第一篇HowtobeHappy如何獲得幸福Inthepasttwoweekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositive_psychologistMartinSeligman,whereH（happiness）=S（yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy）+C（theconditionsofyourlife）+V（thevoluntary_choicesyoumake）,過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式,這是由樂觀心理學家馬丁?塞利格曼定義的。在這個公式中,H（幸福）=S（個人生理幸福感受的固定指數）+C（個人生活狀態(tài)）+V（個人主觀選擇）。Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數的生活狀態(tài)。StepI:Peaceandquiet第一步:平和寧靜JonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,TheHappinessHypothesis,notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.喬納森，海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說》當中提到,研究調查顯示,我們不可能完全適應噪音污染,無論是新近的還是長期的。Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses（theotheristhefearoffalling）andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday,巨大噪聲會引發(fā)我們面對恐懼的某種本能反應（另ー種是對于墜落的恐懼）,如果周遭噪音喧鬧,我們不可能完全放松。每日保持平和與寧靜事關重要。Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstohavesomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruism（利他主義）toyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood?如果你不幸生活在比較嘈雜吵的環(huán)境中,請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。另外,嘗試使用耳塞,可能會緩解噪聲。如果你需要用大音量看電視、聽收音機或放音樂的話,記得戴上耳機,別影響鄰里,這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。Step2:Relationships第二步:人際關系Thisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.這是增加幸福指數的一條至關重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因,往往就是人際關系欠佳。Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.與搭檔或者愛人的關系陷入激烈的沖突中,會讓我們產生遭到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關懷,會產生隔閡與痛苦。Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.當我們面臨這類問題時,最好的辦法就是直面難題,修復關系,或者學著繼續(xù)前行。Step3:Share第三步:分享Ifyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,remembertosharethemwithfriends.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimprovethewellbeingofourownandothers.如果你發(fā)覺生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有重大幫助的話,記得與你的朋友們分享。將有用的發(fā)現與更多人分享,這對增進自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極作用。閱讀理解Whafsthehappinessformulaaccordingtothepassage?答案:TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?答案:Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesalldwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?答案:IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors.Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?答案:Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipswithothers.Whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?答案:Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.第二篇CityDesign城市設計WhenI'mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn'thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld'scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheairinsomecitiesisequivalenttosmokingtwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresittingintraffic-congestedstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.當我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時,映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市都陷入了困境,數以百計的城市日常生活的質量正在不斷下降。在ー些城市,每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行,耽擱的時間逐年升高,郁悶也隨之加深。Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergencyofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitiesbannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-baserapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreets,reducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyintheimprovementoftheirneighborhoods.Thequalityofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwiththevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.針對上述情況,我們可以看到ー種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內,許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車,新建和改造了更多的停車場,建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎的極為成功的快速運行系統(tǒng),興建了數百公里的自行車道和步行街,高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩,種植了更多的樹木,并吸收當地市民直接參與社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質量有了很大的提高。Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.現在,各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車設計城市的方法。汽車應帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在ー個不斷城市化的世界里,存在著ー個根深蒂固的矛盾,即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。超過ー個臨界點之后,隨著汽車數量的累加,汽車提供的不再是便捷,而是停滯。Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted-allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we'dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.基于這個觀點,無論在發(fā)達的工業(yè)國家還是發(fā)展中國家,一些城市將會通過遠離汽車來極大增加市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再次提醒你,城市是為了人,不是為了汽車而建設的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機械,沒有人性。為了避免這場災難,我們最好開始設計可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。閱讀理解:Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?答案:(Hetakes)abus.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?答案:Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople'shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople"inparagraph2mean?答案：Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?答案:Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?答案:Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)nohuman.第三篇Population人口Averyimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate,在我《門這個星球上居住的人越來越多,是ー個很重要的全球問題。如果繼續(xù)按照現有的增長率發(fā)展下去,那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl”.那么為什么會出現人口的大量增長呢?這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結果。Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"."DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.毫無疑問,你肯定聽到過“生育控制”這個術語?！八劳隹刂啤笔谴蟛幌嗤?。Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.它承認了醫(yī)生和科學家的工作,現在他們能夠留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthat"includefarmingmethodsandthecontrolofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.通過大范圍的技術創(chuàng)新,其中包括耕作方法和對絕癥的控制,我們已經找到降低死亡率的方法。然而,正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-increasingpopulation,webegintoseetheproblem.Ifeveryoneontheplanethadanequalshareofland,wewouldeachhaveabout50,000squaremeters.Thisfigureseemstobequiteencouraginguntilweexaminetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthsoftheworld'slandcannotproducefood?如果計算——下維持不斷增長的人口所需的土地量,我們就能意識到這個問題。如果這個星球上的每個人都平均分ー塊土地,我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數字看似相當振奮人心,而當我們計算一下每個人的實際可用耕地之后,就知道情況不太樂觀了。因為世界上超過3/5的土地都不能生產糧食。Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus,weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,weareconsumingits"capital”?itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhicharenowbeingdestroyedindecades(3).Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeingnonrenewable,suchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.顯然,能夠養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少,我們就應該想方設法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是,我們并沒有這樣做!反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏,它們是在幾百萬年的時間里オ形成的,然而現在,幾十年內就會被消耗殆盡。我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此,譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。閱讀理解:1.Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?答案:Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.2.Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?答案:DeathControl.Whatisthedoctors'jobaccordingtoparagraph?答案:Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.?.Whyisn*tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings答案:Becausetheworld*slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheeverincreasingpopulation.5.Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredas.答案:nonrenewable第四篇Earthquake地震Earthquakesmayberankedasoneofthemostdevastatingforceknowntomen;sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinmillionsandthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehasbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves,地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災害之一。自從有記載以來,估計由地震造成的死亡達數百萬以上,地震造成的破壞更是不計其數。地震造成的破壞如此之大,死亡如此之多,主要是由于地震引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災、疾病等現象造成的,而不是由于地震本身。Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Theymayhappenanywhereatanytime.大多數地震發(fā)生在兩個獨特的地理位置。ー個是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架,另ー個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈,其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時隨地都可能發(fā)生地震。Thiselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakepredictionmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfieldandthefrequencywithwhichminorearthtremorsareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinanticipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstriked).Asaresult,worldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtoprepareforthevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.幾個世紀以來,這種對于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近幾年來已有跡象表明地震預測是可能的。通過分析動物行為的變化,地殼運動的方式,地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測到的輕微地震的頻率,科學家在預測地震發(fā)生的時間和地點上已取得了不斷的成功。因此,世界性地震預警網絡已經運轉,而且已經幫助人們對大范圍的破壞做好準備,而這些破壞也可能是完全不能預料的。Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether,butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpotentialdevastationbeforeitoccurs.人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞カ還未可知。但是,隨著我們對地震發(fā)生的方式和原因有了更多的了解,在地震發(fā)生之前,我們就能更好地應對可能造成的破壞。閱讀理解:Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?答案:Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?答案:TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastIndianstotheAtlasMountains.Whatfactdoes"elementoftheunknown"inparagraph3referto?答案:Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?答案:a)analyzingchangesinanimalbehaviorb)patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrustc)variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfieldd)observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors〇5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?答案:Earthquakepredictionisbecomingmoreandmorepossible.第五篇TheAftermathofBPFulfOilSpill--英國石油公司墨西哥灣原油泄漏IntheaftermathoftheBPoilspill,PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists.environmentalists(l).andGulfCoastresidentswhenhedeclared."We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaster."Thesheersizeoftheoilspill-210,000gallonsadaycontaminatingtheGulfofMexico-hasmanypeopleworriedabouttheshortandlong-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing(2)英國石油公司原油泄漏事件之后,奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的ー次公開講話表達出r無數科學家、環(huán)保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的心聲。他在講話中提到,“我們正在應對的是ー場巨大的、史無前例的環(huán)境災難”。每天足足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染著墨西哥灣,這使得很多人為這次事件對環(huán)境所造成的短期和長期的危害感到擔憂。Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosystemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsareverydifficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecomingashoretolaytheireggs.這次原油泄漏事件對脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來的嚴重破壞會持續(xù)很多年,甚至數十年。被石油污染的海灘很難被清理干凈。更糟糕的是,泄漏的石油對海灘造成污染的時間正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季節(jié)。Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbepracticallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed(3)Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseriesforthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycovermuchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.還有更糟的事情,石油污染還可能影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸,而這將是幾乎不可能被清理干凈的,有些人甚至擔心這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚業(yè)和水產品工業(yè)的搖籃,也是多種野生動物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠遠大于海灘的面積,所以它們面臨破壞的風險就大大增加了。Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswherefreshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelterandbreeding,在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存,這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質量并為水產品供應鏈提供基礎。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場所。ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehomestohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themorepollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultinlargefishMilsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption,墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動物的家園。石油對海水造成污染的時間越長,水產品食物鏈被污染的程度就會越大,這最終會造成大量的魚類死亡以及水產品被嚴重污染而無法食用。閱讀理解.Inthefirstsentence*'PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists..whatdoestheword"voice”mean?答案:Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaofn.Howlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?答案:Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades..Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?答案:Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife..Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?答案:Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains..Howw川theoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?答案:Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.笫六篇GreenComputers“綠色”電腦Computermanufacturers,chipmakersandsoftwarecompaniesaredevelopingMgreener'productsforenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.Whilesometechcompaniesaredevelopingmoreenergy-efficientproductlines,othersarereleasingsoftwaretomakeexistingcomputersconsumeless.And-electronicsmanufacturersareexpandingwaystomake-newcomputersout-ofrecycledmaterials,aswellasencouragecustomerstorecycleoldmachines.Consumers'maypayaslightpremiumforsomeeco-friendlyelectronics,but.manypriceswillbecomparablewithtraditionalofferings.目前,電腦生產商、芯片制造者和軟件公司都紛紛開發(fā)“綠色”產品來滿足那些環(huán)保意識強烈的消費者的需求。一些科技公司開發(fā)了更節(jié)能的生產線,還有一些公司推出了減少現有電腦耗電量的軟件。電子制造企業(yè)不斷擴展エ藝利用循環(huán)材料生產新電腦,并鼓勵消費者循環(huán)利用舊電腦。某些環(huán)保類電子產品可能需要消費者多花些錢,但仍有很多環(huán)保電腦的價格跟傳統(tǒng)電腦差不多。Severalfactorsarepushingcompaniestobegreener.Manywanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandtogamerfavorwithgreeninvestors.Andwithenergypriceshigh,theyaretryingtoappealtopeoplewhoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses.有幾大因素推動著電腦公司更注重環(huán)保。許多企業(yè)希望走在環(huán)保法規(guī)的前面,贏得環(huán)保投資者的支持。同時,隨著能源價格上漲,他們正嘗試吸引那些設法節(jié)省費用的消費者。Thecomputerindustryhasbeenworkingonimprovingenergyconsumptionforyears.Thenewerfocushasbeenontoxinsandrecycling.Forexample,LenovoGroupLtd.uses10%tO25%recycledplasticsharvestedfromwaterbottles.Lastmonth,IntelCorp,introducednewchipsthatitsayswillspeedupcomputingperformancewithoutsuckingupadditionalpower.Thecompanyalsodevelopedtechnology,calledRemoteWake,tokeepcomputersinalow-energymodeuntilusersneedthemforretrievingfilesovertheInternet.Hewlett-PackardCo.hasdevelopedanewfeaturecalledAuto-On/Auto-Offthatputsinactiveprintersintoasleepmodeandcanquicklypowerbackuponcetheyareusedagain(1).ThisfeaturehasbeenaddedtoHP'spersonaldesktoplaserprintersin2009.Attentiontomanufacturingmaterialsisapriority.HPintroducedaninkjetprinterthatismadeof83%recycledplastics.計算機工業(yè)多年來一直致カ于減少能源消耗,新焦點已經放到了毒性和循環(huán)利用上來了。例如,聯想集團使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制造的。上個月,英特爾集團將新款芯片投放市場,據稱這些芯片不用耗費更多的能量就可以加快計算的速度。該公司還開發(fā)了一種叫做“遠程喚醒”的技術,可以使計算機在使用者不需要通過網絡檢索文件的時候保持低耗能的模式?；萜臻_發(fā)了一個叫做自動開關的新功能,可以不在工作狀態(tài)的打印機進入休眠模式,一旦再次使用,又會很快地恢復到工作模式?；萜?009年生產的個人桌面激光打印機就已經安裝了這項功能?；萜展具€將注意力優(yōu)先放在了制造材料上,他們生產的ー款噴墨打印機就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。Expertssaythatkeepingyouroldcomputeroutofthelandfillisbetterfortheenvironmentthanbuyinganewone.專家表示,就對環(huán)境的影響而言,對舊電腦再利用,讓其避免流入垃圾場填埋比買臺新電腦更好。閱讀理解1ヽWhyarecomputermanufacturersconsideringdevelopinggreenerproducts?答案:Becausetheywanttomeettherequirementsofenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.http://www.51paredtotheoldcomputer,thepriceofthegreenermachineis.答案:Alittle/slightly/alittlebitmoreexpensive..Fromthethreeexamples,Lenovo,IntelandHP,wecanknowthat.答案:Companieswanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandtogetgoodimpressionfrom(gamerfavorwith)greeninvestors.Ontheotherhandtheyaretryingtoappealtopeoplewhowanttosavetheirexpensesbecauseofhighenergyprice(或Withenergypriceshigh,theyaretryingtoappealtopeoplewhoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses)..WhatisthefunctionofAuto-On/Auto-Off?答案:Itcanputinactiveprintersintoasleepmodeandcanquicklypowerbackuponceusedagain..Whatdoesthelastsentenceinthelastparagraphmean?答案:Don'tthrowyouroldcomputerawayastrashinordertokeeptheenvironmentclean.第七篇CellPhones手機Whatwouldlifelooklikewithoutcellphones?Today'shottestsellingmobilephonesarenowloadedwithfeaturessuchasMP3musicplayers,TV,musicandwirelessphotoprinting.Cellphoneshavechangedsomuchinthepastfewyearsthatwitheverynewproductlaunchcomesanotherbigdilemmaforthecellularmanufacturerscl)Howdoyoucreatethenextbighit?Howdoesthemanufacturerseparatethehitsfromthegimmicks,whiletryingtodecipherwhatcellphoneusersreallywantorneedinthenearfuture?Industryinsiderssaythemostpopularphoneswillhaveadvancedfunctionsthataresimpletocustomizeforindividualtastes.沒有手機的生活會變得怎么樣呢?今天暢銷的手機都有MP3播放器、電視、音樂、無線相片打印等功能。手機在過去幾年里的變化非常大,隨著每次新產品的問世,手機制造商們都會再次陷入苦惱之中。該怎么創(chuàng)造下一代人氣商品呢?制造商該怎樣做才能了解手機使用者們不久的將來真正想要的東西,并且區(qū)分暢銷與滯銷的產品呢?業(yè)內人士指出最受歡迎的手機是具有能夠簡單地迎合顧客個人喜好的尖端功能的手機。Manufacturersbelievethatthesuccessofthecellphoneliesinthebuildinganddevelopmentofhigh-speednetworkstodeliverserviceslikevideo,musicandhighspeedInternet.Whilethesenetworksarenowinoperation,theindustryinsidersareconsideringradicalredesignstophones,displaysandservicestoensurethenewfeaturesaresimpletouse.Suchdevelopments,combinedwithsoftwarethatallowsuserstocustomizetheircellphonebrowserforservicessuchassportsscoresornews,couldreplacePDAsandothergadgets.CellularcompaniesarealsobettingconsumerswillsoonusephonesforeverythingfromwatchingTVtostudyingandwritingschoolexams.Developersshouldnowconcentrateondesigningexcitingnewlooksforphones,sincefewthingshavemoredirectinfluenceoveraconsumer'sficklebuyingbehaviorthantheemotionalresponsethattheshape,colororlookofaphoneevokes(2)制造商相信手機的成功取決于高速網絡的構建和開發(fā)以提供如影像或視頻、音樂、高速互聯網的服務。在這些網絡運營的同時,業(yè)內人士正在考慮將電話、顯示屏以及服務進行徹底的重新設計,使其新的功能使用簡化。這些開發(fā)產品結合了一種讓使用者可以在手機瀏覽器上定制體育比賽得分或新聞等服務的軟件,可以代替PDA(掌上電腦)和其它裝置。手機制造商確信,在不久的將來,消費者將用手機完成一切事務,從看電視到學習和學?？荚?。開發(fā)商們現在應當集中精力設計外形更吸引人的新手機,因為除了手機的外形、顏色或款式所引起的情緒反應外,還幾乎沒有別的東西對消費者多變的購買行為起到更直接的影響。閱讀理解1、Whatarethefeaturesoftoday'smobilephones?答案:Theyareloadedwith(featuressuchas)MP3musicplayers,TV,musicandwirelessphotoprinting.2、Whatwillmanufacturesfaceiftheyproduceanewproduct?答案:Theywillfaceabigdilemma.3、Whatshouldthemostpopularphoneshave?答案:Themostpopularphonesshouldhaveadvancedfunctionstocustomizeforindividualtastes.4、Whatw川peopledowithcellphonesinthefuture?答案:Peoplew川usephonesforeverythingfromwatchingTVtostudyingandwritingschoolexams.5.Whydoesthewritermention“theemotionalresponse"inthelastsentence?答案:Becausehethinksthatitaffectscustomers*buyingbehavior.第八篇TouchTech觸屏技術Formobiletouchtechnology,it*sonlythebeginning.AppleInc.'sphonerevolutionizedthemobilephonewitheasy-to-usetouch-screentechnologythatallowsuserstosurftheWeb,tapoutmessagesorcontrolanynumberofinventiveapplications.就移動觸摸技術而言,現在只是剛剛開始。蘋果公司的電話產品使移動電話行業(yè)產生了突破性變革,其便利的觸摸屏技術可以便于用戶瀏覽網絡、發(fā)送短信或者掌控許多新穎應用軟件。Developersareworkingonnewapplicationsfor"multi_touch-screens.Thesescreenscanprocesscommandstheusergiveswithmorethanonefinger,whichbroadensthepossibilitiesforapplicationd'.Otherdevelopersareworkingonadvancesin"haptic"feedback-vibrationsandotherphysicalsensationsthatarenowused,forinstance,toletagamerknowshe'sreachedanewlevel,butthatcanalsobeusedtocommunicateemotionsandmaysoongiveatouch-screenkeyboardthefeelofaphysicalkeyboard(2)Andforthosewhostillprefertoworkwithkeysontheirphones,evensometraditionalkeyboardswillperformcertainfunctionsinresponsetotouchcommands.開發(fā)人員正致力于新“多觸點”屏幕的應用研究。這些屏幕可以處理用戶用多手指同時給出的指令,這也增加了這項技術被應用的可能性。其他開發(fā)人員正在研究“觸覺”反饋的升級技術——即現在所應用的震動和其它物理感知技術,它們不但可用來提醒游戲玩家已經過關,也可以用來進行情感交流,并且有可能很快就能使觸摸屏具有真實鍵盤的觸覺。對于那些更喜歡使用手機鍵盤的人來說,即便傳統(tǒng)的鍵盤也將能發(fā)揮與觸摸指令相對應的功能。Softwaredeveloperssettoworkonmulti-touchapplications.Some,forinstance,allowuserstoplayvirtualmusicalinstrumentsonthephone.Butmulti-touchdevelopershavelargelyfocusedongames.軟件開發(fā)人員開始研發(fā)多觸點應用軟件。例如,有些軟件可以使用戶在電話上彈奏虛擬樂器。但是多觸點開發(fā)人員主要以開發(fā)游戲為主。Haptictechnologyalreadyhasmanynon-mobileapplications.Invideogames,forinstance,itcangivegamersthesensationofactuallysteeringacarthey'recontrollingonthescreen.Inmedicaltraining,itcanmakeprocedureslikeendoscopyperformedonasimulatorfeelreal,sothatmedicalpersonnelcandevelopabettersenseofhowtoperformthem.Theuseofhapticsinmobilephonesisstillinitsinfancy,butthewiderdeploymentofhapticenabledphonesw川openthedoortonewapplications.觸覺技術己經在非移動領域得到了廣泛應用。例如,在視頻游戲中,它可以讓游戲玩家感到自己好像真的在駕駛他們所控制的熒屏賽車。在醫(yī)療培訓中,它可以讓在模擬器上操作的內窺鏡檢測法等程序感覺異常真實,從而使醫(yī)療人員能更自如地操作這些儀器。觸覺技術在手機方面的使用仍然處于初創(chuàng)階段,但是觸覺技術手機的廣泛運用將為這項技術得以更多、更新的應用開辟新的途徑。Fornow,atleastmanymobileusersprefertheaccuracyofaphysicalkeyboardratherthanatouchscreen.Anewtechnologyisbeingdesignedtoallowthebestofbothworlds:akeyboardthatcanalsorespondtotouchcommands.目冃リ看來,至少還有許多手機用戶仍然偏愛物理鍵盤的準確性,他們對觸摸屏并不十分感興趣。開發(fā)人員正在設計ー項可以兼顧這兩種需求的新技術:即可以同時回應觸摸指令的物理鍵盤。閱讀理解1、WhydowesayApple'siPhoneisarevolution?答案:BecauseAppleisthefirsttodevelopanewtechnologycalledeasy-to-touch-screen.2、Whatistheadvantageofmulti-touchscreen?答案:Thescreenscanprocesscommandstheusergiveswithmorethanonefinger.3、Whatisthehapticfeedbacktechnology?答案:Itisvibrationsandphysicalsensations.4、Whatdogamersfeeliftheyusehaptictechnologyin'v.ideogames?答案:Thegamersfeelthattheyhavetheactualsensationwhentheyplaygames.5、Whydomanypeoplelikeaphysicalkeyboardnowadays?NewwordsandExpressions答案:Becausetheyliketheaccuracyofaphysicalkeyboard.第九篇FossilFuelsandOurLife化石燃料與我們的生活Oilandnaturalgasareanimportantpartofoureverydaylife.Notonlydotheygiveusmobilitytheyheatandcoolourhomesandprovideelectricityc.Millionsofproductsaremadefromoilandgas,includingplastics,life-savingmedications,clothing,cosmetics,andmanyotheritemsyoumayusedaily,石油與天然氣是我們日常生活的重要組成部分。它們不僅使我們出行方便,它們還可以使我們的住所冬暖夏涼并且為我們提供電カ。我們日常生活中的許多物品都是由石油和天然氣制成的,如塑料、治病救人的藥品、服裝、化妝品等等。IntheUnitedStates,97%oftheenergythatdrivesthetransportationsector(cars,buses,subways,railroads,airplanes,etc.)comesfromfuelsmadefromoil.Automanufacturersaredevelopingcarstorunonalternatefuelssuchaselectricity,hydrogenandethanol.However,theelectricbatteriesneedtobechargedandthefueltogeneratetheelectricitycouldbeoilorgas.Thehydrogenneededforfuelcellscouldalso-begeneratedfromnaturalgasorpetroleum-basedproducts.Evenasalternativefuelsaredeveloped,oilwillbecruciallyimportanttoassuringthatpeoplecangetwheretheyneedtobeandwantto_gofortheforeseeablefuture,在美國,交通運輸系統(tǒng)（私人汽車、公共汽車、地鐵、火車、飛機等）的運行所依賴的能源中有97%來自石油煉制的燃料。雖然汽車制造商們正在研制使用像電、氫氣和乙醇這樣的替代能源作為燃料的汽車,但是,汽車電池需要充電而且電池發(fā)電所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然氣。燃料電池所需要的氫氣也可能是由天然氣或石油產品制成的。所以,盡管人們在研制開發(fā)替代燃料,在可預測的將來,能夠確保人們出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油?！疘nareasoftheworldthatarestilldeveloping,businessesandindividualsaredemandinggreatermobilityforthemselvesandtheirproducts.Worldvehicleownershipisprojectedtoincreasefrom122vehiclesperthousandpeoplein1999to144vehiclesperthousandin2020,withthegrowthoccurringindevelopingnations.Airportsarebeingaddedinthesecountriesaswell,expandingjetfueldemand.Oilisexpectedtoremaintheprimaryfuelsourcefortransportationthroughouttheworldfortheforeseeablefuture,andtransportationfuelsareprojectedtoaccountforalmost57%oftotalworldoilconsumptionby2020.在全世界的發(fā)展中地區(qū),不論企業(yè)還是個人,不論是為了自己方便還是為銷售公司的產品,對交通出行的需求都大大增加。據預測世界汽車保有量將由1999年的每千人122輛增加至2020年的每千人144輛,這些增加的部分都是來自發(fā)展中國家。同樣在這些發(fā)展中國家,由于機場也在擴建,所以航空燃料的需求也在不斷增長。在可預測的將來,石油仍將是世界各地交通的主要能源,預計到2020年交通燃料將占全世界石油消耗總量的57%〇Wor