說明文篇章主題引出方式分類和功能分類

說明文(exposition)

類型的篇章的最大特色是邏輯性強(qiáng)，句與句之間、段與段之間存在各種各樣的關(guān)系，對于考生來說，閱讀說明文類語篇和解答說明文類試題必須要關(guān)注主題(topic)引出的手法以及引出主題呈現(xiàn)引出部分的功能分類，只有解決了這兩個問題，我們才能確定每篇說明文的不同主題。

一、說明文篇章主題呈現(xiàn)引出方式分類：1.

事例法2017年6月浙江省高考閱讀理解C篇FLORENCE,Italy—Svetlana

Cojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

ItalyisthelatestWesternEuropeancountrytryingtocontrolagrowingimmigrant(移民)populationbydemandinglanguageskillsinexchangeforworkpermits,orinsomecases,citizenship.

Someimmigrantadvocatesworrythatashardfinancialtimesmakeitmoredifficultfornativestokeepjobs,suchmeasureswillbecomeamorevehicleforintolerancethanintegration(融合).Otherssayit’sonlynaturalthatnewcomerslearnthelanguageoftheirhostnation,seeingitasaconditiontoensuretheycancontributetosociety.OtherEuropeancountrieslaiddownasimilarrequirementforimmigrants,andsometermsareeventougher.Thegovernmentsarguethatthiswillhelpforeignersbetterjointhesocietyandpromoteunderstandingacrosscultures.Italy,whichhasamuchweakertraditionofimmigration,haswitnessedasharpincreaseinimmigrationinrecentyears.In1990,immigrantsnumberedsome1.14millionoutofItaly’sthen56.7millionpeople,orabout2percent.Atthestartofthisyear,foreignerslivinginItalyamountedto4.56millionofatotalpopulationof60.6million,or7.5percent,withimmigrants’

childrenaccountingforanevenlargerpercentageofbirthsinItaly.Cojochru,theMoldovancaregiver,hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住權(quán))wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly;theylivewithhersisterinMoldova,wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways

“seemeasaforeigner,”

anoutsider,eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently,shesaid.

本篇說明文的主題是意大利是盡力通過以語言技能來交換工作資格或在有些情況下交換市民證來控制不斷增加的移民人口的最新西歐國家。但是為了呈現(xiàn)這個主題，作者首先描述了一位來自摩爾多瓦的普通移民Svetlana

Cojochru的準(zhǔn)備考試情況，這種方法叫做事例法。2.

反襯法2019年6月浙江省高考閱讀理解B篇Moneywithnostringsattached.

It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed."

Peoplequicklycaughton.Andwhilemanytookdollars,manyotherspinnedtheirowncashtotheboard.“Peopleofallages,races,andsocio-economic(社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的)backgroundsgaveandtook,”saidTylerBridgesofTheToolbox,whichcreatedtheproject."Weevenhadabrideinherweddingdresscomeuptotheboardandtakeafewdollars."Mostofthebillsontheboardweresingles,butafewpeopleleftfives,tensandeventwenties.Thevideoclip(片段)showsonemanwhohadfounda$20billpinningittotheboard.

“WhatIcansayforthefolksthatgavethemost,isthattheywerefullofsmiles,”Bridgessaid.“There’sacertainfeelingthatgivingcandoforyouandthatwasapparentinthosethatgavethemost."Mostpeoplewhotookdollarstookonlyafew,butBridgessaidaverysmallnumbertookasmuchastheycould.

Whiletheclipmightlooklikepartofanewadcampaign,Bridgessaidtheonlygoalwastoshowgenerosityandsympathy.HeaddedthathehopespeopleinothercitiesmighttrysimilarprojectsandposttheirownvideosontheInternet.

“Afterall,everyonehasbaddaysandgooddays,"hesaid.“Somedaysyouneedahelpinghandandsomedaysyoucanbetheonegivingthehelpinghand.”本篇語篇的主題是一項(xiàng)“自放（錢）自?。ㄥX）”的一項(xiàng)活動。但是在引出這個主題前，作者首先使用了反襯法，先反面說“隨意取錢”并不是我們?nèi)粘？梢越?jīng)常見到的事情，然后正面說上個月在洛杉磯的聯(lián)盟站，就有一個活動可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣的場景。這樣的主題引出手法就是反襯法。3.

提問法2018年11月浙江省高考七選五任務(wù)型閱讀

Somepeoplearesorude.Whosendsane-mailoratextmessagethatjustsays

"Thank

you"?Wholeavesavoicemailmessageratherthantextsyou?Whoasksforafacteasily

foundontheInternet?

31.

D.Don'tthesepeoplerealizethatthey’rewastingyourtime?

MaybeI'mtherudeonefornotappreciatinglife'slittlecourtesies(禮節(jié)).Butmany

social

norms(規(guī)范)justdon'tmakesensetopeopledrowningindigitalcommunication.

Takethethank-younote.DanielPostSenning,acoauthorofEmilyPostEtiquette

asked,

"Atwhatpointdoesshowingappreciationoutweighthecost?"

32.

A.Thenthereisvoicemail.

Thinkofhowlongittakestolistentooneofthosemessages.Intexts,you

don'thavetodeclarewhoyouareorevensayhello.E-mail,too,isslowerthanatext.The

worstarethosewholeaveavoicemailandthensendane-mailmessagetotellyoutheylefta

voicemail.Thisisn'tthefirsttimetechnologyhaschangedourmanners.33.

G.Whenthetelephonewasinvented,peopledidn'tknowhowtogreetacaller.

Alexander

GrahamBell,theinventor,suggestedthatpeoplesay,"Ahoy!"Finally,hellowonout,andthe

victoryspedupthegreeting’suseinface-to-facecommunications.Intheageofthesmartphone,thereisnoreasontoaskonce-acceptablequestionsabout

theweatherforecast,abusiness’sphonenumber,ordirectionstoahouse,arestaurant,oran

office,whichcanbeeasilyfoundonadigitalmap.34.

C.Butpeoplestillaskthesethings.

Andwhenyouanswer,they

respondwithathank-youe-mail.Howtohandlethesedifferingstandards?Easy:Consideryouraudience.Somepeople,

especiallyolderones,appreciateathank-youmessage.35.

B.Others,likeme,wantnoreply.Intraditionalsocieties,the

younglearnfromtheold.Butinmodernsocieties,theoldcanalsolearnfromtheyoung.

Here'shopingthatpolitenessnevergoesoutoffashionbutthattime-wastingformsof

communicationdo.

本篇語篇主題傾向貶義，主要是講網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流時代一些浪費(fèi)時間的行為，但是在呈現(xiàn)這一主題之前，作者開篇使用了三個特殊疑問詞who引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，這種引出主題的手法就是提問法。4.

綜合法2018年11月浙江省高考英語概要寫作It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanall

starttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybe

liketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,

classroomsandathleticequipment

and,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyonce

senioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifthe

schoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.

Butkeepinmindthat

youaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyou

cantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollege

applicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountry

thatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushould

findsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’d

liketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheadacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’t

likeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairs

atCollegeWeek

Live.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,and

collegecounselors(顧問),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonline

collegefairatcollege

week

.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplace

ofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearch

willhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketo

attend.

這篇說明文類的概要寫作，在引出主題

“實(shí)地考察你即將就讀的大學(xué)的好處”之前使用了兩種不同的手法，從It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanall

starttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybe

liketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,

classroomsandathleticequipment

and,ofcourse,thestudents.使用了描述性的事例法，而Itseemsalittlecrazyonce

senioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifthe

schoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.

則是使用了反襯法，這兩種方法綜合在一起，共同為了引出主題Butkeepinmindthat

youaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyou

cantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone。

二、說明文主題呈現(xiàn)引出部分功能分類：根據(jù)說明文主題引出部分的內(nèi)容不同我們可以把它們又可以具體分類為why、how和what三種不同的類型，下面我們結(jié)合上面四篇語篇進(jìn)行具體講解。2017年6月浙江省高考閱讀理解C篇FLORENCE,Italy—Svetlana

Cojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad.

這篇語篇通過特寫Svetlana

Cojochru參加考試和焦慮心情來具體說明主題“意大利盡力通過以語言技能來交換工作資格或在有些情況下交換市民證來控制不斷增加的移民人口”來說明這個政策對普通人士所造成的后果，也就是回答了what的問題。2019年6月浙江省高考閱讀理解B篇

Moneywithnostringsattached.

It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYo