn. Then

22、he looked at the car again. It was not his! He was in the wrong car! And the dog was in the right one! Hes sitting and laughing at me! George said angrily. But then he smiled/ and got into his car with the dog.ExercisesAnimal Instincts George is a young man. He does not have a wife, / but he has a v

23、ery big dog / and he has a very small car too. He likes playing tennis. Last Monday / he played tennis / for an hour / at his club, and then he ran out / and jumped into a car. His dog came after him, / but it did not jump into the same car; / it jumped into the next one. Come here, / silly dog!“ /

24、George shouted at it / but the dog stayed / in the other car. George put his key / into the lock of the car, / but the key did not turn. Then he looked at the car again. It was not his! He was in the wrong car! And the dog / was in the right one! Hes sitting / and laughing at me! George said angrily

25、. But then / he smiled / and got into his car / with the dog.連讀規(guī)律1.“輔音+元音”2.“輔音+半元音”3.“元音+元音”4.“輔音+輔音”如果相鄰兩詞中的前一個(gè)詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)詞是以元音開頭，這就要將輔音與元音拼起來連讀。 1.“輔音+元音”come out look at take it off beat it drop in put on bend over keep on an orange read it one of us half an hour stand up put it on not at all fi

26、rst of all a cup of tea take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it up an hour and a half let him in A group of people put on their coats and went out. i. 英語語音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一個(gè)詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)詞是以半元音，特別是/j/開頭，此時(shí)也要連讀。 Thankyou. ii. 音的同化也是一種連讀的現(xiàn)象，兩個(gè)詞之間非常平滑的過渡，導(dǎo)致一個(gè)音受臨音影響而變化。 t d s z+ j 要發(fā)生音變。2.“輔音+半元音

27、”輔音t與j相鄰時(shí)，被同化為t：t + j t Nice to meetyou. Cantyou do it?Ill letyou know.Is thatyour car?No, notyet.輔音d與j相鄰時(shí)，被同化為d：d + j dDidyou get there lateagain? Wouldyou likea cupof tea？ Couldyou help me, please? 輔音s與j相鄰時(shí), 被同化為：s + j God blessyou.Canyou dressyourself?I missyou.輔音z與j相鄰時(shí), 被同化為：z + j How wasyour va

28、cation?He saysyoure good.如果前一個(gè)詞以元音結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)詞以元音開頭，這兩個(gè)音往往也要自然而不間斷地連讀到一起。 DoI?Youre ju sohonest.Iam Chinese. Heis very friendly to me. She wants to studyEnglish. Howand why did you come here? She cant carryit. Itll take you threehours to walk there. The question is tooeasy for him to answer. 3.“元音+元音”爆破音

29、/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/ 和摩擦音/f/，/v/，/W/,其中任意2個(gè)相臨時(shí)，前一個(gè)音會(huì)輕音化，即由相關(guān)的發(fā)音器官做好這個(gè)發(fā)音的姿勢(shì)，稍做停頓后即發(fā)后面的音。 如果這些音在詞尾，也要輕音化。Si(t) downcontac(t) lensDa(d) told) megoo(d) nightThe girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c)tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up ever

30、y morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. 4.“輔音+輔音”如果前詞尾輔音與后詞尾輔音相同，前輔音省略。I was so happy.I have got to go. I have gotta go.(to輕音化為ta)Doyou want to dance? do you wanna dance? (to輕音化為na)Note以輔音結(jié)尾的單詞 + h開頭的單詞，h不發(fā)音，與前面的輔音連讀。Tellher I missher.What wil(l he)

31、 wilido?Ha(s he) zi doneit before?Mus(t he) ti go?Can he ni do it?Should he di .?Tell him to ask her.Lea(ve him) vim.Note435.“/r/ +元音”如果前一個(gè)詞是以-r或-re結(jié)尾，后一個(gè)詞是以元音開頭，這時(shí)的r 或re不但要發(fā)/r/,而且還要與后面的元音拼起來連讀。far away after all for ever a pair of our own there is for example After all, this is our own home.There i

32、s a football under it.There are some books on the desk.Here is a letter for you.Here are four eggs.如果一個(gè)音節(jié)的前后都有字母r，即使后面的詞以元音開頭，也不能連讀。 NoteThe black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer與and不可連讀） 當(dāng)短語或從句之間按意群進(jìn)行停頓時(shí)，意群與意群之間即使有兩個(gè)相鄰的輔音與元音出現(xiàn)，也不可連讀。 Isit ahat or a cat?（hat與or之間不可以連讀） Thereisa good book in my desk. （book與in之間不可以連讀） Can you speakEnglish or French? （English與or之間不可以連讀）Shall we meet ateight or ten t