語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題突破第二講需要“變形”的名詞、形容詞和副詞專(zhuān)題1名詞第二部分1重溫真題2

考點(diǎn)精析3

考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)重溫真題考向1名詞的數(shù)與格單句語(yǔ)法填空1．(2018·6月浙江高考)MakingChinese__________(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析：考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。dish是可數(shù)名詞，其前無(wú)限定詞，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式dishes。dishes2．(2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(醫(yī)學(xué)界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside___________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析：sideeffect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的兩個(gè)例子overweightandheartdisease可知名詞effect用復(fù)數(shù)形式effects。effects3．(2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible__________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析：crowd是可數(shù)名詞，且前面沒(méi)有限定詞，故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4．(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveral_______________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.解析：several幾個(gè)，其后的可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。crowdsinvitations5．(2017·浙江)LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall___________(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.解析：ahandfulof一把，幾個(gè)，后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。ahandfulofcarrots幾個(gè)胡蘿卜。carrots6．(全國(guó)Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle－fed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：few用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故答案為days。everyfewdays每隔幾天。句意：護(hù)理小組每隔幾天就要把他和他的妹妹交換一下以便一個(gè)在被人工喂養(yǎng)時(shí)另一個(gè)和媽媽待在一起，他的母親從來(lái)沒(méi)有懷疑過(guò)。days7．(全國(guó)Ⅱ)Recent___________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.解析：根據(jù)后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞show可知，主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。8．(四川)Anysmellmightattractnatural___________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.解析：句意：任何氣味都可能引來(lái)天敵——它們會(huì)吃掉熊貓寶寶的。天敵不止一個(gè)，故用復(fù)數(shù)形式enemies。studiesenemies9．(全國(guó)Ⅰ)I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese_____________(painting)．解析：many用于修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故填該名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式paintings。paintings考向2詞形變換之名詞單句語(yǔ)法填空1．(2019·全國(guó)卷I)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa__________(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞。根據(jù)其前不定冠詞和其后的同位語(yǔ)從句可知，空格處為名詞形式，故填belief。belief2．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting_______________(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞。由空格前的不定冠詞an與空格后的不定式towatch可以確定空格處應(yīng)該填名詞形式。故填petition3．(2019·浙江卷)OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno________________________(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.解析：考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞。句意：其他的美國(guó)研究表明校服和學(xué)校表現(xiàn)之間沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。no是形容詞，形容詞修飾名詞，位于名詞前，名詞可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用單數(shù)形式。connect是動(dòng)詞，“聯(lián)系”的意思，因此，要用其名詞形式。故填connection/connections。connection/connections4．(2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe________________(introduce)ofelectric－poweredenginesandlifts.解析：空格前是the，其后接名詞。introduce的名詞形式是introduction。5．(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher_____________(educate)．解析：形容詞性物主代詞

her應(yīng)該用來(lái)修飾名詞，educate的名詞形式是roductioneducation6．(全國(guó)Ⅱ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop______________(attract)．解析：空格前有形容詞性的物主代詞，因此要用名詞形式。7．(全國(guó)Ⅱ)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof_______________(achieve)．解析：介詞of后要用名詞作賓語(yǔ)。固定表達(dá)asenseofachievement成就感。attractionachievement8．(全國(guó)Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.,influencedthe_______________(develop)ofchopsticks.解析：空前有冠詞，此處應(yīng)用名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。9．(全國(guó)Ⅱ)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir___________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.解析：形容詞性物主代詞their之后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，故將able轉(zhuǎn)化為其名詞形式ability。句意：除了樸素之美外，這些土坯房令人贊嘆的是其具有不使用電氣設(shè)備就能自動(dòng)進(jìn)行空氣調(diào)節(jié)的能力。developmentability10．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto______________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.解析：考查詞形變化。鍛煉以增強(qiáng)你腿上的肌肉。此處to是不定式符號(hào)，其后用動(dòng)詞原形。故填strengthen。strengthen考點(diǎn)精析?框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖?名詞的核心考點(diǎn)1．可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。(1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works(工廠)。(2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boyfriend→boyfriends,go－between→go－betweens(中間人)，grown－up→grown－ups;passer－by→passers－by,looker－on→lookers－on;womandoctor→womendoctors。(3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。此類(lèi)名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示“衣服”“工具”等的總稱(chēng)，不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能加不定冠詞a/an，但可以用apairof/twopairsof,many等修飾。如：clothes衣服，tights緊身褲，

jeans牛仔褲，

pajamas睡衣，

pants(長(zhǎng))褲子，shorts短褲，

socks短襪，

stockings長(zhǎng)襪，

trousers褲子，glasses眼鏡，

chopsticks筷子，

compasses圓規(guī)，pincers鉗子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一類(lèi)總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能用a/an,apairof等修飾，只能用many,agreatmany,alotof等修飾。如：belongings所有物，

congratulations祝賀，

contents目錄，

earnings收入，

fireworks煙火，

goods商品，

leavings剩余物，

pains辛勞，spirits情緒，

savings積蓄，stairs樓梯，surroundings環(huán)境，wages工資，arms武器等。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle,police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：Thecrewislarge.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。Thecrewarealltired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。2．不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類(lèi)型如下：①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(表達(dá)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞)insurprise驚訝地asurprise一件令人驚訝的事winsuccess獲得成功asuccess一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事)winhonour贏得榮譽(yù)anhonour一個(gè)(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失敗afailure一個(gè)(件)失敗的人(事)byexperience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)anexperience一次經(jīng)歷withpleasure樂(lè)意apleasure一件樂(lè)事②抽象名詞與a(n)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類(lèi)別。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類(lèi)時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，

acoffee一杯咖啡，

threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些飲料，

adrink一杯飲料，

threedrinks三杯飲料；hishair他的頭發(fā)，

afewgreyhairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，

aglass一只玻璃杯。3．名詞所有格(1)－'s所有格theboy'smother,thechildren'stoys,theteachers'books,LucyandLily'sbedroom(共用),Lucy'sandLily'sbedrooms(各自的)(2)“of＋名詞”所有格theroofofthehouse,thecoverofthebook,thenameofthegirl,apictureofmyfather(3)雙重所有格afriendofmybrother's(＝oneofmybrother'sfriends),apictureofmyfather's(＝oneofmyfather'spictures)(4)－'s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞后，如：Tom'shome,thedoctor's,thecompany'snewfactory等。②用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today'snewspaper,fiveminutes'walk(drive),fivepounds'weight,tendollars'worthofcoffee。③用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：theworld'spopulation,China'sindustry,NewYork'sparks。(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有關(guān)系Jack'sbrother②表主謂關(guān)系Mr.Wang'spraise③表動(dòng)賓關(guān)系thefamousstar'sadmirers④表修飾關(guān)系adoctor'sdegree⑤表同位關(guān)系(只用of所有格)thecityofBeijing4．名詞的功能(1)可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Maryistomeetyouattheairport.Mybrotherisaworker.Heboughtanewbook.Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.(2)作定語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些名詞沒(méi)有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞。①分類(lèi)意義airpollution空氣污染coffeecup咖啡杯bodylanguage身體語(yǔ)言roadaccident交通事故theNobelPrize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)②時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱(chēng)呼等DoctorJack杰克醫(yī)生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠③表目的、來(lái)源、材料、所屬意義receptiondesk接待臺(tái)sportsfield田徑場(chǎng)stonetable石桌colorTV彩電(3)作狀語(yǔ)名詞作狀語(yǔ)多為表時(shí)間或距離等概念的名詞。Thewarlastedeightyears.(4)作同位語(yǔ)Tom,ourmonitor,leftschoollastyear.?名詞與其他詞類(lèi)的詞性轉(zhuǎn)化1．動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴①－al表示人，物，行為：(特殊：去e＋－al)approve贊成→approval贊成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到達(dá)→arrival到達(dá)refuse拒絕→refusal拒絕propose提議→proposal提議；建議②－ance/－ence表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或行為：appear出現(xiàn)→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌perform表演→performance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer較喜歡→preference偏愛(ài)refer參考；查閱→reference參考；查閱depend依靠→dependence依賴(lài)；依靠guide指引→guidance引導(dǎo)；指導(dǎo)③－ion/－tion/－ation表示狀態(tài)或行為；direct指揮；指導(dǎo)→direction方向；指導(dǎo)expect期待→expectation期待；期望explain解釋→explanation解釋invite邀請(qǐng)→invitation邀請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)柬solve解決→solution解決compete競(jìng)爭(zhēng)→competition比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)pronounce發(fā)音→pronunciation發(fā)音describe描述→description描寫(xiě)repeat重復(fù)→repetition重復(fù)④－s(s)ion表示行為或狀態(tài)：discuss討論→discussion討論admit承認(rèn)→admission承認(rèn)；準(zhǔn)許加入collide碰撞→collision碰撞(或相撞)事故tense拉緊；繃緊→tension緊張decide決定→decision決定⑤－ing具有……(特征)的：hear聽(tīng)→hearing聽(tīng)力；聽(tīng)覺(jué)listen聽(tīng)→listening聽(tīng)；聽(tīng)力begin開(kāi)始→beginning開(kāi)始部分⑥－ment表示行為、結(jié)果等：(去e)argue爭(zhēng)論→argument爭(zhēng)論；論據(jù)⑦－ure/－ture表示行為或狀態(tài)：fail失敗→failure失敗press壓；擠→pressure壓力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面臨；暴露⑧－y表示……的動(dòng)作(或過(guò)程)：recover恢復(fù)→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover發(fā)現(xiàn)→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他常見(jiàn)變化：choose選擇→choice選擇vary相異→variety多樣化；品種tend傾向→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)grow生長(zhǎng)→growth生長(zhǎng)marry結(jié)婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客車(chē)廂；運(yùn)輸pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒post郵寄→postage郵資；郵費(fèi)store貯存→storage貯存2．形容詞變名詞的后綴①－age集合：short短的→shortage不足；短缺②－cy表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)：fluent流利→fluency流利；流暢accurate準(zhǔn)確的→accuracy準(zhǔn)確(性)private私有的→privacy隱私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率③－dom表示地位、狀況等：free自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧④－ness表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)：dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虛弱的→weakness虛弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠a(chǎn)ware知道的；意識(shí)到的→awareness知道；意識(shí)⑤－th表示結(jié)果、過(guò)程、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)：warm溫暖的→warmth溫暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong強(qiáng)壯的→strength力量long長(zhǎng)的→length長(zhǎng)度wide寬的→width寬度⑥－y/－ity表示性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)：difficult困難的→difficulty困難honest誠(chéng)實(shí)的→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)safe安全的→safety安全cruel殘忍的→cruelty殘忍responsible負(fù)責(zé)的→responsibility責(zé)任⑦ent變?yōu)閑nce，ant變?yōu)閍nce，nd變?yōu)閚se：different不同的→difference不同(之處)silent沉默的；不說(shuō)話的→silence寂靜patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)respond回應(yīng)→response響應(yīng)defend防御；保衛(wèi)→defense/defence防御；保護(hù)2．部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤如：familys,knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3．部分詞性易混作名詞動(dòng)詞誤作名詞形容詞誤作名詞動(dòng)詞名詞形容詞名詞succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4．可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆不可數(shù)可數(shù)takeactiontakemeasuressomeadvicesomesuggestionstakeexerciseeyeexercisesmakeprogressmakemistakesinformationcontributions考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Hehadwitnessedtoomany__________(die)andwoundsattheBattleofSolferinoinItalyfouryearsearlier,inwhich40,000peoplewerekilled,woundedormissing.2．Apple'snewmachine,theLisa,provedtobeanexpensive___________(fail)．3．Iranintomyneighbor,Dennis,yesterdayafternoon.HeaskedifIwantedtwoticketstothetheater.Hehadseveralticketsbutcouldn'tgotothis_______________(perform)．deathsfailureperformance4．Tourismshouldalsoadvancethewealthand_____________(happy)oflocalinhabitants.5．Thesepeoplehavemadegreat_________________(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.6．Theygetadvicefrom“_____________(strange)”.Whentheyneedadvice,theydon'tusuallygotopeopletheyknow.happinesscontributionsstrangers7．Myfirst______________(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.8．Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindthey