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toaccompanyprinciplesofeconomicssecondeditionbyn.gregorymankiwpreparedbymarkp.karscig,departmentofeconomics&finance,centralmissouristateuniversity.裴折啦茵哭距撥融繪扇窩襲葦濕鎮(zhèn)離硼兵衍湍耍套坡驅(qū)紅抨鵲剩雨液拈匝曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciestenprinciplesofeconomicschapter1copyright?2001byharcourt,inc.

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軸抽科綸朝烴漣燥輔喬牙紗菊喲宗趣察武致眺卑蛔如寒浦營(yíng)棍避豺里母墑曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicieseconomy... ...thewordeconomycomesfromagreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”褐黨編線贅嚏洗喬培旬桔肪貳飽賢銀創(chuàng)浸改重綁狹明貫肥甜砧粉款阿涉友曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciesahouseholdandaneconomy

facemanydecisions:whowillwork?whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?離韶迂釩譚鄧揚(yáng)瀉下依汀桌便繞均趾贅浙惠匈赫滇懾顯扮辜誘吻蝦票詛噓曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciessocietyandscarceresources:themanagementofsociety’sresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.獲倫熒之鷗吵泳圖馭磊踢可靡裕恥商土塊捍屬為蛙輪磐藕瑚坎恥隴襯氟饞曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciesscarcity......meansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.熔劣扎便佬掩澡主茲廟俱艙鴻級(jí)禱填憋榜疊曝拐捏就蹄朝挎賂碰啟函身片曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicieseconomicseconomics

isthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.

孝譬瞳稀郁瓊凡胳辟迭欲娟猾擠推杖酌怖榆蛀灸易叔搪頌搐壽桂孰憲姓何曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicieseconomistsstudy...howpeoplemakedecisions.

howpeopleinteractwitheachother.

theforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.寨鴦大勻剎紉撮湊巋乒禍聞兜濕牙鵝疵裳吁軌漆客走汪朔跪阿筏渴甚胳墻曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciestenprinciplesofeconomics1.peoplefacetradeoffs.2.thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.3.rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.4.peoplerespondtoincentives.howpeoplemakedecisions辦梨地氏綏速幕刻藐鐳醇些頓此毫乳椽虜箕桐擎陡假墨輩廊俊鋒捉怯么沽曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciestenprinciplesofeconomics5.tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.6.marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.7.governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.howpeopleinteract跌們訓(xùn)段笨懊湊現(xiàn)場(chǎng)括詹開愉符來讓念磁倡活謗駿纂仁擰巒攜利牌墨貝詫曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpoliciestenprinciplesofeconomics8.thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.9.pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.10.societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.howtheeconomyasawholeworks梯一僚蔓套猖欣揣蟲狼彤屏喇硯潛響釉鉸擲莊判偷成洞凰凹陷持慚詠砰駒曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies1.peoplefacetradeoffs.“thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”瞎錘卒寵凸曳柯過宗喇?dāng)喟堵榛蓑吶辄h溜薦贛竟樸像朵乎減徑考貴隙蘿譏曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies1.peoplefacetradeoffs.togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing. gunsv.butterfoodv.clothing leisuretimev.work efficiencyv.equitymakingdecisionsrequirestrading

offonegoalagainstanother.瑟?jiǎng)?chuàng)鄖失硫硝瘴侖欽氛句麗檄巧袋蹭中余嘻像父攣列介鏈腎伶束順貍蟹痔曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies1.peoplefacetradeoffs.efficiency

meanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.equity

meansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.efficiencyv.equity效丈情衍衛(wèi)漿鍋錄項(xiàng)蚌蔣捍邀滓啤餅箕嗣砌忿盡東吭髓瞳座攻崔湘溶霞茬曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies2.thecostofsomethingis whatyougiveuptogetit.decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.whethertogotocollegeortowork?whethertostudyorgooutonadate?whethertogotoclassorsleepin?宦迅躬腕陜爬樁謝環(huán)興挨頭遙祈莢舀掌肖躺嫩粳倔碾受鑰居論凸蓉鏡坯篇曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies2.thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.theopportunitycost

ofanitemis

whatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.猛蕾介起統(tǒng)初蓑桐均育防染收連布呈鷗坤喀劃窩泄硼晴壹邑弊援要貞絞鮮曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies3.rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.marginalchanges

are

small,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.peoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.恥繳騾探社灌帕霧軸洪列傈焦痘囪鋅兔餓茂化欽只椒妊漿羞盯柏改吵湃翻曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies4.peoplerespondtoincentives.marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternative’smarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!睜瞻否柬揩夫飄泉獸幀水朵咀爽波砂款絞凰教稀害協(xié)抱錫膨鹵領(lǐng)味匈洞途曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicieslalakerbasketballstarkobebryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraighttothenbafromhighschoolwhenoffereda$10millioncontract.4.peoplerespondtoincentives.茫緬脅諧枷糕螢擁炮京盆檀懇甩涉回胡慶杉褐讀劈宙者階蒼艷箱薊交蔫譜曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies5.tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.competitionresultsingainsfromtrading.tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.汾柳末聘娟詹告罐娶苔綏唾厄妹鑄睬消狹弧陡辦乏拓呢扁宋畢鈾茵誣瘸荒曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies6.marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.inamarketeconomy,

householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.桃扛矚舉淹斌裴易覺焦蛔炯部盟掛身念醬犯僧建芍立員莊轟窯抄丟奮栗揪曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies6.marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.adamsmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan

“invisiblehand.”遜句睫揩撼緣針靴兩貓瑚脹偷博猖褪涂痛殺芽席鑼瘩仿涵斧梁饞貨賺冉焙曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies6.marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.攣蜜草欄爐極潞爵扁樣餡疤猴早糕掏床港局價(jià)旺珊柱粒農(nóng)傣陋民隴蕉娃辮曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies7.governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.whenthemarketfails(breaksdown)governmentcanintervenetopromoteefficiencyandequity.令綴叉奶康革宙美眶斧慶阿塘獨(dú)輔纓澤循債蛛戚鷗虞渝濘揚(yáng)柳遁旋卿遣菇曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies7.governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.marketfailure

occurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.江淵月扛杖批婚揣氯銑攻升壇見品概賴蚤添脅勺?？肚o已喊郡埠鎳句比蒜曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies7.governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.marketfailuremaybecausedbyan

externality,

whichistheimpactofonepersonorfirm’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.赴紐伊捷融七地任鴉償芝琢遁宏倆兜擁械私芬鈍崎門釣襟隅捷桶侗喲癡稈曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies7.governmentscansometimesimprovemarketoutcomes.marketfailuremayalsobecausedby

marketpower,

which

istheabilityofasinglepersonorfirmtoundulyinfluencemarketprices.鋁硒夏幸持伊枚娛穆掄鈣庸棉殘例鄰瀝棘卻碟趁疏聞鎖滑隋摧雞卵連冀椽曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies8.thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.standardofliving

maybemeasuredindifferentways:bycomparingpersonalincomes.bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueofanation’sproduction.蹈運(yùn)澡到趕蔑銅錨賺富匯年透詩微砷赫裳露耙酌內(nèi)段祭崩黨籌星葦瓦搐糯曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies8.thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.almostallvariationsinlivingstandardsareexplainedbydifferencesincountries’productivities.憶遣名社瘁減膚煞綻成沂嗜偷衛(wèi)穆六醫(yī)褪袁學(xué)似城坯蛤奈涕知繳悲潞附圭曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies8.thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.productivity

istheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.higherproductivityehigherstandardofliving好瀕擋巾芒吞竟禹磅癬賒卒志犁收移道動(dòng)涌炭釣基倔酬很航露簇炕診縣跌曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies9.pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.inflation

isanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.onecauseofinflationisthegrowthinthequantityofmoney.whenthegovernmentcreateslargequantitiesofmoney,thevalueofthemoneyfalls.獨(dú)饑蟲鍺沸渝?？┯^盲恢征鋼鎢荔旁瘟希痞搜速貸九該語勸椽韶榔弦拙航曼昆哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第章fivedebatesovermacroeconomicpolicies10.societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweenin