Week11CitationandReferencesContentsCitationsReferencesCitationDefinition:Citationistheactofidentifyingsources.Acitationnamestheauthorandworkandprovidessufficientbibliographicinformationtoallowthereadertotrackdowntheoriginalsource.Twotypesofcitation:

(1)Citationasnote/reference,(2)Citationasmaterialquoted.CitationsSometimesstudentsfallintoplagiarismbecausethey'renotawareofthestandardsforscholarlycitation.Ingeneral,asyoudoresearchandtakenotes,makesuretokeepfullbibliographicinformationnotes.Ifyou'resloppyatthestart,you'llhavenohopelateronofreconstructingyourcitations.

Paraphrasingvs.Quoting?

ShouldIparaphraseorquote?Ingeneral,usedirectquotationsonlyifyouhaveagoodreason.Mostofyourpapershouldbeinyourownwords,andtrytosummarizefromsourceswhenyou'rewritinginthesocialornaturalsciences—buttherearealwaysexceptions.

WhentoQuote?

In

researchpapers,

youshould

quote

fromasource:toshowthatanauthoritysupportsyourpoint.topresentapositionorargumenttocritiqueorcommenton.toincludeespeciallymovingorhistoricallysignificantlanguage.e.g.

“Brevityisthesoulofwit”

(Shakespeare,1602).topresentaparticularlywell-statedpassagewhosemeaningwouldbelostorchangedifparaphrasedorsummarized.CitingInformationandIdeas

Evenifyouuseyourownwords,butyouobtainedtheinformationorideasyouarepresentingfromasource,youmustdocumentthesource.Youdonotneedtociteasourceformaterialifitisconsideredcommonknowledge:Commonknowledgeisfactualinformationconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain,suchasgenerallyacceptedfacts,datesofhistoricalevents,etc.TheMoonorbitstheEarthField-specificcommonknowledge

is"common"onlywithinaparticularfieldorspecialty.Itmayincludefacts,theories,ormethodsthatarefamiliartoreaderswithinthatdiscipline.

Itisdangeroustomix

ammonia

and

bleach.

WhentoParaphrase?

Definition:Putting

an

author’s

ideas

in

your

own

words.Youshould

summarizeorparaphrase

when:whatyouwantfromthesourceisthe

idea

expressed,and

notthespecificlanguage

usedtoexpressit.youcanexpressinfewerwordswhatthekeypointofasourceis.

HowtoParaphraseaSource

Whenreadingapassage,tryfirsttounderstanditasawhole,ratherthanpausingtowritedownspecificideasorphrases.Beselectiveaboutwhattosummarize.Chooseandsummarizethematerialthathelpsyoumakeapointinyourpaper.Thinkofwhat"yourownwords"wouldbeifyouweretellingsomeonewho'sunfamiliarwithyoursubject.

Whattheoriginalsourcesaid?

SummaryorParaphrase?

Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyoutoalsoprovidethe

pagenumber(althoughitisnotrequired.)e.g.AccordingtoJones(1998:199),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.

e.g.APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998:199).WhyCitations?AcknowledgetheintellectualpropertyrightsofauthorsShowrespectforpreviousscholarsGiveyourargumentsgreaterauthority

PromoteyourfriendsandcolleaguesShowthatyouareamemberofaparticulardisciplinarycommunity(puterscience,business)Showthatyouareascholarwhoisawareoftherelevantstudiesrelatingtoyourdissertation(SwalesandFeak,2012:340)WhereCitations?Whatpartsofyourdissertationwouldreadersexpecttofindcitations?Inallchapters:Introduction,LiteratureReview,Methodology,Results,Discussion/Conclusion

FormatsforCitations(Swales&Feak2012)1.Strongauthor-prominentcitation1.Gruenberg’s(1985)canonofPhilippineliteraturewasthebasisforthechoiceofwriterstoinvestigate.2.Theanalysisofthemacro-structuresshowsthattheplotstructuresofthenarrativesinvestigatedaremanifestedinsurfacestructuresbygrammaticalandrhetoricaldevicessimilartothosedescribedbyLongacre(1983).3.ExplorationsintotheFunctionsofLanguage(Halliday,1974)containswhatisnowawell-knownpieceofliterarystylistics,Chapter5,entitled“Linguisticfunctionandliterarystyle:AninquiryintothelanguageofWilliamGolding’sTheInheritors.”FormatsforCitations(Swales&Feak2012)2.

Weakauthor-prominentcitation4.Thosewhoopposelinguisticrelativity(Wardhaugh,1970;Greenberg,1978)seeinsteadasimilarityinlanguages,auniversalpatterncalled“metalanguage”thatispresentinallspeakers.5.Thecausesofpovertyhavebeenwidelyinvestigated[1]-[3].6.Severalstudieshavediscussedthecausesofairportdelays(Hyon,2004;Huang,2007;Martinezetal.,2010).FormatsforCitations(Swales&Feak2012)3.

Informationprominentcitation7.Thecausesofairportdelaysarecomplex(Hyon,2004;Huang,2007;Martinezetal.,2010).8.Lithiumironphosphate(LiFePO4),whichwasfirstintroducedin1997[20],wasfoundtobeagoodchoiceforcathodematerial.9.TheriseandfallofBlackberry’sstockisillustratedinFig.2[15,18].OtherStrategiesforCitingandUsingSources1.Summarizingresults/conclusionbasedonsecondarysources:1.Thereisalsoasubstantialamountofevidencethatpointstothesecompoundsplayingaroleintheplantstressresponse(reviewedin[29]),indevelopment,andassignalmolecules(reviewedinTaylorandGrotewold,2005[30]).--(Hernandez,2006,p.6)2.OneworkthatdealswiththeproblemofauthorshiporattributionisYule(1938,ascitedinBailey,1969).2.Usingdirectquotes3.Theinterestingpointabouttheanalysis,whichHalliday(1966)himselfmakes,isthatthenominalandverbalgroupsdonotappeartofunctionastheymostcommonlydobut“inawaywhichisfoundincertainrestrictedusesofEnglish”(p.10).Otherstrategiesforcitingandusingsources3.Providingpublicationandresearchhistoryofchapterswhenadissertationfollowsacompilation-typemacro-structure.TheexamplebelowintroducesChapter3ofAntjeFeller’sdissertation(2006,p.65).4.PartofthisChapterispublished:Hernandez,J.M.,Feller,A.,Morohashi,K.,Frame,K.,andGrotewoldE.(2007).ThebHLHdomainofmaizeRlinkstranscriptionalregulationandhistonemodificationsbyrecruitmentofanEMSY-likefactor.Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.104:17222-27.Dr.HernandezperformedtheGSTpulldownandinteractionstudiesinyeastwithtruncatedRIF1andR,Dr.MorohashiperformedChIPexperimentsandPCRswiththeChIPedDNAandhedidthemicrococcalnucleasetreatment.K.FramedesignedtheRIF1RNAiconstructandhelpedwiththepreparationofthetilling.Forthenon-publishedpart,Dr.AselaWijeratneperformedthephylogeneticanalyses.GuidelinesforCitationDon'tskimponresearch.Endingupwithjustacoupleofworkstocitegenerallyisinadequate.Ifyoudrawaconsiderablenumberofreferencesfromanarticleorbook,don'tpretendthatgatheringthemhasbeenyourownlabor.Clarifywhatyou'veborrowedwithastatementlikeSmith(1999)provideshelpfulreferencestothisliterature.Betteryet,dotheworkofgatheringcitationsyourself.GuidelinesforCitingtheIdeasofOthersCiteonlythemostappropriateandthelatestliterature.Citethepublishedliterature.Providecitationsfordirectquotationsandparaphrases,forideas,anddatatakenfromanoriginalsource.

Accuracyincitationmustbeguaranteed.Citationformatmustbestandardized.Betentativeincitationratherthanbeingtooassertive.

Donotcitemorethanisnecessary.

Don’tputa“catch-all”citationattheendofaparagraph.

Citeasyouuse.In-textCitationThreewaysofin-textcitation:

①Boththenameanddateenclosedinparentheses.E.g.

1.Enzymesareinhibitedbycyanide(Grubb,1977).2.Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983).3.Cyanidehasbeenfoundtoinhibitenzymeaction(Jonesetal.,1985).

In-textCitation

②Tomakethelastnameoftheresearcherthesubjectorobjectofthesentenceorclauseandfollowitimmediatelywiththedateofthestudyinparentheses.E.g.BecauseGrubb(1977)foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymes.

Grubb(1977)foundthatcyanideinhibitsenzymes.In-textCitation③Ifyouwishtoemphasizethedateofthecitedstudy,youcanomittheparenthesesbysayingthat:E.g.Asearlyas1977,Grubbobservedtheinhibitoryeffectofcyanideonenzymeaction.

Somejournalsjustcitethesequenceofthereferencesinthetextinordertosavespace.E.g.Vibrationisusedtoprepareuniformgranularmixturesortosegregategranularcomposites[3,7,12,16,19]QuotingtoomuchQuotingtoomuchisoneofthecommonestmistakesinexperiencedwritersmake,asiftheythinkit'sdisrespectfultoanoriginaltexttocutitintosmallpieces.Footnotes

Definition:

Footnotes,alsocalled“bottomnotes”or“end-of-thenotes”,markitsusebyaddinganumberinuppercasetotheupperrightcornerofthewordsorsentencestobenoted,andthenputthenoteinthebottomofthepage.E.g.________________________22Note,thisisdifferentfromthereferencescenarioreferredtothroughoutthispaper,inthatitincludestheimpactondemandofpricesgeneratedbytheERISmodel.23Andaround86%ofcumulativealcoholconsumptionintransport.Endnotes

Endnotesareputattheendofthearticle.Endnoteshelpreadersunderstandandretrieverelevantdocumentations.Itshouldbenotedthatthenumbersoftheendnotesmustbeconsistentwiththesequenceinthearticle.E.g.

Notes1.LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1982).2.PaulStarr,“TheElectronicReader”,inReadinginthe1980s,ed.StephenBraubard(NewYork:Bowker,1983),149.3.Shatzkin,79.4.Starr,149.MethodstoAvoidPlagiarism

①Summarizewhatyouhavereadimmediatelyafteryouhavereaditandwithoutreferringbacktothesourceinordertoavoidcopyingdirectlyfromthesource.②Whencopyingdirectlyfromthesourceorevenparaphrasewhatyouhaveread,besuretonotethepagenumberfromwhichitcomes.③Inwriting,provideclearreferencestothesourcesquoted.

DocumentallthesourcesquotedintheReferencessection.References

NameDefinitionUsageAPAAmericanPsychologicalAssociationGuidelinesandrulesforpropergrammaticalusage,citationformats,orpaperwritingfromtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).usedinsocialscienceworks.CMSChicagoManualofStyleGuidelinesandrulesonpropergrammaticalusage,citationformats,orpaperwritingfromeithertheChicagoManualofStyleorKateL.MLAModernLanguageAssociationGuidelinesandrulesforpropergrammaticalusage,citationformats,orpaperwritingfromtheMLA.usedinworksontheliberalartsandhumanities.ContentofReferences(1)Author(2)Titleandversion(3)Sourcetype(4)Publicationdetails(5)SourceofdocumentReferencesSystems(1)SequentialSystem(2)Author-YearSystemSequentialSystemarrangesthereferencesinchronologicalorderaccordingtotheorderofthereferencesinthepaper.

Author-YearSystemarrangesthereferenceaccordingtothealphabeticalorderoftheauthor’slastname.APAStylePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation5thEdition–2001APAStyle

APAStyle

Termpapers,Researchreports,Empiricalstudies,Literaturereviews,Theoreticalarticles,andCasestudiesManuscriptStructure

TitlepageAbstractKeywordsThetextReferencesAppendices

IntroductionLiteratureReviewMethodResultsDiscussionAuthorlastname&yearofpublication:(Morris,2007)Or…accordingtoMorris(2007)….OrIn2007Morrisdiscussed….ReferencesintextincludeReferences

/CommonProblemsinReferencesThereferencesareoutdated.Thereferencesarelistedindifferentstylesandthereisnostandardguide.Somereferencesarenotfromprofessionaljournalsandtheyarenotofgreatvalue.Thereferencesarenotconsistentwiththein-textcitation.Theon-linereferencesarenotdocumentedclearly.EnglishreferencesaremorethanChinesereferencesorviceversa.Cautions

lAllsourcescitedinthetextmustbedocumentedintheReferencessection.l?NootherreferenceislistedintheReferencessectionunlessitwascitedinthetext.lWriteasmuchinformationasnecessary.lAdaptthemethodofdocumentationtonewneeds.

ResourcesAPAWorkshopVideo

DeterringPlagiarism:SomeStrategies

byMargaretProcter,UniversityofTorontoCoordinator,WritingSupport PlagiarismPrevention,FromtheEltonS.KarrmannLibraryattheUniversityofWisconsin-PlattevilleNote‐TakingRubricforEngineeringResearchPapers(v1.2)byBillGriswoldTHEREADER'SNOTEBOOK,byRebeccaFaery,21W.735:01,WritingandReadingtheEssay,Fall2005SampleCitationsandDocumentationFlanagan,S.R.(2016).LanguageOrientationandStudentSuccessinOnlineLearningEnvironments:ACaseStudy.MAdissertation,ArizonaStateUniversity.Lawrence,G.P.J(2000).TeacherBeliefSystems-Towardscomputer-mediatedlanguagelearning:CollegeESLinstruction.MAthesis,UniversityofToronto.Hayes,K.M.(2010).AcasestudyofChineseuniversityEnglishasaforeignlanguage(EFL)students’attitudestowardlearningtechnologies.PhDdissertation(Ed.D.),NorthernIllinoisUniversity.Assignment1.CitationEvaluation:Readthefollowingexcerptsfromdissertationsandevaluatehowwellthewriterusedcitations.1.TherearestudiesandinvestigationsofthecharacteristicsofSingaporeEnglish,NigerianEnglish,IndianEnglish,andFilipinoEnglishandPhilippineEnglishofthemassmedia(Strevens,1977;Llamzon,1969;Gonzalez&Alberca,1978;Platt,1975;Kachru,1969,1983).2.Conclusionsfrommanyofthestudiesarenotdefinite,weakeningtheargumentsforcontrastiveschema(Carreon,1986).Assignment2.StanceEvaluation:Readtheexamplesbelowanddescribethedissertationwriter’sstanceorattitudetowardtheliteraturecited.Isitaneutral,positive,ornegativestance?Whatwordsorexpressionsareusedtoexpressthewriter’sstance?1.Thereisalsoasubstantialamountofevidencethatpointstothesecompoundsplayingaroleintheplantstressresponse(reviewedin[29]),indevelopment,andassignalmolecules(reviewedinTaylorandGrotewold,2005[30]).--(Hernandez,2006,p.6)2.OneworkthatdealswiththeproblemofauthorshiporattributionisYule(1938,ascitedinBailey,1969).3.Theinterestingpointabouttheanalysis,whichHalliday(1966)himselfmakes,isthatthenominalandverbalgroupsdonotappeartofunctionastheymostcommonlydobut“inawaywhichisfoundincertainrestrictedusesofEnglish”(p.10).Assignment3.DocumentationExercise:PleasedocumentallthereferencesinthelistgivenbelowbyobservingtheAPAStyle,6thedition.Bibliographies-review.doc1.WhatIsaMasterpiece?isabookwrittenbyKennethClarkwhichwaspublishedin1979byThamesinLondon.

2.U.C.JonesandG.B.TennysoneditedabookcalledNatureandtheVictorianImag