Unit2

WhenAncientArtifactsBecomePoliticalPawns

TheFourGreatAncientCivilizationsAncientEgyptAncientChinaAncientIndiaAncientBabylonSevenwondersoftheancientworld1.埃及吉薩金字塔TheGreatPyramidofGiza2500BCApproximate-Egyptians2.奧林匹亞宙斯巨像StatueofZeusatOlympia435BC-Greeks-DestroyedByFire3.阿泰密斯神廟TempleofArtemisatEphesus550BC-Anatolians-DestroyedByFire356BC4.摩索拉斯基陵墓MausoleumofHalicarnassus315BC-HellenizedCarians-DestroyedInEarthquake5.亞歷山大燈塔LighthouseofAlexandria3rdCenturyBC-HellenisticCivilization–DestroyedInEarthquake6.巴比倫空中花園HangingGardensofBabylon600BC-Babylonians-DestroyedInEarthquake7.羅德島巨像ColossusofRhodes292-280BC-HellenisticCivilization-Destroyed224BCinEarthquakeBackgroundKnowledgeMichaelKimmelmanisanauthorandthechiefartcriticandacolumnistfortheNewYorkTimes.HewasbornandraisedinGreenwichVillage(NewYorkCity,thesonofaphysicianandcivilrightsactivist.Hegraduatedsummacumlaude（享有最高榮譽）fromYaleCollegeandreceivedhisgraduatedegreeinarthistoryfromHarvardUniversity.Aclassicalpianist,whostillperforms,hestartedasamusiccriticatthepaper,thenmovedintoart.Nefertiti

Nefertiti:

(14thcenturyB.C.)

QueenofEgyptandwifeofAkhenaton/ɑ:k?’nɑ:t?n/

(ruled1352-1336B.C.).SheisknownforherportraitbustfoundatTellel-Amarna,theking’snewcapital.ShemayhavebeenanAsianprincessfromMitanni(米坦尼王國).SheappearswithAkhenatoninreliefsatTellel-AmarnaandfollowedhisnewcultofthesungodAton.Ofhersixdaughters,twobecamequeensofEgypt.Inthe12thyearofAkhenaton’sreign,sheeitherretiredafterlosingfavorordied.78Arguably,tothosewhoarenotveryinvolvedinthestudyofancientEgypt,QueenNefertitiisperhapsbetterknownthanherhusband,theheretic(異教徒，持異端者)kingAkhenaten(AmenhotepIV).Itissaidthatevenintheancientworld,herbeautywasfamous,andherfamousstatue,foundinasculptor'sworkshop,isnotonlyoneofthemostrecognizableiconsofancientEgypt,butalsothetopicofsomemoderncontroversy.Shewasmorethanaprettyfacehowever,forsheseemstohavetakenahitherto(到目前為止)unprecedentedlevelofimportanceintheAmarnaperiodofEgypt’s18thDynasty.Inartwork,herstatusisevidentandindicatesthatshehadalmostasmuchinfluenceasherhusband.Forexample,sheisdepictednearlytwiceasofteninreliefs（浮雕）asherhusband,atleastduringthefirstfiveyearsofhisreign.Indeed,sheisonceevenshownintheconventionalposeofapharaohsmiting（打）his(orinthiscase,her)enemy.1112NeuesMuseumNeuesMuseum:(“NewMuseum”)AmuseuminBerlin,Germany,locatedtothenorthofAltesMuseum(OldMuseum)onMuseumIsland.Itwasbuiltbetween1843and1855accordingtoplansbyFriedrichAugustStüler,astudentofKarlFriedrichSchinkel.ThemuseumwasclosedatthebeginningofWorldWarIIin1939,andwasheavilydamagedduringthebombingofBerlin.TherebuildingwasoverseenbytheEnglisharchitectDavidChipperfield.ThemuseumofficiallyreopenedinOctober2009.ExhibitsincludetheEgyptianandPrehistoryandEarlyHistorycollections,asitdidbeforethewar.Theartifactsithousesincludetheiconic

bustoftheEgyptianqueenNefertiti.14OldMuseum15TheNeuesMuseumisoneofacollectionofimpressiveneo-classicalbuildingsonMuseumIslandincentralBerlin.161718OntheNewMuseum'sopeningweekend--Oct.17and18--entrywasfreeandvisitorsqueuedforanaverageoftwoandahalfhourstogetinandsee,amongotherthings,thebustofNefertiti.

19ThecolossalEgyptianstatueofthesungodHeliosstandsinaroomy（寬敞的）corneroftheNeuesMuseum.20HerearethehandsfromajointstatueofAkenathenandNefertiti,fromaround1350B.C.,exhibitedattheNeuesMuseum.21TheEgyptiancourt,partoftheNeuesMuseum.22Theceremonialgoldhat,knownasthe"BerlinHat"isanotherfamousartifactheldattheNeuesMuseum.23Egypt’schiefarchaeologist,ZahiHawass扎希·哈瓦斯(para.2)

ZahiHawassatthePyramidsofGiza2425FaroukHosnyFaroukHosny(orHosni,born1938inAlexandria)isanEgyptian

abstract

painterwhowasappointedin1987tohiscurrentpositionofMinisterofCulture.Duringhistenure,heexpandedstate-runexhibitionspacesandinitiatedvariousculturalprograms,includingtheHorizonOneGallery,thePalaceofArts,GeziraArtsCenter,AlexandriaCenterofArts,theModernDanceTroupeandSchool,theCairoHistoryRehabilitationProject(whichincludedanumberofJewishsynagogues),theNubianMuseuminAswanandtheAlexandriaNationalMuseumandtheCulturalDevelopmentFund.26

FaroukHosnyIn2005,HosnytenderedhisresignationtoPresidentHosniMubarakinthewakeoftheBeniSuefCulturalPalacefire,inwhich48spectatorswerekilledandmoreinjured.MubarakrejectedHosny’sresignation,inresponsetothepleasofsome400high-profileintellectuals.OnJuly30,2007,EgyptnominatedHosnytosucceedKoichiroMatsuuraasDirector-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)andbeganacampaigntohavehimelectedtotheposition.NoArabhadpreviouslyheldtheposition.HosnywasregardedascertaintowintheSeptember2009election,buthisMay2008pledgetoburnIsraelbooksinEgyptianlibrariessparkeddoubtsabouthissuitabilityforthepositionandstrengthenedoppositiontohiscandidacy.27FaroukHosnyDespitetheopposition,Hosnywasstillexpectedtowinbyalargemargin,receivingpledgesofsupportfromtheArabLeague,theOrganizationofAfricanUnityandtheOrganizationoftheIslamicConference.OnSeptember22,2009,HosnylosttheUNESCOelectioninastunningupsetinthefifthandfinalroundofvotingtoBulgaria’sIrinaBokova,whoreceived31votestoHosny’s27.Inthefourthroundofvoting,thetwocandidatesweretiedat29voteseach.Hosnyblamedhisdefeaton“Zionistpressures”aswellasaconspiracyby“agroupoftheworld’sJewswhohadamajorinfluenceintheelections...”HealsoattackedtheUSAmbassadoratUNESCO,DavidKillion,forderailinghiselectionandstated,“Thenorthalwayshastocontrolthesouth.”StructureofthetextI.[P1-7]Egypt’sdemandtoreturnthebustofNefertitiandfivefrescofragmentstriggeredoffanotherskirmishintheculturewars.II.[P8-14]ThereasonbehindisthatFaroukHosny’sfailuretowinabidtobecomedirectorgeneralofUnesco.III.[P15-18]TherealissuebehindtheEgyptianandIraqiclaimsisnationalism.IV.[P19-26]Thelootingofantiquitiesisnothingnewinhistory.However,inEgypt’scase,antiquitiesbecomethecountry’sonlypotentweapon.Languagepoints1.pawn:n.典當,抵押物,人質(zhì),(象棋)兵、卒,爪牙,被人利用的人

vt.當?shù)?以...擔保1.Apersonoranentityusedtofurtherthepurposesofanother:anunderdevelopednationthatwasapawnininternationalpolitics.2.aperson,group,etc.,manipulatedbyanotherHeisbeingusedasapoliticalpawnbythePresident.2.spiritvt. tocarryoffmysteriouslyorsecretly(para.2)Ileftmybikeoutsideandsomeonespiriteditawayduringthenight.Somehowtheprisonersmanagedtospiritnewsouttotheworldoutside.Hewasspiritedawayandprobablymurdered.

3.potent:(notofpersonsormachines)powerful(Para.5)Eg:potentreasons/arguments/drugs/remedies4.pit…against…(formal)setsomebodyorsomethingincompetitionagainst;opposesth.tosth.Examples:

ThegamepitstwoofthebestbasketballteamsintheNorthagainsteachother.

Thelittlemanpittedhisbrainsagainstthemantwicehissize.

Johnwaspittedagainstanopponentjustassmartashewas.32Globalizationdescribesaprocessbywhichregionaleconomies,societies,andcultureshavebecomeintegratedthroughaglobalnetworkofcommunication,transportation,andtrade.Thetermissometimesusedtoreferspecificallytoeconomicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.

33However,globalizationisusuallyrecognizedasbeingdrivenbyacombinationofeconomic,technological,sociocultural,political,andbiologicalfactors.

Thetermcanalsorefertothetransnationalcirculationofideas,languages,orpopularculturethroughacculturation(文化傳入，文化適應).(FromWikipedia)Culturaldifferences

existbetweenpeople,suchaslanguage,dressandtraditions,therearealsosignificantvariationsinthewaysocietiesorganizethemselves,intheirsharedconceptionofmorality,andinthewaystheyinteractwiththeirenvironment.Culturalidentityistheidentityofagrouporculture,orofanindividualasfarasoneisinfluencedbyone'sbelongingtoagrouporculture.

Identitypolitics

referstopoliticalargumentsthatfocusupontheselfinterestandperspectivesofsocialminorities,orself-identifiedsocialinterestgroups.Notallmembersofanygivengrouparenecessarilyinvolvedinidentitypolitics.nationalism:loyaltyanddevotiontoanation;especially:asenseofnationalconsciousnessexalting（提升，拔高）onenationaboveallothersandplacingprimaryemphasisonpromotionofitscultureandinterestsasopposedtothoseofothernationsorsupranational(超國家的,超民族的)groups

Goliath[g?‘la??θ](OldTestament)agiantPhilistine

[f?′l?sta?n]warriorwhowasslainbyDavidwithaslingshot(彈弓).(Apersonorthingofcolossalpowerorachievement.)Goliatha.Asmug,ignorant,especiallymiddle-classpersonwhoisregardedasbeingindifferentorantagonistic（敵對的）toartisticandculturalvalues.b.Onewholacksknowledgeinaspecificarea.DavidThesecondkingofJudahandIsrael.AccordingtotheOldTestament,heslewthePhilistinegiantGoliathandsucceededSaulasking.HeisthereputedauthorofmanyofthePsalms.大衛(wèi)：猶太和以色列的第二任國王，據(jù)舊約記載，他殺死了腓力斯巨人歌利亞，并且接替索爾任國王，傳說他是許多贊美詩的作者40France'sLouvremuseumreturnsfivefrescoestoEgypt(Para.6)FrancehashandedovertoEgyptfivedisputed,frescoedfragmentsthatwereheldbytheLouvremuseuminParis.FrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozypresentedoneoftheslabs,orsteles,tohisEgyptiancounterpartHosniMubarak,whowasonavisittoParis.NewsfromBBC14/12/0941Thefragmentshadbeenstolenin1980,accordingtoHawass.

42WhotheyareUNESCOhas193MemberStatesandsevenAssociateMember(準會員)States.ItisgovernedbytheGeneralConferenceandtheExecutiveBoard.TheSecretariat(秘書處),headedbytheDirector-General,implementsthedecisionsofthesetwobodies.HowtheyworkTheGeneralConferenceestablishestheOrganization'sgoalsandprioritieseverytwoyearsandsetsthebudget.TheExecutiveBoardmeetstwiceayeartofollow

programmeimplementation.

WheretheyworkUNESCOhasitsheadquartersinParis.Itishousedinanoutstanding,Modernistbuildinginauguratedin1958andrecentlyrenovated.TheOrganizationalsohasmorethan50fieldofficesaroundtheworld.46OutsideviewofUNESCO'snewly-renovatedheadquarterswithflags47IrinaBokovatookupofficeasDirector-GeneralofUNESCOon15November2009

聯(lián)合國教科文組織總干事伊琳娜·博科娃para.8485月18日，國務院總理溫家寶在北京中南海紫光閣會見聯(lián)合國教科文組織總干事伊琳娜·博科娃。Languagepoints(Para.8)bidBidforOlympicGamesbankon…tobesureofsomethingthatonecantrustitasonemighttrustabankwithone’smoney.Para.8Examples:★Heknewhewouldbankonthepublicopiniontoinfluencetheparliament’sresolution.★Youcanbankonthatwoolencloth.★Iwillbethereontime.Youcanbankonit.50Eliezer“Elie”WieselKBE

/?livi:′z?l/;bornSeptember30,1928)isawriter,professoratBostonUniversity,politicalactivist,NobelLaureate,andHolocaust（大屠殺）survivor.Heistheauthorof57books,thebestknownofwhichisNight,aworkbasedonhisexperiencesasaprisonerintheAuschwitzandBuchenwaldconcentrationcamps.

Hisdiverserangeofotherwritingsofferpowerfulandpoeticcontributionstoliterature,theology（神學；宗教研究）,andhisownarticulation（表達）ofJewishspiritualitytoday.5152WhenWieselwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizein1986,theNorwegianNobelCommitteecalledhima“messengertomankind”,notingthatthroughhisstruggletocometotermswith“hisownpersonalexperienceoftotalhumiliationandoftheuttercontemptforhumanity(對人性極度的蔑視)showninHitler'sdeathcamps",aswellashis"practicalworkinthecauseofpeace",Wieselhaddeliveredapowerfulmessage"ofpeace,atonementandhumandignity"tohumanity.FromWikipedia53ClaudeLanzmann(born1925inParis)isaFrenchfilmmakerandprofessoratEuropeanGraduateSchoolinSaas-Fee,Switzerland.54Bernard-HenriLévy(bornNovember5,1948)isaFrenchpublicintellectual,philosopherandjournalist.Oftenreferredtotoday,inFrance,simplyasBHL,hewasoneoftheleadersofthe"NouvellePhilosophie"(NewPhilosophy)movementin1976.Languagepoints

blame…on…(Para.11):tonamesomebodyasthecauseofsomething;tosaythatsomethingissomebody’sfaultEg:Thefarmersblamedthefailureofthecropsontheweather.TheplayersblamedthedefeatontheircoachLanguagepointsdosb.in(para.13)1.totirecompletely;exhaust:Themarathondidmein.2.todefeatsb.;tokillsb.3.toruinutterly:Hugelossesonthestockmarketdidmanyinvestorsin.GateofIshtar(Para.15)GateofIshtar:Enormousburnt-brickdoubleentrywaybuiltintheancientcityofBabylonabout575B.C.Thegatewasmorethan12metershighandwasdecoratedwithglazedbrickreliefs.Throughthegatehouseranthestone-andbrick-pavedProcessionalWay.Some120bricklionslinedthestreetandsome575dragonsandbulls,in13rows,adornedthegate.585960Babylon,IshtarGate,1963

6162IshtarGate,Babylon,Iraq

Languagepoints

1.ambivalencen.thecoexistenceofopposingattitudesorfeelingstowardsb.orsth.(Para.16)Eg:Allthenegotiatorshaveexpressedconsiderableambivalenceabouttheprospectsofwar.2.stagnantadj.lackingvitalityorbriskness;sluggishordull(para.17)Eg:Theseasideresortbecomesstagnantwhenthetouristsleave.Thiscountryissufferingfromastagnanteconomy.

3.dubiousadj.(Para.19)thoughtnottobecompletelytrueornotabletobetrusted,orfeelingdoubtoruncertainty靠不住的，有問題的；半信半疑的Eg:Timesharehasbeenbroughtintodisreputebydubioussalesmethods.分時共享度假住房這一辦法因其有問題的銷售方法而聲名狼藉。.Iamdubiousofhischancesofpassingtheexaminationbecausehehasnotworkedhardenough.4.forkover(Para.19):1)topaymoneyforsth.espciallyreluctantly付錢Eg:EveryyearIhavetoforkovermoretaxestothegovernment.2)turnoversoilwithagardeningfork翻地5.spoils:goodsstolenortakenforciblyfromapersonoraplace贓物；掠奪物Thelooterscarriedtheirspoilsaway.6.disperse(Para.20):distributeorspreadover分散；散布

despise(Para.21):scorn;feelcontemptfor鄙視；輕視7.flexone’smuscles(Para.23)：giveashowofstrengthorpower66ExplanationofDifficultSentences

P5Theforcesofnationalismlovetoexploitculturebecauseit’ssymbolic,economicallypotentandcouchesidentitypoliticsinalegalcontextthattendstopitDavidagainstGoliath.ExplanationPeoplewhotakeprideintheirowncountryareapttomakeuseofculturebecause1)itisoftenusedasasymbol;2)itispotentiallylucrative/profitable;and3)itservesa