Unit

SixLeadershipLead-in

Lead-in

A.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutleadership,payingattentiontothewordsandexpressionsinbold.Itisacommonbeliefthatmanagementandleadershiparethesamerole.Whileitiscommonthatamanageralsoplaysthepartoftheleader,thesetworolesaretrulyseparateinfunctionandinthewaytheyaddtothesuccessofanorganization.Byunderstandingthedifferencebetweenmanagementandleadershipyouwillbecomemoreeffectiveinhelpingothersseetheroadahead.leadership

[?li?d???p]n.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力management

[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理

Lead-inTounderstandthedifferencebetweenmanagementandleadership,considertheconstructionofanewroad.Tobuildthatroadthereareworkers,machineryandtoolswhichareallvitalintheroad’sconstruction.Managershelpensurethoseworkers,machineryandtoolsworktogetherinthemostefficientwaypossible.Amanagermakessurethoseworkersarewell-trained,motivated,restedandthattheyknowwhatthey’resupposedtodonext.construction[k?n?str?k??n]n.建造leadership

[?li?d???p]n.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力management

[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理

Lead-inThemanagerdoesthesamethingwiththetoolsandthemachinerytomakesurethatthey’reworkingcorrectlyandthattheworkersareabletousethemefficientlyandsafely.Thisistheroleofmanagement.Ontheotherhand,aleadermakessurethattheroadisgoingintherightdirectionbeforetheconstructionbegins.Thatleaderalsomonitorsconditionsinnewsituationstoensurethattheroadunderconstructionisstillthecorrectoneandisstillgoingintherightdirection.construction[k?n?str?k??n]n.建造management

[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理monitor[?m?nit?]v.監(jiān)控

Lead-inHowdoesthisaffectyouasaleader?Areyouspendingyourtimemanagingpeoplewhenyoushouldbemakingsurethattheroadaheadistheonethatyouwanttobeon?Toexpecttobeaneffectiveleaderyoumustpresentaclearvisionandatrailyouarewillingtowalkonfirst.vision[?v???n]n.遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)，洞察力

Lead-inWhiletherearetimeswhenitisappropriateforaleadertofillamanagementrole,itisvitaltounderstandthedifferencebetweenleadershipandmanagementsoyoucanbeeffectivenomatterwhichroleyouhappentobefillingatagiventime.Ifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers,itisimportantthatyouprovidethemwiththecorrectperspectivesotheymaybeeffectiveintheirmanagementrole.Don’tmanagethemanagers.Leadthem.leadership

[?li?d???p]n.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力management

[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理oversee[???v??si?]v.看管，監(jiān)督perspective[p??spekt?v]n.觀點(diǎn)，看法

Lead-inIfyouarenotinaformalleadershiprole,itisalsoimportantthatyouunderstandthatwhenaleadershipopportunityarisesthereisadifferencebetweenbeingaleaderandmanagingtheeffort.Evenifyouendupfillingbothsetsofshoesit’simportanttounderstandthedifferenceinrolesinordertofillthemeffectively.If,ontheotherhand,youlearnhowtoleadbyshowingpeoplethatyouarewalkingdowntherightroad,youwillbecomeanaturalleaderandwillbeabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown.leadership

[?li?d???p]n.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力B.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsaboutleadershipbriefly.1.Inwhichtwowaysaretherolesofaleaderandamanagertrulyseparate?Key:Thetworolesaretrulyseparateinfunctionandinthewaytheyaddtothesuccessofanorganization.2.Whatmustyoupresentifyouexpecttobeaneffectiveleader?3.Whatistheroleofaleaderwhentheconstructionofanewroadistakenasanexample?Key:Aleadermakessurethattheroadisgoingintherightdirectionbeforetheconstructionbegins.Thatleaderalsomonitorsconditionsinnewsituationstoensurethattheroadunderconstructionisstillthecorrectoneandisstillgoingintherightdirection.Key:Tobeaneffectiveleaderyoumustpresentaclearvisionandatrailyouarewillingtowalkonfirst.4.Whatshouldyouprovideifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers?

5.Howcanyoubecomeanaturalleaderwhoisabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown?Key:Ifyouarealeaderoverseeingmanagers,itisimportantthatyouprovidethemwiththecorrectperspectivesotheymaybeeffectiveintheirmanagementrole.Key:Ifyoulearnhowtoleadbyshowingpeoplethatyouarewalkingdowntherightroad,youwillbecomeanaturalleaderandwillbeabletohelpmanyothersfindsuccessasyouachieveyourown.C.Workinpairsanddescribetoeachotherthebestleaderyouhaveknownorhavebeenadmiring.Howhasthisleaderdemonstratedhis/herleadership?Givesomeexamples.

IntensiveReading

TransformationalLeadershipStart-upquestionTransformationalleadershipisconcernedaboutfollowerstoimprovetheirmotivation,moraleandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkofthiskindofleadership?Paragraph1-1

Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Initsidealform,itcreatesvaluableandpositivechangeinthefollowerswiththeendgoalofdevelopingleadersfromfollowers.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.

Paragraph1-2

Theseincludeconnectingthefollower'ssenseofidentityandselftothemissionandthecollectiveidentityoftheorganization;beingarolemodelforfollowersthatinspiresthem;challengingfollowerstotakegreaterownershipfortheirwork,andunderstandingthestrengthsandweaknessesoffollowers,sotheleadercanalignfollowerswithtasksthatoptimizetheirperformance....transformational

[?tr?nsf??mei??n?l]a.轉(zhuǎn)換的，變革的Itcanbeharnessed,gatheredandusedasanincrediblytransformationaltool.我們可以控制，收集和使用它。它是一個(gè)神奇的轉(zhuǎn)換工具。enact[i?n?kt]

v.頒布，制定SuccessivegovernmentsinIndiahavepromisedtoenactananti-corruptionlawbutfailedtodoso.歷屆印度政府都保證要制定一項(xiàng)反腐敗法律，可是都沒(méi)有做到。authentic[?:?θentik]a.真正的，真實(shí)的Itnowappearsthatpeopleinthesenations,likepeopleinallnations,havemultipleauthenticselves.現(xiàn)在看來(lái)，與所有國(guó)家的人民一樣，這些國(guó)家的人民具有多元化的真實(shí)的自我。morale

[m??rɑ:l]

n.斗志，士氣Manypilotsaresufferingfromlowmorale.很多飛行員現(xiàn)在士氣低落。align

[??lain]

v.使結(jié)盟Whenwarbrokeout,theyalignedthemselveswiththerebelforces.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以后，他們與叛軍結(jié)了盟。optimize

[??ptimaiz]v.優(yōu)化ThenewsystemshavebeenoptimizedforrunningMicrosoftWindows.新系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)被優(yōu)化，以便運(yùn)行微軟視窗系統(tǒng)。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatistransformationalleadership?Key：Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference._________________a________________(變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo))isdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauses____b_____(變化)inindividualsandsocialsystems.key:a.Transformationalleadershipb.changeCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Enacted______itsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.key:inCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauses_________________________________________（在個(gè)體和社會(huì)體制中引起變化）Key：

changeinindividualsandsocialsystemsEnactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadership_________________________________________________（提升下屬的動(dòng)機(jī)、斗志和表現(xiàn)力）throughavarietyofmechanisms.key：enhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowers

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Transformationalleadershipisdefinedasaleadershipapproachthatcauseschangeinindividualsandsocialsystems.Initsidealform,itcreatesvaluableandpositivechangeinthefollowerswiththeendgoalofdevelopingleadersfromfollowers.Enactedinitsauthenticform,transformationalleadershipenhancesthemotivation,moraleandperformanceoffollowersthroughavarietyofmechanisms.變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)模式會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)換組織成員的觀念和態(tài)度。理想地說(shuō)，變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)理論把領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和下屬的角色相互聯(lián)系起來(lái)，試圖促使下屬產(chǎn)生有價(jià)值的積極的轉(zhuǎn)變，最終目標(biāo)是從下屬成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。在實(shí)際情況中，變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)會(huì)通過(guò)一系列體制，提高下屬的動(dòng)力、志氣和表現(xiàn)力。

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Theseincludeconnectingthefollower'ssenseofidentityandselftothemissionandthecollectiveidentityoftheorganization;beingarolemodelforfollowersthatinspiresthem;challengingfollowerstotakegreaterownershipfortheirwork,andunderstandingthestrengthsandweaknessesoffollowers,sotheleadercanalignfollowerswithtasksthatoptimizetheirperformance....它包括下屬身份感、使命感以及集體認(rèn)同感的結(jié)合，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通過(guò)自身的行為表率激勵(lì)下屬，使他們對(duì)工作有更強(qiáng)的使命感，他們了解下屬的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，對(duì)下屬分配不同的任務(wù)，優(yōu)化他們的表現(xiàn)。

Paragraph2-1BackgroundJamesMacGregorBurns(1978)firstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearchonpoliticalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.AccordingtoBurns,transformingleadershipisaprocessinwhich"leadersandfollowershelpeachothertoadvancetoahigherlevelofmoraleandmotivation".Burnsrelatedtothedifficultyindifferentiationbetweenmanagementandleadershipandclaimedthatthedifferencesareincharacteristicsandbehaviors.

Paragraph2-2Heestablishedtwoconcepts:"transformingleadership"and"transactionalleadership".AccordingtoBurns,thetransformingapproachcreatessignificantchangeinthelifeofpeopleandorganizations.Itredesignsperceptionsandvalues,andchangesexpectationsandaspirationsofemployees.Unlikeinthetransactionalapproach,itisnotbasedona"giveandtake"relationship,butontheleader'spersonality,traitsandabilitytomakeachangethroughexample,articulationofanenergizingvisionandchallenginggoals.

Paragraph2-3Transformingleadersareidealizedinthesensethattheyareamoralexemplarofworkingtowardsthebenefitoftheteam,organizationand/orcommunity.Burnstheorizedthattransformingandtransactionalleadershipweremutuallyexclusivestyles.Transactionalleadersusuallydonotstriveforculturalchangeintheorganizationbuttheyworkintheexistingculturewhiletransformationalleaderscantrytochangeorganizationalculture.differentiation[?dif?ren?i?ei??n]n.區(qū)別，區(qū)分Thedifferentiationbetweenthetwoproductrangeswillincrease.這兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列之間的差別將會(huì)加大。transactional[tr?n?z?k?n?l]a.交易型的，事務(wù)型的Transactionalkiosks,asarule,requirenospecialenticementstoattractusers.交易型信息亭無(wú)須特別地吸引使用者,這是一條原則。aspiration

[??sp??rei??n]n.志氣，抱負(fù)Heisunlikelytosendinthearmytoquellnationalistaspirations.他不可能派兵去扼殺民族主義理想。trait

[treit]

n.

特性，特征Thestudyfoundthatsomealcoholicshadclearpersonalitytraitsshowingupearlyinchildhood.這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些酗酒者早在孩童時(shí)就表現(xiàn)出明顯的個(gè)性特征。idealized

[a??d??l?a?zd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人們希望自己看上去像廣告中描繪的那種理想化男人。mutually[?mju:t?u?li]

ad.

相互地Notethatdifferentusersofthesystemhavedifferentgoals,andthatthesegoalsareoftenmutuallyexclusive.請(qǐng)注意系統(tǒng)的不同用戶有不同的目標(biāo)，而且這些目標(biāo)經(jīng)常是相互排斥的。exclusive

[ik?sklu:siv]

a.獨(dú)有的，排外的ManyoftheircheesesareexclusivetoourstoresinBritain.在英國(guó)，他們生產(chǎn)的奶酪很多只在我們商店出售。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Whatistheoriginoftransformingleadership?Key：In1978,JamesMacGregorBurnsfirstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearchonpoliticalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Burnsrelatedtothedifficultyin_________a___________(區(qū)別)between__________b__________(管理)andleadershipandclaimedthatthedifferencesareincharacteristicsandbehaviors.key:a.differentiationb.managementUnlikeinthe_____a______(交易的)approach,itisnotbasedona"giveandtake"relationship,butontheleader'spersonality,_____b____(特性)andabilitytomakeachangethroughexample,articulationofanenergizingvisionandchallenginggoals.key:a.transactionalb.traitsCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.JamesMacGregorBurnsfirstintroducedtheconceptof‘transformingleadership’inhisdescriptiveresearch______politicalleaders,butthistermisnowusedinorganizationalpsychologyaswell.Transformingleadersareidealized______thesensethattheyareamoralexemplarofworkingtowardsthebenefitoftheteam,organizationand/orcommunity.key:onkey:inTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.交易型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通常不會(huì)改變組織的文化模式，他們有既定的文化。相反，變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者嘗試去改變既定的文化模式。

Key：Transactionalleadersusuallydonotstriveforculturalchangeintheorganizationbuttheyworkintheexistingculturewhiletransformationalleaderscantrytochangeorganizationalculture.

Paragraph3-1Developmentofconcept

Anotherresearcher,BernardM.Bass(1985),extendedtheworkofBurns(1978)byexplainingthepsychologicalmechanismsthatunderlietransformingandtransactionalleadership;Bassalsousedtheterm"transformational"insteadof"transforming."BassaddedtotheinitialconceptsofBurns(1978)tohelpexplainhowtransformationalleadershipcouldbemeasured,aswellashowitimpactsfollowermotivationandperformance.

Paragraph3-2Theextenttowhichaleaderistransformational,ismeasuredfirst,intermsofhisinfluenceonthefollowers.Thefollowersofsuchleadersfeeladmiration,loyalty,trustandrespectfortheleaderandthesequalitiesinspirefollowerstoworkharderthanoriginallyexpected.Theseoutcomesoccurbecausethetransformationalleaderoffersfollowerssomethingmorethanjustworkingforpersonalgain;theyprovidefollowerswithaninspiringmissionandvisionandgivethemanidentity.

Paragraph3-3Theleadertransformsandmotivatesfollowersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),intellectualstimulationandindividualconsideration.Inaddition,thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaystochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.Finally,incontrasttoBurns,Basssuggestedthatleadershipcansimultaneouslydisplaybothtransformationalandtransactionalleadership.admiration

[??dm??rei??n]

n.欽佩，贊美Theteamfeltgreatadmirationforthecoach.隊(duì)員們都非常欽佩教練。loyalty

[?l?i?lti]

n.忠誠(chéng)，忠實(shí)Ihaveswornanoathofloyaltytothemonarchy.我已經(jīng)發(fā)誓效忠君主制。idealized

[a??d??l?a?zd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人們希望自己看上去像廣告中描繪的那種理想化男人。charisma

[k??rizm?]

n.魅力，非凡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力Hehasneitherthepoliciesnorthepersonalcharismatoinspirepeople.他既沒(méi)有謀略也沒(méi)有個(gè)人魅力去鼓舞人。statusquo現(xiàn)狀Wemustnotreturntothestatusquo.

我們決不能恢復(fù)原狀。simultaneously

[?s?ml?te?n??sl?]

ad.同時(shí)地ThetheatrewillprovidesimultaneoustranslationinbothEnglishandChinese.劇院將提供英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的同聲翻譯。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.WhatisBass’sdevelopmentfortheconceptoftransformationalleadership?Key：BassaddedtotheinitialconceptsofBurns(1978)tohelpexplainhowtransformationalleadershipcouldbemeasured,aswellashowitimpactsfollowermotivationandperformance.Inaddition,thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaystochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.Finally,Basssuggestedthatleadershipcansimultaneouslydisplaybothtransformationalandtransactionalleadership.CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Thefollowersofsuchleadersfeel_______a_____(欽佩),_____b_____(忠誠(chéng))trustandrespectfortheleaderandthesequalitiesinspirefollowerstoworkharderthanoriginallyexpected.key:a.admirationb.loyaltyTheleadertransformsand_____a______(激起)followersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),______b______(智力的)stimulationandindividualconsideration.key:

ellectualCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Theextent_____whichaleaderistransformational,ismeasuredfirst,intermsofhisinfluenceonthefollowers.key:toCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.

Theseoutcomesoccurbecausethetransformationalleaderoffersfollowerssomethingmorethanjustworkingforpersonalgain;_______________________________（他們給下屬鼓舞人心的任務(wù)和視野）andgivethemanidentity.key:theyprovidefollowerswithaninspiringmissionandvisionInaddition,___________________________________（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)鼓勵(lì)其下屬想一些新穎和獨(dú)特的方法）tochallengethestatusquoandtoaltertheenvironmenttosupportbeingsuccessful.key:thisleaderencouragesfollowerstocomeupwithnewanduniquewaysTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通過(guò)其理想化的影響力（之前被叫做魅力），智力激發(fā)以及個(gè)性化關(guān)懷，轉(zhuǎn)變下屬的想法并且激勵(lì)他們。

Key：Theleadertransformsandmotivatesfollowersthroughhisorheridealizedinfluence(earlierreferredtoascharisma),intellectualstimulationandindividualconsideration.

Paragraph4

Now30yearsofresearchandanumberofmeta-analyseshaveshownthattransformationalandtransactionalleadershippositivelypredictsawidevarietyofperformanceoutcomesincludingindividual,groupandorganizationallevelvariables(seeBass&Bass2008,TheBassHandbookofLeadership:Theory,Research,andManagerialApplications,4theditionFreePress).managerial

[?m?ni?d?i?ri?l]

a.管理的Webelievethatthisisageneralmodelofmanagerialactivity.我們認(rèn)為這可以作為管理活動(dòng)的普遍范例。

Paragraph5-1

Thefullrangeofleadershipintroducesfourelementsoftransformationalleadership:1)IndividualizedConsideration–thedegreetowhichtheleaderattendstoeachfollower'sneeds,actsasamentororcoachtothefollowerandlistenstothefollower'sconcernsandneeds.Theleadergivesempathyandsupport,keepscommunicationopenandplaceschallengesbeforethefollowers.Thisalsoencompassestheneedforrespectandcelebratestheindividualcontributionthateachfollowercanmaketotheteam.Thefollowershaveaspirationsforself-development,demonstratepersonalwillpower,andhaveintrinsicmotivationfortheirtasks.

Paragraph5-22)IntellectualStimulation–thedegree,towhichtheleaderchallengesassumptions,takesrisksandsolicitsfollowers'ideas.Leaderswiththisstylestimulateandencouragecreativityintheirfollowers.Theynurtureanddeveloppeoplewhothinkindependently.Forsuchaleader,learningisavalueandunexpectedsituationsareseenasopportunitiestolearn.Thefollowersaskquestions,thinkdeeplyaboutthingsandfigureoutbetterwaystoexecutetheirtasks.

Paragraph5-33)InspirationalMotivation–thedegreetowhichtheleaderarticulatesavisionthatisappealingandinspiringtofollowers.Leaderswithinspirationalmotivationchallengefollowerswithhighstandards,communicateoptimismaboutfuturegoals,andprovidemeaningforthetaskathand.Followersneedastrongsenseofpurposeiftheyaretobemotivatedtoact.Purposeandmeaningprovidetheenergythatdrivesagroupforward.

Paragraph5-4Thevisionaryaspectsofleadershiparesupportedbycommunicationskillsthatmakethevisionunderstandable,precise,powerfulandengaging.Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.4)IdealizedInfluence–Providesarolemodelforhighlyethicalbehavior,instillspride,gainsrespectandtrust.mentor

[?ment?:]

n.指導(dǎo)者，良師益友LeonSullivanwasmymentorandmyfriend.利昂·沙利文既是我的導(dǎo)師，也是我的朋友。empathy

[?emp?θi]

n.同情，同感Havingbegunmylifeinachildren'shome,Ihavegreatempathywiththelittleones.由于從小生活在兒童福利院，我對(duì)小家伙們產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的共鳴。encompass

[in?k?mp?s]

v.包含，包括HisrepertoireencompassedeverythingfromBachtoSchoenberg.他的表演曲目從巴赫到勛伯格，樣樣俱全。aspiration

[??sp??rei??n]n.志氣，抱負(fù)Heisunlikelytosendinthearmytoquellnationalistaspirations.他不可能派兵去扼殺民族主義理想。intrinsic

[in?trinsik]

a.本質(zhì)的，固有的Diamondshavelittleintrinsicvalueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.鉆石沒(méi)有多少內(nèi)在價(jià)值，它們的價(jià)格幾乎完全取決于其稀有程度。solicit

[s??lisit]

v.請(qǐng)求，征求He'salreadysolicitedtheirsupportonhealthcarereform.他已經(jīng)請(qǐng)求他們給予醫(yī)療保健改革方面的支持。nurture

[?n?:t??]

v.養(yǎng)育，培養(yǎng)Parentswanttoknowthebestwaytonurtureandraisetheirchildtoadulthood.父母?jìng)兿肓私獍阉麄兊暮⒆羽B(yǎng)育成人的最好方法。inspirational

[?nsp??re??(?)n(?)l]

a.鼓舞人心的，帶有靈感的Gandhiwasaninspirationalfigure.甘地是一位有感召力的人物。visionary

[?vi??n?ri]

a.幻想的，不實(shí)際的Whathethoughtisvisionary.他所想的是不切實(shí)際的。idealized

[a??d??l?a?zd]

a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人們希望自己看上去像廣告中描繪的那種理想化男人。ethical

[?eθik?l]

a.倫理的，道德的Herbehaviorisalientoourethicalvalues.她的行為和我們的倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格格不入。instill

[in?stil]

v.逐漸灌輸Theytriedtoinstillsuchnewideasintostudents’minds.他們努力將這些新觀念灌輸?shù)綄W(xué)生的頭腦中去。Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothearticle.Illustratethefourelementsoftransformationalleadershipbriefly.Key：Thefourelementsareindividualizedconsideration,intellectualstimulation,inspirationalmotivationandidealizedinfluence.Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Thefollowersaskquestions,thinkdeeplyaboutthingsandfigure_____betterwaystoexecutetheirtasks.key:outCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets._________________________________________________________________________,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.（下屬被鼓勵(lì)，對(duì)未來(lái)樂(lè)觀并且相信他們的能力）Key：

Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)設(shè)身處地為下屬考慮，給他們支持和幫助，雙方可以開(kāi)放地交流，并且鼓勵(lì)他們挑戰(zhàn)自己。

Key：Theleadergivesempathyandsupport,keepscommunicationopenandplaceschallengesbeforethefollowers.下屬被鼓勵(lì)，他們對(duì)未來(lái)樂(lè)觀，也相信他們自己的能力，因此愿意付出更多的精力完成任務(wù)。Key：Thefollowersareencouragedandoptimisticaboutthefutureandbelieveintheirabilities,andthereforearewillingtoinvestmoreeffortintheirtasks.

Paragraph6

Asadevelopmenttool,transformationalleadershiphasspreadalreadyinallsectorsofwesternsocieties,includinggovernmentalorganizations.Asanexample,theFinnishDefenceForcesisusingwidelyDeepLead?Modelasbasicsolutionofitsleadershiptraininganddevelopment.TheDeepLead?Modelisbasedonthetheoryoftransformationalleadership.

Paragraph7Researchinthearea

Whenresearchingtransformationalandtransactionalleadershipthemostfrequentlyusedsurveyiscalled"theMultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaire"(MLQForm5X).Thisisaquestionnairethatmeasureseachofthecomponentsofthefullrangeofleadership,initiallystartingwithBass'(1985)factorsandanalysis.Theoriginalscalesinthequestionnairearebasedonainitialfactoranalysisandearlierversions.multifactor

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a.多種因素的Inmultifactorauthentication,theauthenticityofanidentityisverifiedandvalidatedusingmorethanonevalidationmechanism.在多因素身份驗(yàn)證中，使用多種檢驗(yàn)機(jī)制檢查身份的真實(shí)性。MultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaire多因素領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為問(wèn)卷ThispaperreportsastudyinvestigatingthepsychometricpropertiesoftheMultifactorLeadershipQuestionnaireamongnurses.這篇論文報(bào)道了在護(hù)士群體中，多因素領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為問(wèn)卷的心理測(cè)量學(xué)特性的研究。

Paragraph8-1Earlierresearchontransformationalleadershipwaslimited,becausetheknowledgeinthisareawastooprimitiveforfindinggoodexamplesfortheitemsinthequestionnaire.AnotherweaknessinthefirstversionoftheMLQrelatedtothewordingofitems.Mostitemsinthescaleofcharismaticleadershipdescribedtheresultofleadership,insteadofspecificactionsoftheleaderthatcanbeobservedandthat,inturn,leadtotheresults.

Paragraph8-2Inresponsetothecritics,BassandAvolio(1990)includedintherevisedandnowsubsequentversionsmanymoreitemsthatdescribeleadershipactionsthatareobserveddirectly.TheyalsosplitoutattributionsofleadershipassociatedwithIdealizedInfluenceandbehaviorsandactionsintotwoseparatescales..primitive

[?primitiv]

a.原始的，簡(jiǎn)單的Primitivemanhuntedwildanimalswithcrudestoneimplements.原始社會(huì)的人用粗糙的石器獵取野獸。charismatic

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a.超凡魅力的，神賜能力的Withherstrikinglooksandcharismaticpersonality,shewasnoticedfarandwide.她以出眾的相貌和富有魅力的個(gè)性而聞名遐邇。subsequent

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a.后來(lái)的，隨后的Thoseconcernswereovershadowedbysubsequentevents.隨后發(fā)生的事使之前所關(guān)注的那些問(wèn)題顯得無(wú)足輕重。attribution

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n.性能，屬性Crueltyisanormalattributeofhumanbehaviour.殘忍是人的天性之一。idealized

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a.理想化的Menwanttolookliketheidealizedmendepictedinadvertisements.男人們希望自己看上去像廣告中描繪的那種理想化男人。Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.TheyalsosplitoutattributionsofleadershipassociatedwithIdealizedInfluenceandbehaviorsandactions______twoseparatescales.key:intoCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets._______________________________________________（早期關(guān)于變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)模式的研究是有限的）,becausetheknowledgeinthisareawastooprimitiveforfindinggoodexamplesfortheitemsinthequestionnaire.Key：

Earlierresearchontransformationalleadershipwaslimited

Paragraph9ThecurrentversionoftheMLQForm5Xincludes36itemsthatarebrokendowninto9scaleswith4itemsmeasuringeachscale.SubsequentvalidationworkbyJohnAntonakisandhiscolleaguesprovidedstrongevidencesupportingthevalidityandreliability