EnglishParagraphWriting

英語段落寫作1整理課件段落寫作段落是文章內(nèi)容中具有一個完整意義的外部表現(xiàn)形態(tài)，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本單位。段落通常由若干個對一個主要觀點展開論述的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句子組成。但段落并非是句子的隨意堆砌，句子內(nèi)容之間應(yīng)該具有連貫和邏輯性。段落表達的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是單一的，一個段落只能表達一個意思，而不能把意思上互不相關(guān)的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落內(nèi)容的龐雜錯亂；段落表達的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是完整的，一個意思應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量集中在一個段落里陳述，最好不要分割成兩段或幾段，而使段落內(nèi)容支離破碎。2整理課件EnglishParagraphWriting1ParagraphStructure2ParagraphUnity3ParagraphCoherence段落的整體性段落的構(gòu)成段落的連貫性3整理課件1.

ParagraphStructure段落的構(gòu)成OneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentence主題句Supporting/DevelopingSentence

輔助句/支撐句/發(fā)展句(3)ConcludingSentence

結(jié)尾句4整理課件Topicsentence主題句在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主題句。一個好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達作者的觀點或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個觀點或態(tài)度成為主題思想（controllingidea）。主題句限定了在一個單獨的段落中所允許討論的內(nèi)容。例：主題句Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.該句中g(shù)old是主題詞，twoimportantcharacteristics是表達主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞。5整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:3個要點主題句必須是一個完整的句子，包括一個主語，一個謂語動詞，常常還帶有其它修飾語。下面的例子中雖然有的包括主題思想，但并不是完整的句子。Fragments：Drivingonfreeways.Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.6整理課件Revisedsentences:Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertness機敏.Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.Televisionbenefitsyoungchildreninthreemajorways.Fragments：Drivingonfreeways.Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.7整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:2.主題句由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成主題詞表明討論的對象。主題思想的表述部分限制或控制這個主題在一個段落中能夠被論述的具體方面。它應(yīng)該是能夠展述主題思想的一個詞或一個短語，即關(guān)鍵詞。8整理課件TopicandcontrollingideaThetopicsentencegivesaparagraphdirectionandpurpose.Ittellswhattheparagraphisabout(thetopic),andhowthewriterwilldevelopthattopic(thecontrollingidea).試分析下列的主題句：9整理課件例1TheWomen’sMovementhashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage.在這個主題句中，表達主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是severaleffects，它規(guī)定了談?wù)摰闹黝}和內(nèi)容。為了論證這個主題思想，作者應(yīng)提供具體細節(jié)或?qū)嵗齺砘卮疬@樣的問題：“WhatreasonsdidIhaveforsayingseveraleffects?”有可能列出以下原因：1）IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.2)TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrom–manto–person.3)TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.

10整理課件例2Studentsonthiscampusrecentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.問題：該主題句中，表達主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是什么？

答案：severalcomplaints所以在主題句后，應(yīng)輔以細節(jié)來論證主題思想severalcomplaints。有可能列出下列事實：1）Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.2)Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththecafeteriafood.3)Theyprotestedthegradingpoliticsoftheinstructors.11整理課件例3Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.該主題句中，主題是thehabitofsmoking

cigarettes,

主題思想是Smokingcigarettescanbeexpensive。在此句中expensive是表示主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞，在展開主題句的段落中，應(yīng)論證吸煙的確是開銷較大的一種習(xí)慣。下面是一個說明主題展開的段落提綱。1）Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.2）Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.3）Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.4）Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.12整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence3.由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性的陳述而不提供具體的細節(jié)，它能被段落中其它句子解釋、論證或分析。主題句應(yīng)該對該段落內(nèi)容進行適當(dāng)概括和限制。主題句如果太過籠統(tǒng)，就不能包含具體的思想和觀點，對段落如何展開缺乏指導(dǎo)和限定，使讀者由于內(nèi)容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容；主題句如果太具體，讀者就會發(fā)現(xiàn)作者對這段內(nèi)容已無發(fā)揮、充實的余地，而無法將主題句展開。13整理課件Whichisagoodtopicsentence?1.Americanfoodisterrible.2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.14整理課件1.Americanfoodisterrible.第一句作為主題句不合適，因為句子內(nèi)容闡述過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象，段落擴展的發(fā)揮點不明確。2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.第二句缺乏概括性的特點，局限于某個具體事務(wù)，而在文字和內(nèi)容上無法再進一步展開。15整理課件3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.第三句具有概括性的觀點，可以通過列舉事實、說明理由，補充細節(jié)材料，展開段落內(nèi)容。所以，這是一個比較好的主題句。試分析下面的句子：是否能做主題句？HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy,highstandardofliving,andinterculturalatmosphere.分析：這個句子包含了過多的信息，主體不明確，這會使段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性。句中所闡述的三個部分的內(nèi)容是互不相關(guān)的，不能單獨放再單獨的一個段落內(nèi)敘述，而應(yīng)放在三個段落里寫。改寫為：HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy，就可以成為一個比較好的主題句了。16整理課件ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:1.Systolicpressure收縮壓between140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.2.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.3.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolicpressure舒張壓istakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.心臟收縮泵血時測得收縮壓；心臟舒張時測得舒張壓17整理課件ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:4.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.5.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.18整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置主題句的位置比較靈活，通常位于段首，其優(yōu)點是開門見山，一目了然。用演繹法寫的段落也稱“擴張法”，就是以概述主題開首，隨之輔以細說，即用具體細節(jié)或事例來演繹展開主題句中的主題思想。主題句有時也位于段落的中間。這種寫作方法常用來比較或?qū)Ρ炔煌膶ο?。段中主題句起承上啟下，使上下文平衡的作用。19整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置用歸納法寫段落也稱作“收攏法”，從細節(jié)出發(fā)，最后歸納到段落的中心論點。用此種方法寫作時，主題句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依據(jù)上文的細節(jié)推論出的論點，起到畫龍點睛的作用。在有的段落中，主題句甚至不直接寫出來，而是通過細節(jié)的陳述含蓄地表達出段落的主題思想。是，需有讀者意會。20整理課件盡管主題句可以出現(xiàn)在段落中的任何位置，但對于英語寫作的初學(xué)者來說，大多數(shù)情況下，采用段首主題句的方法進行寫作練習(xí)，便于擴展和限制全段的寫作，是一種行之有效的方法。我們必須明確，主題句無論出現(xiàn)在段落的何處，都必須是段落內(nèi)容的焦點，即必須涵蓋段落其它句子所闡述的論點。21整理課件PracticeReadeachofthefollowingparagraphs.Ifyoufindatopicsentence,underlineit.22整理課件Paragraph1Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthepricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincrassateswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.23整理課件Paragraph2AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworld’sgeniuses,failedhisuniversityentranceexaminationsonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmerican’snotedwriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,hadtohavespecialtutoringinEnglishduringelementaryschool.Theseexamplesshowthatfailureinschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.24整理課件HowtoWriteGoodSupportingSentences輔助句也稱展開句或推展句。輔助句是主題句的延伸，是段落中對主題句進行具體論證的句子，即以具體的和真實的細節(jié)對段落主題進行闡述、說明、舉證或引申，從而擴展深化主題。學(xué)生在英語寫作中存在的一個最大的問題常常是在文章中缺乏組走的信息和具體細節(jié)來說明或支持段落主題。要寫好輔助句，必須注意所有輔助句的闡述都要與主題密切相關(guān)，要有充分的論證細節(jié)來說明主題思想，保持句子的連貫性，所有的句子都應(yīng)按其邏輯順序排列。25整理課件例

MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideaofKant（康德）,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.在這個段落中，輔助句以簡明和獨特的具體實例來論證和展開主題句，而且所有句子都統(tǒng)一于這個主題。26整理課件ActivityTrydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.

Iamaverysensitiveperson.Iamaveryindependentperson.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.27整理課件Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthat'sgoodtoapoint.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudon'tknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthat'salittletoosensitive.That'sthewayIam.28整理課件Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idon'tlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.It'snotthatIdon'tappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdon'tliketofeel,it'sthatIoweanyoneanything.29整理課件IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.I'mverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andthey'rerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.I'malwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.30整理課件HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentence使用表示段落結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)承信號詞，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。對段落要點加以總結(jié)。對主題加以評論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。31整理課件ActivityWriteaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:AhappyfamilylifeAsatisfyingcareerInnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveagoodhomelife,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.32整理課件PracticeFinishwritingtheconcludingsentences:

Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Thisshowsus…h(huán)owchangesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.33整理課件PracticeTrytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify：(1)Topicsentence(2)Supportingsentences(3)Concludingsentences34整理課件Ofallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurrounding35整理課件you.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.36整理課件keysOfallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurrounding主題句37整理課件you.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.keys結(jié)尾句38整理課件2.2

ParagraphUnity段落的一致性是指文章基于一個統(tǒng)一的主題，段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致，每個段落只能闡述一個中心思想，每一個句子都應(yīng)與主題句密切相關(guān)，那些與主題無關(guān)和不能展開論證主題思想的句子應(yīng)刪去，從而形成一個嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)亩温浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀下面段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。39整理課件

Therearefewplacesintheworldtodaythathavenotbeenspoiledbyindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.Theairwebreatheismoreoftenthannotpollutedbythesmokefromfactorychimneysandtheexhaustfumesofmotorvehicles,whilechemicalwastepoisonsourrivers,lakesandseas.Andbycoveringmoreandmoreoftheearth’ssurfacewithbuildingsandroads,weareerectinghugebarriersofconcretebetweenourselvesandnature.Itwouldappearthatwearepurposelycuttingourselvesofffromnatureanddestroyingwildlifeaswedoso.

例140整理課件分析例1：這段例文中，所有的句子都是圍繞著“我們生存環(huán)境被污染，生態(tài)環(huán)境被破壞”這一主題論述的，具有較好的統(tǒng)一性。41整理課件例2

Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyorSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirmonthlychecksisoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,evenifthatlifestylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthere42整理課件

isnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycan’tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatism,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.Someolderpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.(Smalley&Ruetten,1990,p.17)43整理課件分析例2：這個段落的主題是“Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeople”，中心思想是“l(fā)ivingonareducedincome”.因此，所有的句子都應(yīng)圍繞這個主題。但是在這個段落中，有三個句子并沒有討論這一特定的主題。所以，這些句子應(yīng)從這個段落中刪除，或應(yīng)在另一個段落中展開。Canyoufindoutthesesentences?44整理課件三個和主題不相關(guān)的句子Ofcourse,sometimestheycan’tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritis(

[ɑ‘θraitis]

關(guān)節(jié)炎)orrheumatism（

['ru:m?tiz(?)m]風(fēng)濕病）,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.45整理課件ActivityIdentifywhetherthefollowingparagraphsareunified.Pickoutanysentencewhichisnotrelatedtothecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.

Forhundredsofyears,manhasmadeuseofthetalentsofmonkeys.AncientEgyptianpaintingsshowbaboons狒狒gatheringfruitfortheirmasters.Evenin1879,inAbyssinia,monkeyswerestillbeingusedastorchbearers持火炬者atfeasts.Themonkeyswouldsitinarowonabenchandholdthelightsuntiltheguestswenthome.Thenthemonkeyswouldeat.Mostoftheworld'szooscontainavarietyofmonkeysforpeopletowatch.

46整理課件Whichisnottalent?Monkey’stalents:baboonsgatheringfruitMonkeysbeingusedastorchbearersMonkeysinzooforpeopletowatch47整理課件下面是論述同一題目的兩個段落。試比較哪個段落具有整體性。

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Inthe1930s,lessthanoneinfivecancervictimslivedmorethanfiveyears.Inthe1950s,theratiowasoneinfour.Currently,theratioisdowntooneinthree.Thegainfromoneinfourtooneinthreerepresentsabout58,000livessavedeachyear.Paragraph1

48整理課件Paragraph2

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Butbecauseofadvancesinmedicaltechnology,progresshasbeenmadesothatcurrentlyoneinthreecancerpatientssurvives.Ithasbeenproventhatsmokingisadirectcauseoflungcancer.However,thebattlehasnotyetbeenwon.Althoughcuresforsomeformsofcancerhavebeendiscovered,otherformsofcancerarestillincreasingHeartdiseaseisalsoincreasing.49整理課件分析結(jié)果：這兩個段落都是討論關(guān)于“survivingcancer”問題的，兩段的主題句相同，且均位于段首。第一段例文闡明主題句之后，用連續(xù)直敘的方法展述，并用三個輔助句以具體事實對其觀點進行論證。結(jié)論句在前面展述的基礎(chǔ)上進行總結(jié)，并與主題句相呼應(yīng)。整個段落緊扣主題，結(jié)構(gòu)層次清楚，具有同一性。在第二段例文中，并不是每個句子都緊扣主題，破壞了段落內(nèi)容的整體性，段落顯得缺乏統(tǒng)一性，是不可取的。50整理課件3ParagraphCoherence

Coherenceinaparagraphreferstothewaythesentencesarearrangedandtotheirrelationshiptooneanother.Whenaparagraphiscoherent,thesentencesarearrangedinaclearandlogicalorder,thetransitionsaresmoothandnatural,andideasflowsmoothlyandgracefullyfromonesentencetothenext.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter’s段落的連貫性trainofthought.51整理課件3ParagraphCoherencecohere表示“tostick”或“toholdtogether”。連貫，一是指結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫；二是指內(nèi)容上的連貫。也就是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次和連接應(yīng)按照一定的邏輯順序編排，在一個句子銜接下個句子時或是一個段落連接下個段落時，必須合乎邏輯、連貫緊湊、不應(yīng)有跳躍。這樣句子或段落銜接自然流暢，文章層次分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。讀者就會比較容易跟隨作者的思路深入理解寫作內(nèi)容。52整理課件3ParagraphCoherence兩種保持段落連貫性的方法。第一，用轉(zhuǎn)承詞語或稱轉(zhuǎn)承信號詞表明一個意思是怎樣與下一個意思相連的；Transitionsignals第二，按照一定的邏輯順序排列句子，采用何種邏輯順序應(yīng)取決于文章的主體和寫作目的。最常用的邏輯順序是時間順序、空間順序和主次順序。LogicalorderChronologicalOrder時間順序SpatialOrder空間順序OrderofImportance重要性次序53整理課件Transitionsignalsarewordssuchasfirst,second,

next,finally,therefore,andhowever,orphrasessuchasinconclusion,ontheotherhand,andasaresult.

Thinkoftransitionsignalsastrafficsignsthattellyourreaderwhentogoforward,turn,slowdown,andstop.Inotherwords,theytellthereaderwhenyouaregivingasimilaridea(similarly,moreover,furthermore,inaddition),anoppositeidea(ontheotherhand,however,incontrast),anexample(forexample),aresult(asaresult),oraconclusion(inconclusion).

TransitionSignals轉(zhuǎn)承信號詞54整理課件Herearesomeofthemostcommontransitionalwordsandphrasesandtherelationshipstheyshow.轉(zhuǎn)承詞是保持段落連貫的一個重要方法。轉(zhuǎn)承詞與像橋梁一樣把一個句子的意思同里一個句子連接起來。轉(zhuǎn)承詞與是用于指示寫作方向的詞語，告訴讀者：作者在什么時候闡述一個相同的意思，什么時候闡述一個相反的意思，什么時候舉例，什么時候給出結(jié)果或結(jié)論。因此運用轉(zhuǎn)承詞與不僅能使行文連貫，而且能指導(dǎo)讀者跟隨作者的思路進行閱讀，清楚地掌握該短的脈絡(luò)。55整理課件

toshowaddition:and,too,also,again,aswellas,besides,inaddition,moreover,further,furthermore,both…and…,notonly…butalso...Toshowconcession:although,though,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite,naturally,ofcourse56整理課件Toshowtimesequenceonce,before,after,afterward,always,when,atonce,assoonas,tobeginwith,first(second,third),inthemeantime,inthepast(future),later,then,next,until,atlast,finally,eventually,fromthenon,sincethenand,again,first,second,third…57整理課件Toshowplaceinfrontof,ontheotherside,behind,inside,outside,nearby,nextto,opposite,beyond,below,under,atthispointToshowresultso,thus,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,allinall,altogether,finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,tosummarize…58整理課件Tocomparesimilarly,inthesameway,likewise…Tocontrasthowever,incontrast,instead,nevertheless然而,notwithstanding雖然,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,otherwise否則59整理課件Toillustrateorexplainforexample,forinstance,namely,inparticular尤其,suchas,thatis,toillustrate說明，顯示60整理課件Toemphasizeindeed,infact,aboveall,ofcourse,unquestionably,mostimportant,lastbutnotleast,specificallyTosummarizeinbrief,inotherwords,inshort,ashasbeensaid,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusion61整理課件Practice62整理課件Readthefollowingparagraphandidentifythetransitionalwordsinit.Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,especiallythosepoverty-strickenstudents,nowseemtobedefeatedbythecrushingtuitionburden.Therefore,manypeoplecomplainthatthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.However,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothepoorstudentsbutitwillnever

especiallyThereforeHoweverbut63整理課件keepsthemawayfromcollege.First,incarryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,thegovernmentalshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudent.Besides,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchasweekendsandholidays.Finally,theycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,manproposes,andGoddisposes.Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlessheisdefeatedbyhimself.First,BesidessuchasFinallyInshortunless64整理課件Pleaseanalyzeandidentifythetransitiondevicesusedinthefollowingparagraph.

Transitionsarethegluethatholdsaparagraphtogether.Thesedevicesleadthereaderfromsentencetosentence,smoothingoverthegapsbetweenbyindicatingtherelationshipbetweenthesentences.Ifthisglueismissing,theparagraphwillalmostinevitablysoundchoppyorchildish,evenifeverysentenceinitrespondstoasingletopiccommitment.However,transitionsarenotsubstitutesfortopicunity:likemostglue,theyaremosteffectivewhenjoiningsimilarobjects,or,inthiscase,similarideas.Forexample,inaparagraphdescribingachickenegg,notransitioncouldbridgethegapcreatedbytheinclusionofasentenceconcernedwithnavallossesintheCivilWar.Inotherwords,transitionscancallattentiontothetopicrelationshipsbetweensentences,buttheycannotcreatethoserelationships.Practice65整理課件Readthefollowingparagraphscarefullyandanswerquestions.Whatistheprimarymethodusedtoarrangedetails:timeorder,spatialorder,ororderofimportance?

Practice66整理課件Inmy25yearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter.Isoonlearnedtohandleitefficientlyandtypedbetweensixty-fiveandseventywordsperminute.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter.Atfirst,IsworeIpreferredamanualbecauseI