書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-三明學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Duringthepastyearsthe（）ofautomobilesaccidentsinNewYorkCityhasdecreased.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.degree

B.quantity

C.number

D.amount

【答案】C

【解析】近義詞辨析。quantity可以形容可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，作為數(shù)量通常為抽象的概念；number用于形容可數(shù)名詞，表示"數(shù)"；amount用于形容不可數(shù)名詞，表示"量"。選項(xiàng)C用在此處最恰當(dāng)。句意：在過(guò)去幾年里，紐約的汽車(chē)事故數(shù)量減少了。

2.單選題

Weliveina(n)______societywhichviewssuccessprimarilyintermsofmaterialpossessions.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.acquisitive

B.requisite

C.inextricable

D.refraining

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)acquisitive“渴求獲取財(cái)物的，貪婪的”，B項(xiàng)requisite“必備的，必不可少的”，C項(xiàng)inextricable“逃脫不掉的，解不開(kāi)的”，D項(xiàng)refraining為動(dòng)詞refrain的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，表示“克制”。根據(jù)句子可知，which是作定語(yǔ)從句修飾society，定語(yǔ)從句的意思是“社會(huì)主要從物質(zhì)財(cái)富的角度來(lái)看待成功”，那么可以推測(cè)，這個(gè)社會(huì)是一個(gè)“渴求獲取財(cái)物的”社會(huì)，A項(xiàng)符合。句意：我們生活在一個(gè)主要把成功看成是物質(zhì)財(cái)富的貪婪的社會(huì)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

Theyoungmathteachergaveherstudentsextraworktodobecauseshewas______byallthenoiseandthetalkingintheclassroom.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exasperated

B.aggregated

C.perturbed

D.assailed

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)exasperate“激怒，使惱怒”，B項(xiàng)aggregate“集合，聚集”，C項(xiàng)perturb“擾亂，使……混亂”，D項(xiàng)assail“攻擊，質(zhì)問(wèn)”。由Theyoungmathteachergaveherstudentsextraworktodo（這位年輕的數(shù)學(xué)老師給她的學(xué)生布置了額外的作業(yè)）和noiseandthetalkingintheclassroom（教室里的噪音和講話聲），結(jié)合常識(shí)，可知空格處填入A項(xiàng)符合。句意：這位年輕的數(shù)學(xué)老師給她的學(xué)生布置了額外的作業(yè)，因?yàn)樗唤淌依锏脑胍艉椭v話聲激怒了。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto_____wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pickup

B.bumpinto

C.pileup

D.bringback

【答案】A

【解析】pickup撿起,獲得,買(mǎi)到;bumpinto偶然碰上,猛撞,猛擊;pileup堆集,相撞;bringback拿回來(lái),使...恢復(fù);使...回憶起。句意：有些人喜歡在星期天購(gòu)物,因?yàn)樗麄兿Ｍ茉谑袌?chǎng)上買(mǎi)到物美價(jià)廉的東西。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

5.單選題

Indailylife,heisfreeandeasy,butinhiswork,heisaperson（）perfection.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inproportionto

B.inpreferenceto

C.inthewakeof

D.inpursuitof

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在日常生活中，他是無(wú)拘無(wú)朿的，但在工作中他卻是一個(gè)追求完美的人。

考查短語(yǔ)辨析。inproportionto與…成比例，與…相稱；inpreferenceto優(yōu)先于…；inthewakeof緊緊跟隨，隨著…而來(lái)；inpursuitof尋求，追求。此處為介詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)。D符合句意。

6.單選題

ItwaswithgreatdelightthatIreadinyourFebruary（）thelettertotheeditorwrittenbyProf.Johnson.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.issue

B.printing

C.magazine

D.copy

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:issue“（報(bào)刊或雜志）期刊”；B:printing“印刷;印刷術(shù)”；C:magazine“雜志”；D:copy“一份；復(fù)制品”。句意：非常高興拜讀了貴刊二月的一期中所登載有關(guān)約翰遜教授致編輯的信。結(jié)合此處語(yǔ)義，A為正確答案。

7.單選題

AmItounderstandthathisnewpost（）noresponsibilitywithitatall?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.keeps

B.supports

C.carries

D.possesses

【答案】C

【解析】常用搭配。carryresponsibility為常用搭配,意為“承擔(dān)責(zé)任”。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

8.單選題

Hydrogenisoneofthemostimportantelementsintheuniverse（

）itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sothat

B.butthat

C.providedthat

D.inthat

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。這里的空格考查前后兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)后面句子的意思“itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced它提供了其他元素賴以產(chǎn)生的建構(gòu)框架”，可知它表示的是前面句子的原因。這里選項(xiàng)D“inthat因?yàn)椤边m合前后句子語(yǔ)境意思，句意為：氫是宇宙中最重要的元素之一，因?yàn)樗峁┝似渌刭囈援a(chǎn)生的建構(gòu)框架。D為正確答案。

9.單選題

ThefamouswriterwasborninHerbamsted,whichwas_______towntobeonthemap.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tooasmall

B.atoosmall

C.asmalltoo

D.toosmalla

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定句型。too+形容詞+a+名詞單數(shù)+todo。句意：這位著名的作家生于Herbamsted，這個(gè)地方太小，地圖上都沒(méi)有。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

A（）fromeveryperson,nomatterhowsmall,willhelptheRedCrossreachitsgoalof$100,000.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.contract

B.concentration

C.contribution

D.construction

【答案】C

【解析】詞義辨析題。contract合同,

合約；concentration專注,

集中；

contribution貢獻(xiàn),

捐贈(zèng)；construction建筑。句意：每個(gè)人的貢獻(xiàn),

無(wú)論多么小,

都將幫助紅十字會(huì)達(dá)到10萬(wàn)美元的目標(biāo)。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

11.單選題

Thecompanyhas（

）itsoperationsinStamfordbyopeninganewbranchofficethere.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enlarged

B.expanded

C.extended

D.contracted

【答案】B

【解析】句意:通過(guò)開(kāi)設(shè)分公司，這家公司擴(kuò)大了其在斯坦福德的運(yùn)營(yíng)規(guī)模。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式。Enlarge使增大，擴(kuò)展（主要指面積或體積等的擴(kuò)大）;expand擴(kuò)張,使膨脹（指范圍、程度、體積和尺寸等方面的擴(kuò)大或增加）;extend延伸，擴(kuò)大，推廣（指時(shí)間或空間的延長(zhǎng)）;contract訂約,使縮短。由關(guān)鍵詞operations可知這里指擴(kuò)大運(yùn)營(yíng)規(guī)模。故選B。

12.單選題

Exactlyhowmanypeopleexperiencestress-relatedeatingisn'tknown,butastheobesity_______worsens,there'sgrowingscientificinterestinthetopic.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.peregrination

B.origination

C.epidemic

D.fragrance

【答案】C

【解析】peregrination游歷,旅行;origination起源;epidemic（風(fēng)尚等的）流行,傳染病;fragrance芬芳,香氣。句意：到底有多少人經(jīng)歷過(guò)在壓力下進(jìn)食還不清楚,但是隨著肥胖的流行越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重,人們對(duì)這個(gè)話題的科學(xué)興趣也越來(lái)越大。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

13.案例題

ToyotaRecallsToyotaMotorhasalwaysbeenfanaticalaboutfrugality,andformanyyearsthatwasgoodforboththecompanyanditscustomers.ThisisaJapanesecarmakerthatroutinelyturneddowntheheatatitsemployeedormitoriesduringworkinghoursandlabeledphotocopymachineswiththecostpercopytodiscourageoveruse.Itsengineerscollaboratedwithsupplierstoextractcost-savingswithoutcompromisingquality.YetbythemiddleofthelastdecadeToyota'svirtuehadbecomeavice.

SosaycurrentandformerautoexecutiveswhoaretryingtograsphowToyota,withitsgold-platedreputationforengineeringexcellence,slippeduponsuchascale,with8millioncarsrecalledduetomechanicalfailureslinkedbyU.S.regulatorsto51deaths.Beforecompanyofficialsknewthatrunawayaccelerationwascausingcrashes,oneoftheseexecutivessays,asimplemanufacturingprocesswouldsometimesignitesmallfiresinacomponentasadirectresultofcomer-cutting,itwasjustoneearlysignthatthefocusoncostreductionhadgonetoofar.

Thoseproductionmishapsoccurredin2006,ayearaftercompanyPresidentKatsuakiWatanabeboastedabouthavingsqueezedmorethan$10billionfromglobaloperatingcostsintheprevioussixyears—thisdespiteanimpressiverunofprofitgrowthandglobalmaricetsharegainsinthemiddleofthelastdecade.ThenToyotapushedevenharderformorecuts.ItaskedsupplierstodesignpartsforitsCamiymidsizesedanthatwere10%cheaperand10%lighter.Thecompany'stopU.S.executive,JimPress,warnedhisbossesinJapanthatvehiclequalitywasslipping,accordingtoaslidepresentationU.S.Senateinvestigatorsunearthedintheirsudden-accelerationprobe.Buthiswarninghadnoapparenteffect.

TheredesignedCamrybroughtoutin2006hadanembarrassingflawinitsheadliner,thefabricandcompositeliningthatcoverstheinsideroofofthecar.Underpressuretocutcosts,theleadCamrysupplier,Toyota-afTiliatedToyotaBoshoku,choseacarbonfibermaterialthathadn'tbeenapprovedbyToyotaengineers,accordingtoanexecutivewhoworkedontheredesign.Theheadlinerismadebycompressinglayersofmaterialstogetherusingacertainamountofheattomoldit.Inthiscase,thecarbonfiberrequiredsomuchheatthattheheadlinerwouldcatchfire.

Toyotafixedthatproblem,butwhenaNorthAmericanpartssupplierinterestedinworkingwiththeautomakerdidateardownofa2007Camry,itsengineersweresurprisedbyhowmuchthetraditionalToyotacraftsmanshiphadbeenwatereddownbyyearsofnipsandtucks.Thepaddingintheceilingofthecar,thoughcompliantwithsafetyregulations,hadbeenthinnedouttosavemoney.Atrayforsunglassesusedaflimsiertypeofplasticthanpreviousmodels.“Itwasabare-bonescaratthatpoint,”saysoneexecutivewhodeclinedtobeidentifiedforfearofharmingbusinesstieswithToyota.

Toyotainsistsitsfocusoncosthasn'thurtconsumers.“It’snottruethatbyreducingcostyouautomaticallyreducequality,"saidJimWiseman,Toyota’svice-presidentforNorthAmericancorporatecommunications.“Everyautomakerhastostaycompetitiverelativetoprice.”

True,butprobablynotwiththeintensityToyotabroughttocost-cuttingandrapidexpansionunderthreesuccessivepresidents:HiroshiOkuda(1995-1999),FujiCho(1999-2005),andWatanabe(2005to2009).Toyotaexecutiveswillspendyearsmoppingupaftertheirmess.

Atlastcount,thecompanyfaced109classactionsand32individualcasesfiledincourtsintheU.S.andCanada.(Inawell-publicizedincidentonMar.8,theownerofa2008PriuslostcontrolofhiscaronaCaliforniainterstatehighwayandhadtoberescuedbypolice.)

WhatarethecausesforToyota’sglobalrecalls?Identifyboththedirectanddeepercauses.(8points)

Thiscaseillustratedtheproblemsofthegoalattainmentviewoforganizationaleffectiveness.Defineorganizationaleffectivenessanddiscussthelimitationsofthegoalattainmentview.(10points)

WhatdoyouthinkanorganizationcanlearnfromToyota’slessonsinachievingorganizationaleffectiveness?(8points)

【答案】ThedirectcausesaremechanicalfailureslinkedbyU.S.regulatorsto51deathsandthedeepercausesarethatToyotaMotor’sfocusoncostreductionhadgonetoofar,sothatthequalityofitsvehicleslipped.

Organizationaleffectivenessistheconceptofhoweffectiveanorganizationisinachievingtheoutcomestheorganizationintendstoproduce,andthelimitationofgoalattainmentviewisthatwesometimessetsomegoalswhicharebeyondourcurrentcapacity.

FromToyota’slessonsinachievingorganizationaleffectiveness,anorganizationcanlearnthatweshouldnotsetanygoalwhichisbeyondourcurrentcapacityorsacrificesomething,suchasthequalityofvehiclementionedinthispassage,toattainsomeunpracticalgoals,otherwise,therewillbeseriousconsequences.

14.單選題

Thementalcommoditymostdemandwillbepracticalwisdomratherthanspecialized（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.experiment

B.expertise

C.witness

D.cleverness

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)experiment“達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)expertise“要求”；C選項(xiàng)witness“獲得，學(xué)到”；D選項(xiàng)cleverness“詢問(wèn)”。句意：人們最需要的精神產(chǎn)品將是實(shí)用的智慧，而不是小聰明。選項(xiàng)D更符合語(yǔ)境。

15.單選題

5.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theblouseisabargain.

B.Theblouseistooexpensive.

C.Theblouseiscolorful.

D.Theblouseissofashionable.

【答案】B

【解析】W:Theblousecostmelike8000yuan.

M:That'ssucharipoff.

W:Ireallylikeit,thecolor,thedesign.

M:Fashionreallykillswomen.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

【解析】推斷題。男士說(shuō)：Fashionreallykillswomen，由此推測(cè)他認(rèn)為這件上衣貴了。

16.單選題

Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos,themostbasic______ofmatter,andthemiraclesoflife.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bacteria

B.constituents

C.erosion

D.contexts

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)bacteria“細(xì)菌”；B選項(xiàng)constituents“成分”；C選項(xiàng)erosion“侵蝕，腐蝕”；D選項(xiàng)contexts“環(huán)境，上下文”。句意：科學(xué)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使我們能夠了解宇宙的邊陲、物質(zhì)最基本的……和生命的奇跡。根據(jù)matter（物質(zhì)）可推測(cè)與其搭配的是constituents。結(jié)合句意，A選項(xiàng)及C選項(xiàng)都可排除。D選項(xiàng)contexts（環(huán)境）也不能與matter（物質(zhì)）搭配，因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

17.單選題

ThefirstancientOlympicswereheldin776B.C.ThegamesgottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.LikethesummerOlympicsoftoday,theancientOlympicswereheldeveryfouryears.

ThousandsofpeoplefromallovertheGreekworldcametowatch.Themainstadiumheldabout45,000people.“Wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrimssettinguptentsallaroundthesite.”LisaCerratoofTuftsUniversitysaid.

DuringthefirstOlympics,therewasonlyonecompetition-a200-meterrace.Butovertimethegamesgrewtoincludewrestling,racing,boxing,andothersports.Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.

“Theancientathletebecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtherestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.”Cerratosaid,“City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother’sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”

TheancientOlympicsexisteduntilA.D.393.ButthemodemOlympicsarestillgoingstrong.

1.WheredidtheancientGreeksholdtheirfirstOlympics?

2.HowdidresearchersknowthatancientGreeksrushedtowatchtheOlympics?

3.WhatdidwomendosincetheywerenotallowedtoparticipateintheOlympics?

4.Theancientathletesmusthavefelthonoredwhenthey（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthat（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.InAthens.

B.InOlympics.

C.Inatown.

D.Inastate.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thousandsofpeoplecametowatch.

B.Themainstadiumwasnotbigenough.

C.Manyofthemwerevisitorsandpilgrims.

D.Theyhavefoundtherelatedrecordofevents.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theystayedathomedoingnothing.

B.Theyorganizedprotestsinthecity.

C.Theyhadtheirowngames.

D.Theysetuptentsaroundthesite.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.completedina200-meterrace

B.wrestledwitheachother

C.readtheaccountsofthegames

D.receivedthetreatmentoffreedinners

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.city-statescompetedwitheachothertowintheOlympics

B.theancientathleteslikedtocelebratetheirvictories

C.freedinnerswereofferedduringthecompetition

D.awardswereoftenstolentohonortheathletes

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段：ThegamegottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)得名于它的舉辦地一奧林匹亞，它是希臘的一個(gè)城市。確定C選項(xiàng)正確

2.根據(jù)第二段：…“wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrims...”確定C選項(xiàng)’他們中許多是參觀者和朝圣者‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’數(shù)以千計(jì)的人來(lái)參觀‘與題意不符。B選項(xiàng)’主體育場(chǎng)不夠大‘，文中提到體育場(chǎng)可容納45,000人，與原文不符。D選項(xiàng)’他們己經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的記錄‘文中未提及。

3.根據(jù)文章第三段：Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.女性不允許參加比賽，但是她們可以有自己?jiǎn)为?dú)的比賽，確定C選項(xiàng)’她們有她們自己的比賽‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’她們呆在家里，什么也不做‘和B選項(xiàng)’她們?cè)诔抢锝M織抗議‘文中沒(méi)有提及。D選項(xiàng)’她們?cè)诒荣悎?chǎng)地周?chē)罱◣づ瘛c’參觀者與朝圣者搭建帳篷‘不符合，排除。

4.根據(jù)第四段：Theancientathletesbecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtheirrestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.古時(shí)候的運(yùn)動(dòng)員就如同當(dāng)今的大腕一樣。他們經(jīng)常終生可以享受免費(fèi)就餐的待遇，確定D選項(xiàng)’享受免費(fèi)就餐的待遇‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’參加200米競(jìng)賽‘是比賽項(xiàng)目，不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)’彼此較勁‘和C選項(xiàng)’閱讀比賽記錄‘文中未提及。

5.根據(jù)第四段：City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother'sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”各城邦試圖通過(guò)提供各種優(yōu)厚福利來(lái)按對(duì)手的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，確定A選項(xiàng)’各城邦為了在奧運(yùn)會(huì)中獲勝，彼此互想競(jìng)爭(zhēng)‘正確。B選項(xiàng)’古時(shí)候的運(yùn)動(dòng)員喜歡慶祝勝利‘文中未提及。C選項(xiàng)’比賽中提供免費(fèi)就餐‘與原文不符。D選項(xiàng)’經(jīng)常盜取獎(jiǎng)賞以獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員‘與原文不符。

18.單選題

strophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,“two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.

AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.Theviscosityinthediskthusformedcausesheating,radiation,andaslowspiralingofdiskmatterontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.

Therapidadvancesmadeinx-rayastronomyinthepastdecadehaveidentifiedasecondtypeofsysteminwhichaccretiondisksoccur.Insuchasystem,anaccretiondiskwhirlsaboutaneutronstarratherthanawhitedwarf.Theinnerreachesoftheaccretiondiskextenddeeplyintothegravitationalpotentialoftheneutronstarwhereveryrapidmotionistherule.Theenergyreleasedbyfrictionandtheactualrainingofthematerialfromthediskontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarissogreatthatradiationisgivenoffinapowerfulfloodofx-rays.Andinatleastonecase,x-rayastronomersbelievethattheobjectinthecenterofanaccretiondiskisablackhole,suggestingthatathirdsystemmayexist.

Ithadbeenassumedthatportionsofaccretiondiskswouldbeunstableandthat,asaresult,clumpingoftheirmatterintoringswouldoccur.Thereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.

Furtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.Abramowicz'workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpredictionsoftheinstabilityofaccretiondiskswerebasedonwhichofthefollowing?

3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardAbramowicz’workcanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）.

4.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcurrentscientificknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesofordinarystars?

5.ThepassagesuggeststhatAbramowicz’workwasmotivatedbywhichofthefollowingassumptions?

6.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheprogressofknowledgeinastrophysics?

7.Thepassagesuggeststhat,comparedtothestudyofordinarystars,thestudyofaccretiondisksis（

）.

8.Accordingtothepassage,someaccretiondisksoriginatedin（

）.

9.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesignificanceofAbramowicz’workisthatit（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.comparingAbramowicz’worktotheworkofearlierastrophysicists

B.providinginformationaboutaccretiondisksanddiscussingsignificantnewwork

C.definingtheconditionsunderwhichaccretiondiskscanbeobserved

D.exploringthequestionofwhetherablackholecaneverbethecentralobjectofanaccretiondisk

E.describingthephenomenonofaccretiondisksandreviewingseveralconflictingtheoriesoftheirorigins

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.AcalculationoftheprobableeffectsofstandardNewtoniangravitationalrelationships

B.AcalculationoftheprobablerelationshipbetweengeneralrelativityandstandardNewtoniangravitationalrelationships

C.Acalculationoftheenergyreleasedbyfrictionwithinacompactstar

D.Observationofthex-raysradiatedbycompactstars

E.Observationoftheclumpingofaccretiondiskmatterintoringsaroundcompactstars

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.uncertainapproval

B.unqualifiedrespect

C.mildinterest

D.carefuldismissal

E.hostileskepticism

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itspatternofdevelopmenthasbeenanalogoustothatofdevelopmentsinx-rayastronomy.

B.Itsroleintheexplanationofturbulentfrictionhasbeensignificant.

C.Ithascontributedtoamoreaccuratemodelingofordinarystars.

D.Itlagsbehindknowledgeofscalinglaws.

E.Itexplainsthebehaviorofaccretiondisksaswellasthatofordinarystars.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thequantityofenergyreleasedbyaccretiondiskscanbeaslargeasitisonlyifthedisksarestable.

B.Improvedtechniquesinx-rayastronomywouldrevealanyinstabilitiesoccurringinaccretiondisks.

C.Thelackofobservationalevidenceofinstabilitiesinaccretiondiskssuggeststhatpredictionsoftheiroccurrencemightbewrong.

D.Knownmethodsofobservingaccretiondisksurroundingcompactstarsandblackholesdonotpermittheobservationofthematterinaccretiondisks.

E.Thegravitationalpotentialofcompactstarsdoesnotvaryfromstartostar.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Adherencetooutdatedtheorieshas,inthepast,limitedtheactivitiesofastrophysicistsandrestrictedprogress.

B.Progresshas,inthepast,occurredonlyasaresultofsignificantbreakthroughsinbasicphysicsandchemistry.

C.Progresshas,inthepast,occurredasaresultofaprocessofdefiningandsolvingrestrictedproblems.

D.Giventherecentacquisitionofknowledgeaboutthenuclearprocessesofstars,furtherprogressislikelytobelimitedtotherefinementofwhatisalreadyknown.

E.Conclusionsinastrophysicshave,inthepast,beenseriouslyflawed,thuslimitingprogress,althoughtherehaverecentlybeensignsofchange.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.derivative

B.moresophisticated

C.lessclearlyfocused

D.atanearlierstageofdevelopment

E.moredependentontechnologicaladvances

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.anincreaseinheatandradiationaroundanordinarystar

B.apowerfulfloodofx-raysemittedbyaneutronstar

C.acollisionbetweentwostars

D.theturbulentfrictiononthesurfaceofacompactstar

E.theaccumulationofmatterremovedfromanordinarystar

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.providesameansofmeasuringthegravitationalpotentialofneutronstars

B.opensanewareaforexplorationinthefieldofx-rayastronomy

C.provesthatscalinglawscannotbeappliedtoaccretiondisks

D.proposesanewsystemofclassificationofstars

E.suggestsaresolutionofadiscrepancybetweenatheoreticalpredictionandactualobservation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:C

第7題:D

第8題:E

第9題:E

【解析】1.主旨大意題。通讀全文，原文多次出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞“accretiondisks”“newinsights”,從而即可了解作者的寫(xiě)作主旨，得出本題答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“instability”將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第四段第二、三句?！癟hereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.”從而得出本題答案。

3.

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Abramowicz’work”，可將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段最后一句?！癆bramowicz’workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.（阿布拉莫維奇的工作是一個(gè)很有價(jià)值的例子，說(shuō)明在得出關(guān)于吸積盤(pán)的結(jié)論之前必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。）”作者對(duì)其研究是絕對(duì)的尊重。從而得出本題答案。

4.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“thenuclearprocessesofordinarystars”,將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文最后一段第一句?！癋urtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.”從而得出本題答案。

5.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Abramowicz’work”，將信息點(diǎn)定位為原文第四段第三句“Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.（在最近的工作中，Abramowicz已經(jīng)表明，由廣義相對(duì)論引起的附加引力效應(yīng)可能會(huì)改變預(yù)期的牛頓引力關(guān)系，使圓盤(pán)保持穩(wěn)定，這表明這些預(yù)測(cè)的不穩(wěn)定性可能不會(huì)發(fā)生。）”，從而得出本題答案。

6.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息點(diǎn)定位為原文最后一段第一句。根據(jù)“involvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscase（就像在本例中所做的那樣，涉及到對(duì)受限問(wèn)題的定義和提出解決方案）”即可得出本題答案。

7.

事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第一段第四句。根據(jù)“Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.（吸積盤(pán)的建模仍處于初級(jí)階段，類似于普通恒星使用基本尺度定律建模的日子，而不需要了解恒星的核反應(yīng)過(guò)程。）”即可得出本題答案。

8.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息將本題信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第二段第二句?！癐nthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.（在這些系統(tǒng)中，來(lái)自普通恒星外層的物質(zhì)受到附近環(huán)繞白矮星的引力影響而被吸引，普通恒星失去的物質(zhì)不能直接撞擊微小白矮星的表面，而是進(jìn)入圍繞恒星的軌道。）”從而得出本題答案。

9.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息可將本題信息點(diǎn)定位為原文最后一段。根據(jù)段落信息合理推斷后即可得出本題答案。

19.單選題

Thebarintheclubisforthe（）useofitsmembers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.extensive

B.exclusive

C.inclusive

D.comprehensive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)extensive“廣泛的，大量的”；B選項(xiàng)exclusive“獨(dú)有的，專一的”；C選項(xiàng)inclusive“包含的，包括的”；D選項(xiàng)comprehensive“綜合的，廣泛的”。句意：俱樂(lè)部?jī)?nèi)的酒吧僅對(duì)會(huì)員開(kāi)放。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知，A選項(xiàng)符合句意。

20.單選題

InternationalVaccination:A.jabintimeSomeWesterncountrieshavelowervaccinationratesthanpoorpartsofAfrica.Anti-vaxxersarenotthemainculprits.

Eradicatingadiseaseisthesortofaimthatrichcountriescomeupwith,andpooronesstruggletoreach.Butforsomediseases,thepatternisreversed.Thesearetheailmentsforwhichvaccinationsexist.Manypoorcountriesrunhighlyeffectivevaccinationprogrammers.Butasmemoriesofthetollfrominfectiousdiseasesfadesacrosstherichworld,insomeplacestheyaremakingacomeback.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)reckonsthatvaccinessave2.5mlivesayear.Smallpoxwaseradicatedin1980withthehelpofavaccine;polioshouldsoonfollow.Inbothcases,richcountriesledtheway.Thenewpatternlooksverydifferent.

Thetrendismostevidentformeasles,whichishighlycontagious.Atleast95%ofpeoplemustvaccinatetostopitsspread(athresholdknownas"herdimmunity").Althoughusuallymild,itcanleadtopneumoniaandcausebraindamageorblindnessthecountrieswiththelowestvaccinationratesareallverypoor,butmanydevelopingcountriesrunexcellentprogrammes(seechart).Eritrea.RwandaandSriLankamanagetovaccinatenearlyeveryone.Bycontrast,severalrichcountries,includingAmerica,Britain.FranceandItaly,arebelowherdimmunity.LastyearEuropemissedthedeadlineithadsetitselfin2010toeradicatemeasles-andhadalmost4,000Cases.Americawasdeclaredmeasles-freein2000;in2014ithadhundredsofcasesacross27statesandlastyearsawitsfirstdeathfromthediseaseinmorethanadecade.Thetrendsforothervaccine-preventablediseases,suchasrubella,whichcancausecongenitaldisabilitiesifapregnantwomancatchesit,arealarming,too.

ThissorrystateofaffairsJsoftenblamedonhardline"anti-vaxxers:parent’suhorefusesallvaccinesfortheirchildren.Theyarcamotleylot.TheAmishinAmericaspurnmodernmedicine,alongwithalmosteverythingelseinventedsincethe17thcentury.Somevegansobjecttotheuseofanimal-derivedproductsinvaccines'manufacture.TheProtestantDutchReformedChurchthinksvaccinesthwartdivinewill.Anthroposophy,foundedinthe19thcenturybyRudolfSteiner,anAustrianmystic-cum-philosopher,preachesthatdiseasesstrengthenchildren'sphysicalandmentaldevelopment.

Inmostcountriessuchrefuseniksareonly2-3%ofparents.Butbecausetheytendtoliveinclusters,theycanbethesourceofoutbreaks.Abiggerproblem,though,isthegrowingnumberofparentswhodelayvaccination,orpickandchoosejabs.StudiesfromAmerica,AustraliaandEuropesuggestthataboutaquarterofparentsfallintothisgroup,generallybecausetheythinkthatthestandardvaccinationschedule,whichprotectsagainstaroundadozendiseases,"overloads-children’simmunesystems,orthatparticularvaccinesareunsafe.Somebelievevaccinesinterferewith“naturalimmunity".Manywereshakenbyaclaim,laterdebunked,thattherewasalinkbetweenautismandtheMMRvaccine,whichprotectsagainstmeasles,mumpsandrubella.

InAmerica,somepourchildrenmissoutonvaccinesdespiteafederalprogrammetoprovidethejabsfree,sincetheyhavenoregularrelationshipwithafamilydoctor.Someout