TextA:NationalOilCompanies:Oil’sDark

SecretTextB:TheFutureofOPECTextC:TheEraofOilAbundanceUnit4PETROLEUMCOMPANYANDORGANIZATIONSection2textlearning(A)TextOrganizationPart1（Para.1）：Part2（Para.2-7）：Part3（Para.8-13）IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.InspiteoftheproblemsandfailuresinNOCs,somefactorscanhelp.Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart1(Para.1):IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.1.Whatisnationaloilcompany?Nationaloilcompany(NOC)

ispartiallyorwhollystate-ownedfirmsthroughwhichgovernmentsretaintheprofitsfromoilproduction.(Para.1)2.Whatarethesimilaritiesofmoststate-ownedfirms?Theyarepronetoover-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart2(2-7):Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.3.WhyisitsaidthatPDVSAprovidesacautionarytaleofhowbadtheycanbe?(Para.3&11)PresidentHugoChávezhasforcedmostforeignoilfirmsinVenezuelatogointopartnershipwithitsnationalchampion.Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures－presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginalfields.(Para.3)MrChávezdictatesthelayingofpipelinesofPDVSAandcustomers.(Para.11)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysis4.Whywilloilproductionbemoreconcentratedin

thehandsofthenationalfirmsofRussiaandthePersianGulf?

PersianGulfinthefuture?(Para.4)----decreaseofoilproductionintheopenareas----largelyoutofboundstomultinationals----notyetthoroughlyrakedoverInformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)5.Therearesomereasonsforthefailureof

nationalization.Whatarethey?（Para.5-7）----excessivegovernmentintervention(over-staffed,instrumentsofforeignpolicy,frequentlynationalized)（Para.5）

----alackofopenness(ofenoughdatatoatheory,afullpictureofoil)(Para.6)----underinvestment(politicallypalatabletoreducedrillingprogramsandseismicsurveys)(Para.7)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)Part3(Para.8-13):InspiteoftheproblemsfailuresinNOCS,somefactorscanhelp.6.Whatleadstotheinefficiencyandcorruptionof

NOCs?Therearenoenoughstronginstitutionstoregulatethemortomanagethemoneytheygenerate.(Para.8)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)7.Whatstrategiescanbehelpfulforthenationalization?----(SaudiArabian)gradualandfriendlytakeoverhelpstopreserveinstitutionalmemoryandanefficientcorporateculture.Otherwise……(Para.10)----Clearstrategicguidancegoeshand-in-handwithoperationalautonomyatthebestNOCs.(Para.11)----Competitionalsohelps.(Pare.12)----AbundantoildoesnotseemtobeprerequisitetosuccessforaNOC,butseemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood.(Para.13)Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?

2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,

Sinopec.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheir

development?Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?Somecountrieswastemoneyfromoilonauthorityofthestate.WithouttheeffectivecontrolofthecountriesoverNOCs,manyproblemswillappear,suchasinefficiencyandcorruption.Insomeareas,private-ownedoilcompaniesperformbetter.Sonationalizationofoilcompanyisnotalwaysagoodwaytodevelopoilindustry.Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussion2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,Sinopec，

andCNOOC.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheirdevelopment?ChineseNOCshavesimilarproblemstoothercountries’,eg.,over-staffing,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.Someexperiencesfromothercountry’sNOCsdeserveChineseNOCs’study(regulatedbythecountry).PermittheforeigninvestmentonChineseoilindustry.PropercompetitionforcesNOCstokeepcostsdownandmethodsuptodate.Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelopacountry’spoolofskilledlaborandtodisseminate（transmit）

newtechnologyandideas.Section2textlearning(A)Becausethesenationalchampionscontrolasmuchas90%oftheworld’soilandgas,theycandofarmorethanthelikesofExxontoassuagethecurrentworriesaboutsupplyandinfluencetheaccompanying

recordprices.……theyareproneto

over-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)由于這些國有巨頭們控制了世界上大約90％的石油和天然氣，因此它們能比埃克森之類（大）公司更易于緩和目前對(duì)石油供應(yīng)的擔(dān)心，并影響相對(duì)應(yīng)的股價(jià)。但是和大多數(shù)國有公司一樣，它們也都可能有各種弊端：人員過剩，投資不足，政治干涉以及腐敗。bepronetosth.:tohaveatendencytobeaffectedbyitortodoit有…傾向，易于Cf.beliableto;beapttoLanguagePointsSection2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints它現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營(yíng)了許多合資公司——大概并不會(huì)比它原先經(jīng)營(yíng)的油田好到哪兒去。2)Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures—

presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginal

fields.(Para.3）3)NewoilismostlikelytobefoundintheNOCs’

territory,preciselybecauseitislargelyoutof

boundstomultinationalssuchas……andsohas

notyetbeenthoroughlyrakedover.(Para.4)由于遠(yuǎn)離像?？松梨诠竞陀凸具@樣的跨國公司，新的油田最有可能在國有石油公司的領(lǐng)土上被發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)檫@些地方還沒有被完全開發(fā)。4)SaudiAramcohasnotreleasedenoughdatatoquashatheorythatitsoilreservesarenotnearlyaslargeasitcontends,andthatitsoutputmayhave

peaked.(Para.6)Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints有一種理論認(rèn)為沙特國家石油公司（譯注：也叫沙特阿美，全稱Arabian-AmericanOilCompany）的實(shí)際石油儲(chǔ)備量并沒有其聲稱的那樣多，而且它的產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了頂峰，但是沙特石油公司未能提供足夠的數(shù)據(jù)來反駁這理論。Section2textlearning(A)LanguagePoints5)Anygovernmentthatreliesonoilingeneral,anda

state-runoilfirminparticular,……andseismic

surveythancivilservantssalariesandhospital

budgets.(Para.7)6)SoNOCssprangupbeforetheircountrieshad

institutionsstrongenoughtoregulatethem,orto

managethemoneytheygenerate—arecipefor

inefficiencyandcorruption.(Para.8)任何總體上依賴石油，特別是依賴一個(gè)國有石油公司獲得大部分收入的政府，在石油價(jià)格下跌的時(shí)候都會(huì)傾向于縮減投資，因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)于削減公務(wù)員的薪水和醫(yī)院預(yù)算來說，大量減少鉆探項(xiàng)目和地質(zhì)調(diào)查在政治上更易于接受。因此，國有公司得以快速發(fā)展，國家卻沒有足夠強(qiáng)大的機(jī)構(gòu)來約束它們或者來管理它們所創(chuàng)造的財(cái)富，而這正是造成低效和腐敗的成分。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints7)Bycontrast,Sonatrachtookoverforeignoilfirms’

assetsinAlgeriamuchmoreabruptlyandacrimoniously,followingalongandbitterlyfoughtwar

ofindependence.(Para.10)8)TheSaudigovernment,forexample,letsAramcosetitsownprices,unlikeKuwait’s,whichhandsthemdowntoKPCfromonhigh.(Para.11)相比之下，阿爾及利亞國家石油公司Sonatrach則以一種更加生硬刻薄的方式接管了外國石油公司的財(cái)產(chǎn)，接下來又陷入了漫長(zhǎng)而殘酷的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。例如，沙特政府就允許阿美石油公司自行設(shè)定石油價(jià)格，而不像科威特政府那樣將定價(jià)下達(dá)給KPC。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints9)Critically,Aramcoisabletoretainaportionofits

earningsformaintenanceandexpansion,ratherthan

subsistingonanallocationfromthenationalbudget,asIran’sstate-runoilfirmdiduntilrecently.(Para.11)10)Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelop

acountry’spoolofskilledlabourand,whentheyoperateinjointventures,todisseminatenewtechnologyandideas.(Para.12)更重要的是，沙特阿美能夠保留一部分收入用于公司的日常運(yùn)作和發(fā)展，而不是依靠國家預(yù)算的劃撥來維持生存，而直到不久以前，這一直是伊朗國家石油公司賴以生存的方式?？鐕镜某霈F(xiàn)也幫助培養(yǎng)了一大批技術(shù)熟練的勞動(dòng)力，并且當(dāng)他們?cè)诤腺Y企業(yè)中工作時(shí)也傳播了新技術(shù)和新觀念。TextB1.Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsideOPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.Whileproductionoutsidethecartelismanageable,togetherwithIraqandIran’splans

itcouldrepresentasignificantthreattooilpricesinthelatterhalfofthedecade.(Para.3)bedwarfedby…:beoutnumberedby1.與此同時(shí)，非OPEC地區(qū)也在陸續(xù)增產(chǎn)，但隨著歐佩克成員國伊拉克和伊朗雄心勃勃地提出增產(chǎn)計(jì)劃，前者的產(chǎn)量便相形見絀了。目前，OPEC以外的石油產(chǎn)量還是可控的，但隨著伊拉克和伊朗的增產(chǎn)，石油價(jià)格在接下來的五年內(nèi)可能會(huì)面臨嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。ShouldIranandIraqtogetherboostproductiontoareasonablyachievablelevelof11millionbarrelsperdayby2020,whichwouldrepresentanincreaseof5millionto6millionbarrelsperdayabovepresentlevels.OPEC’sproductionquotashavealreadybeenasourceoftensionamongitsmembers,butproducershavealwaysfoundwaystoskirtaroundthem.Thatmaynolongerbepossible.WhileIran’sdomesticconsumptionwillincreasesignificantly,thepotentialexportincreasesarestilltoohighforSaudiArabiatooffset.(Para.5)AisasourceofB…:AisresponsibleforB/BisattributabletoASkirtaroundsth…:trytoavertfromoravoiddoingsth.Offset:tocompensatethelossofsth.2.如果伊朗和伊拉克同時(shí)增產(chǎn)，到2020，石油產(chǎn)量有望達(dá)到日均1100萬桶，

相

比現(xiàn)在每天增產(chǎn)近500萬到600萬桶。歐佩克的生產(chǎn)配額制一直是成員國

之間關(guān)系緊張的根源，也總是被各成員國想方設(shè)法地繞過，這種情況在以

后可能不會(huì)再發(fā)生。雖然伊朗的國內(nèi)石油消費(fèi)將大幅提升，但對(duì)沙特而言，

伊朗潛在的出口增量依然過高，對(duì)其造成的出口損失難以彌補(bǔ).3.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqtovoluntarilylimitexportgrowth,butwithoutotherincentivesthereisnoreasontobelievetheywoulddosowhenitisintheirshort-termeconomicinteresttoboostexportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)Incentive:measuresencouragingsb.todosth.Thereisnoreasontobelievethat…:Itisimplausibletobeconvincedthat/Noreasonleadstoone’sconvincethat/Itstandslittleprobabilitythat.../Thebeliefgoeswithoutanyfeasibilitythat…3.由此一來，沙特可能會(huì)要求伊朗和伊拉克主動(dòng)減少其石油出口，但事實(shí)上，由于兩伊國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)缺乏激勵(lì)政策，只能通過擴(kuò)大石油出口盡可能獲得短期的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益，因此沙特的訴求不太可能會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。4.

WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasapoliticaltooltoincreaseoilpricesorplaceanembargoonexports,ascanbeseenfromthe2008pricespike,OPEC’smodernchallengeismoreconcernedwithkeepingoilpricesreasonablylow,notartificiallyraisingthemorembargoingoil.(Para.9)artificially:doneonpurpose4.盡管歐佩克歷來被用作抬高油價(jià)或禁運(yùn)石油出口的政治工具——這點(diǎn)從2008年油價(jià)飆升就可見一斑，該組織現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)則是關(guān)于保持石油合理的低價(jià)，而不是人為抬高油價(jià)或者禁運(yùn)石油。5.Inordertopreserveitslong-termhealth,OPECwillneedtopreserverelativelylowoilprices,bothtoensurethatdevelopingmarketsinAsiacanaffordtokeepbuyingtheoilandtopreventalternativessuchasshaleoil,electriccarsornaturalgas-to-liquidstechnologyfrombecomingmoreeconomicallyfeasible.(Para.9)preserve：maintainorkeepsth.stableoratacertainstandard;alternatives:substitutesforoileconomicallyfeasible:aseconomicallyaspossible5.為了使OPEC長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)健發(fā)展，油價(jià)需要維持在一個(gè)相對(duì)較低的水平，這既能滿足亞洲市場(chǎng)的購買力，同時(shí)由于油價(jià)走低，像頁巖油這樣的新興能源、電動(dòng)汽車以及天然氣液化技術(shù)，也不太容易變得經(jīng)濟(jì)適用。

Section3ExercisesLanguageOralPresentationTranslationEssayWriting

Section3ExercisesTask1GlossaryMatchc2.d3.g4.a5.h6.b7.e8.fTask2WordsorExpressions1.areproneto 6.potential2.reserve 7.incentive3.feasible 8.presumably4.abundance 9.dictate

5.diversification 10undermine

Language

Section3ExercisesTask1QuestionsandAnswersAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationfromTextA,BorC.Question1.Paragraph11&12oftextAQuestion2.Paragraph5oftextBQuestion3.Paragraph2-5oftextBQuestion4.Paragraph7oftextCQuestion5.Paragraphs2-11oftextC

OralPresentation

Section3Exercises

OralPresentationTask3CriticalThinkingEnhancement

Thebenefitsofallthatcheapcrudeoilstillhaven’tshownupattheoneplaceitmattersmost:thegasstation.Simpleeconomicssuggeststhathighersuppliesandlowerdemandshouldtranslateintocheaperprices.Butabundantoilhasn’tcutgasolineprices.Therearemanyreasons.Forexample,regulatoryandtransportationsystemsthatgrewoutofthoseoldassumptionshavebecomeincreasinglyoutdated,preventingtheforcesofsupplyanddemandfromworkingefficiently.Tobringgasolinepriceswaydownrequiresimprovementsinthepipeline,barge,andtrucknetwork.Yetevenwithimprovementsinoil-fieldlogistics,driverswillbecompetingforgasolinewiththeircounterpartselsewhereintheworld.

Section3ExercisesTranslation1.任何以石油為經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱的政府，尤其那些經(jīng)濟(jì)收入依賴國有石油公司的政府，在石油價(jià)格下跌的時(shí)候，都會(huì)傾向于縮減投資；因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)于公務(wù)員的薪水和醫(yī)院預(yù)算來說，大幅削減鉆探項(xiàng)目和地質(zhì)調(diào)查在政治上更容易讓人接受。(TextA,Para.7)2.盡管歐佩克歷來被當(dāng)作抬高油價(jià)或禁運(yùn)石油出口的政治工具——這點(diǎn)從2008年油價(jià)飆升就可見一斑，但是該組織現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是關(guān)于如何石油合理的低價(jià)，而不是人為抬高油價(jià)或者禁運(yùn)石油。(TextB,Para.9)Task1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Section3Exercises3.與其擔(dān)心那些壞脾氣的石油大國，不如做好準(zhǔn)備迎接新的地緣政治格局：原先蒸蒸日上的（國家）可能會(huì)走下坡路，而那些從前在眾人心中毫無地位的國家也許會(huì)成為全球的重要玩家。(TextC,Para.2)4.對(duì)于美國來說，這真是天大的好事?；ㄆ旒瘓F(tuán)的埃德?莫爾斯欣喜若狂地說：“美國不會(huì)再向暴君們或封建君主們卑躬屈膝了，他們的石油供應(yīng)已不再是外交政策的籌碼。”這個(gè)說法可能有一點(diǎn)兒盲目樂觀，不過我們對(duì)此也有個(gè)大致了解。(TextC,Para.5)5.和石化能源公司相比，綠色能源公司的發(fā)展障礙本身就大；當(dāng)石油、天然氣價(jià)格下降以后，遇到的阻礙將更增大。不過，仍有一線希望：它們不會(huì)就此被市場(chǎng)淘汰，低廉的能源價(jià)格會(huì)帶給消費(fèi)者新的選擇。（TextC,Para.10）Translation

Section3ExercisesTask2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Theinternalizationofnationaloilcompaniesisamongthetoptrendsontheglobalenergyfrontinthe21stcentury.Itoccupiesavailableenergyofwesterninternationaloilcompanies.Moreover,thecompetitivelandscapeshifts:OPECmembersaremuchdiminished;globally,newoil-and-gassuppliers,suchasU.S.shaleoilandgaspotential,Canada’soilsands,Venezuela’sultra-heavyoilandBrazil’sdeep-seaoilareemerging.Chinesestate-ownedoilcompanieshaveconsiderableadvantagesinfunds,certaintechnologiesandservices.However,comparedwithwesterninternationaloilgiants,theystillfallbehindowingtoaninsufficiencyinglobalmanagementandsupportingresearch.Translation

Section3ExercisesEssayWritingFindouthowtowriteanillustrationessaybyreadingtheseeasytips:Likeanyessay,introduceyourtopicinyourfirstparagraph.Useeachkeywordthatyouwroteinyourintroductionasthemainfocusofeachofyourbodyparagraphs.Payattentiontoyourdescriptions.Avoidbeingtoovagueortoogeneral.Usecomparisonsthatarefamiliartoyourreaders.Anillustrativeessayhasaplentyofexamples.Makesureyourexamplemakesaclearpoint.textlearning(B)KeySentencesAtthesametime,OPECmustdealwithplanstoexpandoilproductionenvisionedbothbyIraqandIran,whichcouldleadtolowerpricesthanthecarteldesires.(Para.1)Thefivecountriescertainlypossessedthatpowerwhenthecartelwasinitiallyformed,……dominancehasdeclinedovertheyears.(Para.2)Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsidePPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.(Para.3)4.AlthoughmostoftheU.S.increasehasbeen

offset……toreduceproductionlevelsattimesto

maintainprices.(Para.4)textlearning(B)KeySentences5.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqto

voluntarilylimitexportgrowth,……toboost

exportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)6.Historically,SaudiArabiahasarguedforincreased

productionfromthecartel……formoderate

productionlevelsandstrongprices.(Para.6)7.Indeed,ChinahasmassiveprojectswithSaudi

Arabia,……15percentofitsoilfromOPEC

memberAngola.(Para.7)textlearning(B)KeySentences8.Theimpactonlong-termpricesislesscertain,

however;……suppliesinnon-OPECcountries

aswell(Para.8)9.WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasa

politicaltool……notartificiallyraisingthem

orembargoingoil.(Para.9)10.Furthermore,temperedoilpricesfor

consumersinAsiawillonlyreinforcethe

region’seconomicgrowth,contributingto

increaseddemandforOPEC’soil.(Para.9)textlearning(C)KeySentencesWearesufferingwhiplash:Fornearlyfourdecades,……otherwiseself-respectingworldleaderstogenuflect,andeconomiststoshudder.(Para.1)Russia’sVladimirPtuinhasstruttedtheglobalstage,Bolsteredbygasandoilprofits,andVenezuela’sHugoChavezhasthumbedhisnoseatlosYanquis.(Para.1)Ratherthanpetroleumscarcity,weareseeingintoafloodofnewoilsupplies……countriespreviouslyonnoone’sa-listmaysuddenlybecentralglobalplayers.(Para.2)Wewillnolongerbekowtowingtodespoticrulers……Thosetradeoffswillbeeliminated.(Para.5)textlearning(C)KeySentences5.Newpetrostates:Aren’tweforgettingthose

unsungnationsthat,……endupwithfarmore

robusteconomiesandasgeopoliticalplayers?

(Para.6)6.Cooperation:WesternsuspicionofChinahas

beenfueledbyitsaggressiveacquisitionof

naturalresourcesaroundtheworld,especially

oilandgasfields.(Para.7)7.Lookingahead,Chowwonderswhetherthe

UnitedStatesmightendupcollaboratingwith

ChinaandIndiainpatrollingthePersianGulf.

(Para.7）textlearning(C)KeySentences8.Strugglingtomakeupthedifferencebutwithno

tools……publicpopularitybasedonagrowing

andoptimisticmiddleclass.(Para.9)9.Thebarwasalreadyhighforgreen-tech

companiestocompeteagainstthe……lower

energypricescouldcreateanewconsumer

choice.(Para.10)10.Sothereyouhaveit:OP