Application:

InternationalTrade

應(yīng)用：國(guó)際貿(mào)易Chapter9InternationalTrade國(guó)際貿(mào)易Whatdetermineswhetheracountryimportsorexportsagood?什么決定一個(gè)國(guó)家是否進(jìn)口或出口一種物品?InternationalTrade國(guó)際貿(mào)易Whogainsandwholosesfromfreetradeamongcountries?在國(guó)際自由貿(mào)易中誰(shuí)獲利誰(shuí)虧損？WorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage

世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)Ifacountryhasacomparativeadvantage,thenthedomesticpricewillbebelowtheworldprice,andthecountrywillbeanexporterofthegood.如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在某種物品生產(chǎn)方面有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格將比世界價(jià)格低，這個(gè)國(guó)家就會(huì)是該物品的出口國(guó)。WorldPriceandComparativeAdvantage

世界價(jià)格與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)Ifthecountrydoesnothaveacomparativeadvantage,thenthedomesticpricewillbehigherthantheworldprice,andthecountrywillbeanimporterofthegood.如果一個(gè)國(guó)家在某種物品生產(chǎn)方面沒(méi)有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格將比世界價(jià)格高，這個(gè)國(guó)家就會(huì)是該物品的進(jìn)口國(guó)。PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticdemandInternationalTradeinanExportingCountryDomesticsupplyWorldpricePriceaftertradeExportsDomesticquantitydemandedDomesticquantitysuppliedPricebeforetrade鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量國(guó)內(nèi)需求出口國(guó)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易國(guó)內(nèi)供給世界價(jià)格貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格出口國(guó)內(nèi)需求量國(guó)內(nèi)供給量貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeABCDExports鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量世界價(jià)格國(guó)內(nèi)需求自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利國(guó)內(nèi)供給貿(mào)易后的價(jià)格貿(mào)易前的價(jià)格ABCD出口PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeAConsumersurplusbeforetradeBCProducersurplusbeforetradePriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanExportingCountryDomesticsupplyPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeAConsumersurplusaftertradeCBProducersurplusaftertradeDExportsHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfarein

anExportingCountryTheareaDshowstheincreaseintotalsurplusandrepresentsthegainsfromtrade.BeforeTradeAfterTradeChangeConsumerSurplusA+BA-BProducerSurplusCB+C+D+(B+D)TotalSurplusA+B+CA+B+C+D+D自由貿(mào)易如何影響出口國(guó)的福利面積D表示總剩余增加，并代表貿(mào)易的利益貿(mào)易前貿(mào)易后變化消費(fèi)者剩余A+BA-B生產(chǎn)者剩余CB+C+D+(B+D)總剩余A+B+CA+B+C+D+DTHEWINNERSANDLOSERSFROMTRADETheanalysisofanexportingcountryyieldstwoconclusions:Domesticproducersofthegoodarebetteroff,anddomesticconsumersof thegoodareworseoff.Traderaisestheeconomicwell-being ofthenationasawhole.自由貿(mào)易贏家和輸家兩個(gè)結(jié)論：當(dāng)一國(guó)允許貿(mào)易并成為一種物品的出口國(guó)時(shí)，該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者狀況變好，而該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者狀況變壞貿(mào)易增加了一國(guó)的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。TheGainsandLossesofanImportingCountry

InternationalTradeinanImportingCountryIftheworldpriceofsteelislowerthanthedomesticprice,thecountrywillbeanimporterofsteelwhentradeispermitted.Domesticconsumerswillwanttobuysteelatthelowerworldprice.Domesticproducersofsteelwillhavetolowertheiroutputbecausethedomesticpricemovestotheworldprice.Figure5HowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyWorldPriceDomesticdemandPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeABCDImportsHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyWorldPriceDomesticdemandPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeAConsumersurplusbeforetradeCBProducersurplusbeforetradeHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryPriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyWorldPriceDomesticdemandPriceaftertradePricebeforetradeAConsumersurplusaftertradeBDCProducersurplusaftertradeImportsHowFreeTradeAffectsWelfareinanImportingCountryTheareaDshowstheincreaseintotalsurplusandrepresentsthegainsfromtrade.BeforeTradeAfterTradeChange

ConsumerSurplusAA+B+D+(B+D)

ProducerSurplusB+C

C-B

TotalSurplusA+B+CA+B+C+D+D自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利面積D表示總剩余的增加量，并代表貿(mào)易的收益貿(mào)易前貿(mào)易后變化消費(fèi)者剩余AA+B+D+(B+D)生產(chǎn)者剩余B+C

C-B總剩余A+B+CA+B+C+D+D自由貿(mào)易如何影響進(jìn)口國(guó)的福利對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)的分析得出了兩個(gè)結(jié)論:當(dāng)一國(guó)允許自由貿(mào)易并成為一種物品的進(jìn)口國(guó)時(shí)，該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者狀況變好，而該物品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者狀況變壞。貿(mào)易增加了一國(guó)的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。TheGainsandLossesfrom

FreeInternationalTradeThegainsofthewinnersexceedthelossesofthelosers.Thenetchangeintotalsurplusispositive.國(guó)際自由貿(mào)易的得與失贏家的好處大于輸家的損失?？偸Ｓ嗟膬糇儎?dòng)是正的。TheEffectsofa

Tariffs

關(guān)稅的影響Tariffsaretaxesonimportedgoods.

關(guān)稅——對(duì)進(jìn)口物品征收的稅。Tariffsraisethepriceofimportedgoodsabovetheworldpricebytheamountofthetariff.

關(guān)稅使進(jìn)口物品的價(jià)格提高到世界價(jià)格之上，其增加量等于關(guān)稅。有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格世界價(jià)格沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格關(guān)稅的影響…鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量國(guó)內(nèi)供給國(guó)內(nèi)需求關(guān)稅Q1SQ1D沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量Q2DQ2STheEffectsofaTariff...PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandWorldpriceQ1SQ1DPricewithouttariffImportswithouttariffConsumersurplusbeforetariffProducersurplusbeforetariffTheEffectsofaTariff...PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandTariffWorldpriceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPricewithouttariffPricewithtariffImportswithouttariffImportswithtariffAConsumersurpluswithtariffB關(guān)稅的影響…鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量國(guó)內(nèi)供給國(guó)內(nèi)需求關(guān)稅f世界價(jià)格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D關(guān)稅前的價(jià)格關(guān)稅后的價(jià)格沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量A關(guān)稅后的消費(fèi)者剩余BTheEffectsofaTariff...PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandTariffWorldpriceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImportswithouttariffImportswithtariffCGProducersurplusaftertariffPricewithtariffPricewithouttariffTheEffectsofaTariff...PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandTariffWorldpriceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DImportswithouttariffImportswithtariffETariffrevenuePricewithtariffPricewithouttariff關(guān)稅的影響…鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量國(guó)內(nèi)供給國(guó)內(nèi)需求關(guān)稅世界價(jià)格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量E關(guān)稅收入有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格TheEffectsofaTariff...PriceofSteel0QuantityofSteelDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandTariffWorldpriceQ1SQ2SQ2DQ1DPricewithouttariffPricewithtariffImportswithouttariffImportswithtariffABCEGDFDeadweightloss關(guān)稅的影響…鋼鐵價(jià)格0鋼鐵數(shù)量國(guó)內(nèi)供給國(guó)內(nèi)需求關(guān)稅世界價(jià)格Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格有關(guān)稅時(shí)的價(jià)格沒(méi)有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量有關(guān)稅時(shí)的進(jìn)口量ABCEGDF無(wú)謂損失ChangesinWelfarefromaTariffBeforeTariffAfterTariffChange

ConsumerSurplusA+B+C+D+E+FA+B-(C+D+E+F)

ProducerSurplusG

C+G+C

Government

RevenueNoneE+E

TotalSurplusA+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+C+E+G-(D+F)TheareaD+Fshowsthefallintotalsurplusandrepresentsthedeadweightlossofthetariff.關(guān)稅帶來(lái)的福利變化關(guān)稅前關(guān)稅后變化

消費(fèi)者剩余A+B+C+D+E+FA+B-(C+D+E+F)

生產(chǎn)者剩余G

C+G+C

政府收入

無(wú)E+E

總剩余A+B+C+D+E+F+GA+B+C+E+G-(D+F)面積（D+F）表示總剩余減少，并代表關(guān)稅的無(wú)謂損失TheEffectsofaTariffAtariffreducesthequantityofimportsandmovesthedomesticmarketclosertoitsequilibriumwithouttrade.Withatariff,totalsurplusinthemarketdecreasesbyanamountreferredtoasadeadweightloss.關(guān)稅的影響關(guān)稅減少了進(jìn)口量，并使國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)更接近于沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)的均衡。有關(guān)稅時(shí)，市場(chǎng)總剩余減少，這種減少被稱為關(guān)稅的無(wú)謂損失。TheEffectsofanImportQuota

進(jìn)口限額的影響Animportquotaisalimit

onthequantityofimports.進(jìn)口限額——對(duì)進(jìn)口物品的數(shù)量限制。TheEffectsofanImportQuotaBecausethequotaraisesthedomesticpriceabovetheworldprice,domesticbuyersofthegoodareworseoff,anddomesticsellersofthegoodarebetteroff.Licenseholdersarebetteroffbecausetheymakeaprofitfrombuyingattheworldpriceandsellingatthehigherdomesticprice.進(jìn)口限額的影響…因?yàn)檫M(jìn)口限額使物品的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格上升到世界價(jià)格之上，所以國(guó)內(nèi)買者的狀況變壞了，國(guó)內(nèi)賣者的狀況變好了。許可證持有者的狀況變好了，因?yàn)樗麄兡軓陌词澜鐑r(jià)格購(gòu)買并按較高的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格出售中得到利潤(rùn)。TheEffectsofanImportQuotaWithaquota,totalsurplusinthemarketdecreasesbyanamountreferredtoasadeadweightloss.Thequotacanpotentiallycauseanevenlargerdeadweightloss,ifamechanismsuchaslobbyingisemployedtoallocatetheimportlicenses.進(jìn)口限額的影響有進(jìn)口限額時(shí)，市場(chǎng)總剩余減少，這種減少被稱為進(jìn)口限額的無(wú)謂損失。如果采用游說(shuō)議員這一機(jī)制來(lái)分配進(jìn)口許可證，進(jìn)口限額有可能引起更大的無(wú)謂損失。Bothtariffsandimportquotas...

關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口限額都…raisedomesticprices.

提高了國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格。reducethewelfareofdomesticconsumers.

減少了國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的福利。increasethewelfareofdomesticproducers.

增加了國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者的福利。causedeadweightlosses.

引起了無(wú)謂損失。TheArgumentsforRestrictingTrade

各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點(diǎn)Jobs工作崗位論NationalSecurity國(guó)家安全論InfantIndustry幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)論UnfairCompetition不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)論P(yáng)rotectionasaBargainingChip作為討價(jià)還價(jià)籌碼的保護(hù)論

NAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)isanexampleofamultilateraltradeagreement.北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定是一個(gè)多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議的例子In1993,NAFTAloweredthetradebarriersamongtheU.S.,Mexico,andCanada.1993年，這個(gè)協(xié)定降低了美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥之間的貿(mào)易壁壘。GATTTheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)referstoacontinuingseriesofnegotiationsamongmanyoftheworld’scountrieswithagoalofpromotingfreetrade.GATThassuccessfullyreducedtheaveragetariffamongmembercountriesfromabout40%afterWWIItoabout5%today.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定(GATT)

是世界上許多國(guó)家為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易的一系列連續(xù)的談判。關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定成功地把成員國(guó)之間的平均關(guān)稅從第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后的40％左右降低到現(xiàn)在的5％左右。SummaryTheeffectsoffreetradecanbedeterminedbycomparingthedomesticpricewithouttradetotheworldprice.Alowdomesticpriceindicatesthatthecountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingthegoodandthatthecountrywillbecomeanexporter.Ahighdomesticpriceindicatesthattherestoftheworldhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingthegoodandthatthecountrywillbecomeanimporter.小結(jié)通過(guò)比較沒(méi)有國(guó)際貿(mào)易時(shí)的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格和世界價(jià)格，可以確定自由貿(mào)易的影響。國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格低表明，該國(guó)在生產(chǎn)這種物品上有比較優(yōu)