Dec.,2015BYJoyceChapter5CargoTransportationAfterlearningthischapteryouwillbeabletounderstandtheimportanceofoceantransportationandhowlinerfreightisobtainedknowothermodesoftransportationintermsoftheirfeatures,suitabilityandfreightcalculationbeawareoftheimportanceofoceanbillofladinganditsdifferenttypesdescribearangeofothertransportationdocumentsstipulatedeliveryclauseinasalescontractObjectivesKeytopicsOceanTransportationOtherModesofTransportationTransportationDocumentsShipmentClauseintheSalesContractOceantransportationRailtransportationRoadtransportationAirtransportationInternationalmultimodaltransportationContainertransportationModesoftransportationLinertransportation（班輪運輸/定期船運）Chartertransportation（租船運輸）5.1OceanTransportation5.1.1LinertransportationLiner:definitionavesselwithregularsailingsandarrivalssailingonafixed(regular)sailingroutecallingatfixed(regular)baseportsadoptingacomparativelyfixedtimetablechargesatcomparativelyfixedfreightratesfreightinclusiveofloading&unloadingcostLiner:typesconferenceliners

公會同盟班輪non-conferenceliners

非公會同盟班輪LinertransportationLinertransportationLinerFreight=basicfreightrate+surchargesandadditionalCalculationformulaoflinerfreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity×BasicFreightRate

× (1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)BasicFreightRate:quotedbythecarrierLinertransportationSurchargesBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)PortCongestionSurchargeTransshipmentSurchargePortSurcharge…LinertransportationAdditionalHeavyliftadditionale.g.forcargoover5MTperunitLengthycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover9mperunitBulkycargoadditionale.g.forcargoover6cbmperunit…Additionalonoptionaldischargingport例2：DestinationPort:OneportofBarcelona/Marseilles/Genoaatbuyer`soption,thebuyersmustdeclarethedefiniteportofdestinationtothecarriers10daysbeforethevessel`sexpectedtimeofarrivalatthefirstdischargingportandbeartheoptionalfeesthusincurred.（目的港：下列各港之一巴塞羅那/馬賽/熱那亞由買方選擇并負擔選港費用。買方應于船舶預計抵達第一選卸港之前10天前向承運人宣布確定的目的港。）

LinertransportationFreightcalculation:IllustrationSuppose:CompanyAexports1000casesofCommodityYtoLondon.Thevolumepercaseis40cmx30cmx20cm,andthegrossweightis30kgpercase.ForCommodityY,thefreightratebasisisW/M,andtheFreightTariff(China—London)isUSD230,witha10%portsurcharge.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?

LinertransportationSolution:W:30kg=0.03M/TM:0.4x0.3x0.2=0.024m3W>M,“W”isthefreightbasisforthecalculationoffreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity×BasicFreightRate× (1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)=1000cases×0.03M/T×USD230×(1+10%)=USD7590Answer:ThetotalfreightcostisUSD7590.5.1.2ChartertransportationCharacteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(e.g.bulkcargo)Typesvoyagecharter:hiredbasedonaparticularvoyagetimecharter:thehireofashipforaperiodoftimebareboatcharter:thehireofthevesselitselfChartertransportationCharterpartythecontractbetweentheship-owner(carrier)andthecharterer(shipper)Contentsthecontractpartiestheshipconditions:e.g.theship’sname,age,nationality,tonnagevoyage:e.g.portsofshipment&destinationcharterfreightdivisionofloading&unloadingcostlaydays,demurrage&dispatchfreightpaymentterms..ChartertransportationSpecifyingloading&unloadingcostFourmethods:I.&O.orLinerTerms/GrossTerms:InandOutF.I.:FreeInF.O.:FreeOutF.I.O.:FreeInandOutOrF.I.O.S.T.:FreeInandOut,StowedandTrimmedChartertransportationLaytime(裝卸時間)

alsocalledlayday,istheperiodoftimeallowedtothechartererfortheloadingorunloadingofgoods

withoutadditionalchargeMethodsofstipulation

DaysorrunningdaysorconsecutivedaysWeatherworkingdaysof24hoursAweatherworkingdayof24consecutivehours..ChartertransportationDemurrage

（滯期費）theamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebythecharterertocompensatetheship-ownerforhislossesincasethechartererfailstohaveloadingandunloadingcompletedwithinthelaytimeDispatch

（速遣費）theamountofmoneypaidasabonusbytheship-ownertothechartereriftheygetloadingandunloadingdoneaheadofschedule.normallydispatchmoney=?thedemurrageAirTransportationRailTransportation&RoadTransportationInternationalMultimodalTransportationContainerTransportation

5.2Othermodesoftransportation5.2.1AirTransportationTypes

ofairtransportationscheduledairlines 班機運輸

charteredcarriers 包機運輸consolidatedconsignment

集中托運airexpress

航空快遞AirTransportationAirtransportationfreightrategeneralcargoratesminimumchargesclassratesspecialcommodityrates… AirTransportationGeneralcargoratesW:byweight(usu.1kgastheunit)M:bymeasurement(usu.6000cm3=1kg)W/M:byweightorbymeasurement,subjecttothehigher theheavier,thecheaper(unitfreight)e.g.45kgdrawsalineminimumfreight…AirTransportationAirfreight:illustrationCompanyAwantstosendoneconsignmenttoSydney,Australia.Thegoodsarepackedin50cartons,eachweighing15kgs,withmeasurementas50x40x30cm.TheairfreightrateisquotedatUSD2.00/KG(W/M).Howmuchwouldthetotalairfreightcost?AirTransportationSolutionW:15kgM:(50x40x30)/6000=10kgW>M,soWwillbeadoptedforthecalculationofairfreightTotalairfreight=TotalQuantity×BasicFreightRate=50cartons×15kg×USD2.00=USD1500Answer:thetotalairfreightcostisUSD1500.5.2.2RailTransportation&RoadTransportation

Railtransportation

fromadispatchingstationtoadestinationstationlargecapacityrelativelyhighspeedpunctualandeconomicallesspronetobadweather,butconfinedtorailroads,thereforelessflexible

RoadTransportation

Roadtransportation

fromaninlandpointtotheseaport,airportandrailwaystationhighflexibilityanddistributiveabilityfacilitatingdoor-to-doorserviceidealforcargoesinsmallquantities,butlimitedincapacityvulnerabletohighriskofpilferageanddamageintransitrelativelyhigheroperationcost5.2.3InternationalMultimodalTransportation

onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperatoronlyonecarriagecontractonefreightrateforthewholejourneyhighoperatingefficiencylowoperatingcostshorttimeperiodforcargomovementmoreandmorepopularinshippingpractice5.2.4ContainerTransportation

Definitionamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemprovidingapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportationFeaturesvarietyinservice involvingoneoperator lowriskofdamageandpilferage substantialcostsavings

ContainerTransportation

Typesofcontainersdrycargocontainerrefrigerated/reefercontainertankercontainercarcontainerSizesofcontainersISO/TC104（13sizesof13series）Standardsizes(mostpopular)FEU8’x8’x40’TEU8’x8’x20’

ContainerTransportation

TypesofserviceAccordingtoplaceofshipmentanddestinationCYtoCY(ContainerYardtoContainerYard)CFStoCFS(ContainerFreightStationtoContainerFreightStation)DRtoDR(DoortoDoor)DRtoCFS(DoortoContainerFreightStation)CFStoDR(ContainerFreightStationtodoor)ContainerTransportation

AccordingtothecapacityneededFCL整箱裝forgoodsoffullcontainerloadfreightbasedoncontainercapacityLCL拼箱裝forcargoinsmallquantity(lessthanacontainerload)Carriers’consolidatinggoodsofdifferentshipperstobedeliveredtothesamedestinationContainerTransportation

ContainerfreightFCL:determinedmainlybythecapacityofthecontainertheplaceofshipmentDestination…LCL:similartothoseoftheoceanlinerserviceW,MorW/Mthedistanceofvoyage…surchargesandadditionalifapplicableBilloflading(B/L)Definitionadocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.

Functionareceiptofcargoanevidenceofcontractofcarriageadocumenttitletothegoods5.3TransportationdocumentsBilloflading(B/L)Contents

onthefaceInformationconcerningcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecargo,termsofcarriagecontract…onthebackthegeneraltermsandconditionsTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvesselshippedB/LIssuedaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel

receivedforShipmentB/LGoodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloadedDifficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,sonotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsareshippedonboardWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2011”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/LTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheconditionoftheexteriorpackingofthereceivedcargocleanB/LProofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementuncleanB/LMarkedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.e.g..2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunacceptabletobuyersandbanksTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheaddressoftheconsigneestraightB/LMadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferableopenB/LNonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”CanbetransferredwithoutendorsementHighrisk→unfavorableininternationaltradeTypesofBillofLadingOrderB/LMadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable，butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement:signatureoftheendorserandnameoftheendorseeBlankendorsement:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorseeWidelyusedininternationaltradeTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransitdirectB/Lportofshipment→portofdestinationPreferredbythebuyertransshipmentB/L

portofshipment→intermediateport→portofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectserviceTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthecontentlongformB/LdetailedshippingcontractclauseprintedonboththefaceandthebackShortformB/L

simplifiedandabbreviatednodetailedshippingcontractclauseesp.onthebacknotsuitableforevidenceofcontractofcarriageTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothepaymentconditionoffreightfreightprepaidB/LIssuedonlyafterfreighthavingbeenpaidNormallysuitableforSalesContractsontradeterms(e.g.CFR/CIF)wherethesellerisobligedtoarrangecontractofcarriageandpaythefreight.freighttobecollectedB/L

Wordingsuchas“Freightpayableatdestination”or“Freighttocollectatdestination”isindicatedNormallysuitableforSalesContracts(e.g.FOB)wherecontractofcarriageisarrangedbytheselleronbehalfofthebuyerTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothevalidityoriginalB/LValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyCopyB/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”NormallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsmadeoutinseveraltobeafullsetoftogetherwiththeoriginalsTypesofBillofLadingStaleB/LpresentedlaterthanthelatestpresentationdatespecifiedintheL/Corpresentedlaterthanthegoods’arrivalatthedestinationUCP600:theB/Lshallbepresentedwithin21daysafterissuance,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecreditnecessarytoaddaclausethata“StaleB/Lisacceptable”inthecontractforshortvoyagesTypesofBillofLadingAnti-datedB/Ltheshipmentdateshownonthebillbeingearlierthantheactualoneissuedattherequestoftheshippertomeetthetimeofshipmentstipulatedinthecreditfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud

TypesofBillofLadingAdvancedB/LissuedbeforeactualloadingofthegoodsiscompletedorevenbeforethecommencementoftheactualloadingoperationissuedwhenthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheL/Cisalmostduebuttheactualloadingofthegoodsisnotyetcompletedorthegoodsarenotreadyforshipment.issuedattherequestofthesellerfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraud

TypesofBillofLadingOndeckB/Lindicatingthatthegoodsarestowedandshippedondeckusu.unacceptabletobuyerandbankunlessthecreditstipulatesotherwisespecialarrangementforinsuranceisneededifapplicable5.3TransportationdocumentsOthertypesoftransportationdocuments

SeaWaybillAirWaybillConsignmentNote(RailWaybill)RoadConsignmentNoteMultimodalTransportationDocument(MTD)

timeofshipmentvs.timeofdeliveryforshipmentcontractstimeofshipment=timeofdeliveryforallarrivalcontractstimeofshipment≠timeofdelivery5.4ShipmentclauseinthesalescontractShipmentclauseincontractStipulatingmethodsspecifyingafixedperiodoftimeoradeadlineShipmentistobemadeduringJanuary/February/March2011Shipmentnotlaterthan31stJuly,2011settingatimeperioduponreceiptofpaymentShipmentistobemadewithin30daysafterreceiptoftheL/C.TherelevantL/Cmustreachthesellernotlaterthan30thJune,2011.ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningtimeofshipmentSufficiencyintermsofavailabilityofgoodsavailabilityofshippingspacePaymentNormallyL/Cshouldarriveatleast15daysbeforethetimeofshipmenttoallowtimeforexaminingandmodifyingL/CFlexibility:avoid“shipmentonMay15th”Clarityavoidwordinglike“Immediateshipment”,“Promptshipment”,“Shipmentassoonaspossible”etc.ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningportofshipmentanddestination:closetotheoriginofthegoodsconsideringportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctions..definiteandspecificbeingawareofdifferentportsinthesamenameShipmentclauseincontractPartialShipmentthecommoditiesunderacontractaretobeshippedinmorethanonelotReasonsforpartialshipmentthelackofmeansofconveyanceshippingspaceunavailablethelimitationofloadingorunloadingfacilitiesattheportofshipmentordestinationtherestrictionofmarketcapacityproductionability

…ShipmentclauseincontractPartialShipment:relevantrules&