語(yǔ)篇與譯者

Contents1.IssuesandDebatesinTranslationStudies2.LinguisticsandTranslators:TheoryandPractice3.ContextinTranslating:RegisterAnalysis4.TranslatingandLanguageasDiscourse5.TranslatingTextasAction:ThePragmaticDimensionofContext6.TranslatingTextsasSigns:TheSemioticDimensionofContext7.IntertextualityandIntentionality8.TextTypeastheTranslator'sFocus9.ProseDesign:TextStructureinTranslation10.DiscourseTexture11.TheTranslatorasMediator

StandardAbbreviationsFPSFunctionalStencencePrespectiveMTMachineTranslationRRhemeTThemeSLSourceLanguageTLTargetLanguageSTSourceLanguageTextTTTargetLanguageTextOutline

BasilHatim&IanMasonsomeimportanttranslationtheories1.Understandingoftransaltion2.ContextandTranslation3.Intertextuality(互文性)andTranslation4.CoherenceandTranslation

ChapterOneIssuesandDebatesinTranslationStudies目錄CONTENTSTranslatingisacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext

翻譯不是成品而是過(guò)程

翻譯活動(dòng)的語(yǔ)境考慮

翻譯中不能做到絕對(duì)客觀1.1ProcessandProductTranslationasproductinsteadoftranslatingasprocess.(Widdowsonpointsout)

Theviewofthisbook:translationasaprocessinvolvingthenegotiationofmeaningbetweenproducersandreceiversoftexts.1.2Objectivity/SubjectivityScann'teliminatedandOcannotachievedcompletelyChaptertwoTheoryandPractice

Thebasicproblemsfacedbytranslatorsintheirwork1.Comprehensionofsourcetext:(a)parsingoftext(grammar&lexis)(b)accesstospecialisedknowledge(c)accesstointendedmeaning2.Transferofmeaning:(a)relayinglexicalmeaning(b)relayinggrammaticalmeaning(c)relayingrhetoricalmeaning,includingimpliedorinferrablemeaning,forpotentialreaders.3.Assessmentoftargettext(a)readability(b)conformingtogenericanddiscoursalTLconventions(c)judgingadequacyoftranslationforspecifiedpurpose

Theemergenceoflinguisticsasanewdisciplineinthetwentiethcenturybroughtaspiritofoptimismtothepursuitoflanguagestudy,afeelingthatthegroundworkwasatlastbeinglaidforasystematicandscientificapproachtothedescriptionoflanguage.

Perhapsprovidesolutionstothekindsoflanguageproblems

oneobviousapplicationoflinguistics:developadeviceforcarryingoutautomatictranslationDeepstructureandSurfacestructuresometranslatorsandNidaTranslatinginvolved:1.breakingdowntheSLtextintoitsunderlyingrepresentationorsemantic"kernels"2.TransferofmeaningfromSLtoTL"onastructurallysimple"3.GenerationofstylisticallyandsemanticallyequivalentexpressioninTLeg:Itiswidelysensedthatthedisciplinehasnotyetlocated

apaththatwillleadtoacoherentandsustainedadvancebeyondtheintellectualterritoryclaimedbymoderngeneralequilibriumtheory.大家普遍感覺到，這個(gè)科學(xué)還沒有走上這一條路徑。它將超越現(xiàn)代一般均衡理論所提出的思維空間，帶來(lái)連貫持續(xù)進(jìn)步。Whyearlierdevelopmentsinlinguistictheorywereofrealitylittleinteresttotranslators?Linguistsandtranslatorswerenottalkingaboutthesamething.linguisticdescriptionwaslimitedtosinglelanguagesystems,meanwhile,fortranslatorseveryprobleminvolvedtwolanguagesystem.Chapter3Contextintranslating1.Malinowski'stheoryofcontextwasoriginallydevelopedwiththetranslatorinmind.2.Firth:Contextofsituationcouldincludeparticipantsinspeechevents,theactiontakingplace,otherrelevantfeaturesofthesituatiorandtheeffectsoftheverbalaction.Sothesevariablesareamenabletolinguisticanalysis.3.

B.Hatim&I.Mason:mostactiveanddiverseelements

makediscoursescoherent.

ContextandTranslationCommunicativedimensionconditionsoflanguagevariablesarisePragmaticdimensionSpeechAct,intentionsect.Semioticdimension

putcommunicationentity&pragmaticconnotationinsemioticsystem

LanguageVariation

USERUSEDialectsect.Registers,ect.

geographicalsocialidiolectaltemporalect.Fortranslators,itisreallyhardtomakeadecisionfortranslatingusingmodernlanguageorlanguageinthepast,forexample將仲子兮，無(wú)我里！無(wú)折我樹！豈敢愛之！畏我父母！

Don'tcomeinsir,please!

Enlightenmentfortranslatorsregisterequivalence

Chapter4-63dimensionsofcontextSemioticdismensionWehaveattemptedtobringtogetherthesemioticfeaturesoftextswhicharerelevancetotranslators.Takingthesigntobeatriadic(三元)relation(initial,object,interpretant,thelatterbeingregardedasthemeaningofthesign),wehaveseenhowthesigninvolvesconnotativesystemswhichultimatelyleadtothedevelopmentofmythasaculturalphenomenon.(byauthors)Theprocessofsemiotictranslation1.identification(辨認(rèn)原語(yǔ)中的符號(hào)實(shí)體)2.essentialinformation(把握原語(yǔ)中核心信息)3.explication(通過(guò)同義詞、增補(bǔ)或釋義補(bǔ)足譯文中無(wú)法找到的等值原語(yǔ)意義)4.transformation(譯者補(bǔ)足原語(yǔ)中“意圖”或“地位”等符號(hào)意義的表達(dá))ExampleInordertobeblessed,Nyabungasheadofthehousehold,beganthedanceceremony.Hestretchedoutthelongknifeinhisrighthandandflappedtheshieldinhisleft.Suddenly,andsimultaneously,agunshotechoedatthewestendofthehall.ThengajatdanceNyabungwasperformingstoppedabruptly.1.Identification--initiator:ngajat;object:adance;interpretant:askingforthehouseholdtobeblessed.2.essentialinformation--ritualisticdanceperformedinordertobringblessinguponthehousehold.3.explication--therelationshipbetween"dance"and"blessing"isculture-specific.4..transformation--thetranslatorsoptsfordanceceremonyastheequivalentofngajat

Chapter7-8HistoryofIntertextuality1.PutforwardbyJuliaKristevain19672.Bakhtin:Planar(二維的)Intertextualitya.horizontalIntertextuality(語(yǔ)篇前后)b.verticalIntertextuality（語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇間）3.LaurentJenny,Fairclough,Beaugrand&Dresslerdevelopedit.4.BasilHatim&IanMason:

Intertextuality（互文性，文本互涉）textsarerecognisedintermsoftheirdependenceonotherrelevanttexts.Itprovidesanidealtestinggroundfortranslatingandinterpreting.

4contributions1.Concluded7-typecategorieswithinliterature(Reference（指涉）,Cliche（套語(yǔ)）,Literaryallusion（文學(xué)隱射）,self-quotation（自我引用）,Conventionlism（約定）,Proverb（俗語(yǔ)）,Meditation（吸收）)2.4typesofIntertextualitygenerictext(文類互文)thematictext(主題互文)structuraltext(結(jié)構(gòu)互文)functionaltext(功能互文）3.therelationbetweenIntertextualityReferenceandSemioticstructure4.therelationbetweenIntertextualityandTransaltion.

ThetheoryofIntertextualitytransaltionabsorbedDiscourseLinguistics,FunctionalLinguistics,StructuralLinguistics,PsychologicalLinguistics,Pragmatics,Semiotics.

ThetheoryreflectsIntertextuality.Text,Genre,DiscourseText(語(yǔ)篇)iscomposedofaseriesofsentenceswhichtogetherservesomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.Genres(體裁):areconventionalisedformsoftextswhichreflectthefunctionsandgoalsinvolvedinparticularsocialoccasionsaswellasthepurposesofparticipantsinthem.如：讀來(lái)信、新聞報(bào)道等Discourse（話語(yǔ)）：involvedinattitudinallydeterminedexpressioncharacteristicofsocialeventsandhowroutinedialectsstandsforsocialcustom.如：男性至上主義、女權(quán)主義HatimbelievedthatsemioticdismensionandIntertextualitynotonlyadjustinteractionwithinthetextbutalsointeractionbetweenculture,ideologyandthetext.So,translatorsshouldbringintocorrespondencewithtext,genreanddiscourse.

Chapter9

TextStructureintranslationWhatisText?Itiscomposedofseriesofsentenceswhichtogetherservesomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.WhatisTextStructure?Itreferstothehierarchicalprinciplesofcomposition.

Weapproachatext,weidentifyseriesofwords,phrases,clauses.ect.Butthelinearprogressionofthesetextelementsdoesnottellthewholestory.Theauthorsholdthateachelemententersintoadiscourserelationwithotherelements.Sequencesofelementsultimatelymakeuptheunittexts.

Howcontextinfluencesthestructureoftexts?

1.culturalcontextisanimportantfactorindeterminingstucturalarrangement.sothat,theimportantquestionwillbe:whatisthestatusofanygivenstructureintheactualprocessoftranslating.Wheretwolanguagesdonotshareastructuralpattern,whatisthetranslator'sroomformanoeuvre(調(diào)整)inmakingmodifications?Fristlytoconsidertherelationshipbetweencontextandstructure(byHasan)a.structureismotivatedbythewaytextusersreacttocontextb.choosingparticularstructuresisintentionality(thesigns&theintensionsbehindtheiruseensuresuccessfulcommunication).

Forexample,incourtroominteraction,theintention"toraiseanobjection"isefffectivelyrelayedonlywhenitisrecognisedasasign.Activitiessuchas"objecting"displayingtheirownstructuralformats,andstructurebecomesanimportantindicatorofwhatisgoingonininteraction.

ContextualConfiguration語(yǔ)境結(jié)構(gòu)Howdothevariouscontextualvariablesfindexpressioninthestructureandintexture?Registerprovidesanideallinkbetweencontextandtextstructure.Hasanintroducestheterm

contextualconfigurationItreferstothosevaluesfromthewholerangeoffield,tenorormode,actuallyselectedinanyparticularinstanceofcommunication(text)withinaparticulardiscourseorgenre.Hasanprovidesacharacterisationofatextwhichbeginswith__--Goodmorning(G)Dr.Scott'sclinic(I)mayihelpyou(Q)--Ohhellogoodmorning(G)thisisMrsLeespeaking(I)IwonderificouldseeDr.Scotttoday(A)

G-greetingI-IdentificationQ-queryTwobasiccharacteristicsoftextstructureemerge.1.eachgenreisatypicalformat(genericstructure)theformatisgreeting>identification>query2.therearecertainobligatoryfeatureswhichatextmustdisplayifitistoberecognisedasbelongingtothesetoftextsinquestion(intheaboveinstance,whilegreetingmaybeoptional,idetificationmustbepresentforthetexttobepreceivedascomplete)Contextualconfigurationisanaccountofsignificantattributesofsocialactivity.(Halliday&Hasan1985:56)

thelimitsofStructureModification:thesefeatures(optionalelement,obligatoryelements,ects.)thewaytheyareusedareofcentralimportanttothetranslator,whataretheoptionsthetranslatorfaces?1.IstheelementbeingtranslateobligatoryoroptionalintheTLtextformat?2.Ifitisobligatory,istheorderinwhichitoccursappropriatefortheTLtextformat?3.Ifitisobligatoryandtheorderinwhichitoccursappropriate,willinteration,ifthereisany,beappropriateintheTLtextformat?Althoughdifferentlanguagesmaypreferdifferentstructuralformats,ultimately,thelimitsonstructuremodificationintranslationarereachedwhentherhetoricalpurposeoftheSTbeginstobecompromised.Insuchcase,theSLformatmustbeconsideredtheoverridingfactor.HowelementsaregroupedintosequencesAnelementreferstooneoftheconstitutesoftextstructure,eachelementinoursenseofthetermbecauseitestablishesanopposition.forexample,講義P2differentfromgrammaticalunit(phrase,clause,ect.)

sotranslatorsworkwithaspectsofbothsyntacticformandrhetoricalfunctionindealingwithagivenelementoftext.

Asequenceisaunitoftextorganizationwhichnormallyconsistsofmorethanoneelementandwhichservesahigher-orderrhetoricalfunctionthanthatoftheindividualelementsinquestion.

Topicshiftistobeunderstoodasthepointatwhichthereisaperceptiblechangeoftopicbetweenadjacent(鄰近的)portionsofdiscourse.lexicalandsyntacticsignalsarealwayspresenttomarkthisshift(seeBrownandYule1983:94)Acloserdefinitionoftopic,however,enablesustoidentifyboundariesnotonlybetweentexts,butalsobetweensequencesandelementswithinagiventext.sotranslatorsareguidedbythiskindofanalysisoftopic.PerceivingtextasaunitofstructureTextisacoherentandcohesiveunit,realisedbyoneormorethansequenceofmutuallyrelevantelements,andservingsomeoverallrhetoricalpurpose.

Theuppermostlevelstructure,namelytext.

SummarisesthesalientpointsinourdiscussionRhetoricalpurpose(stressedtheimportanceoftherhetoricalpurposeasthebasisoftheevolutionoftexttypes.)Purposeoftranslation(thedegreeofinterventionbythetransaltorwilloftendependoncustomersandtheirneeds.)Globalparrerns(usefultorefertoarecognisablesetofglobalpatternstowhichtextsconformindifferentlanguages).Butworldischanging.Itisnoteworthythat,whereastextualpatternsandconventionsareconstantlymodifiedwhentextsinlessdominantlanguagesaretranslatedintoEnglish,thereverseisnotthecase.

Chapter10DiscoursetextureTextureisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsoftext.Itisthatpropertywhichensuresthatatext"hangstogether",bothlinguisticallyandconceptually.Text:coherent(sense)&cohesive(surfaceelements)

TwopointsbeforedealwithtextureintranslationMotivationText-typefocusisapowerfulmotivatingfactor,forexample,Genericanddiscourseconstraintsarealsoofobviousrelevancetothestudyoftexture.There'swaterthroughmanyhomes-Iwouldsayalmostallofthemhavewaterinthem.It'sjustcompletelyunderwater.(reportedintheGainesvilleSun,20.12.78）

Textureasmotivatedchoice.NatureofcoherenceCoherenceisnotsomethingwhichiscreatedbytext,butratheranassumptionmadebylanguageusersthat,inaccordancewiththecooperativeprinciple,eractiondependsontheassumptionswhichusersbringtoit