高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法全詞法第1主一致一念:主謂一致是指1）語(yǔ)法形式上一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形與謂語(yǔ)要一致。2）意義上要一，即主語(yǔ)意義上的復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形一致。3）就近原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形取決于最靠近它詞語(yǔ)，一般來說，不數(shù)名詞動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞復(fù)。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名前有表數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂動(dòng)詞用數(shù)形式。例如：Tenthousandtonscoalwereproducedlastyear.二關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)例如：1

Readingandwritingareveryimportant.讀寫很重要。注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)and結(jié)時(shí)如果它表示一個(gè)單一的念，即指同一人同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)用單數(shù)and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只一個(gè)冠。例如：Theironsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.鋼工業(yè)對(duì)我的生活有重要義。典型例題TheLeaguesecretarymonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.答案B.注先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮這是過去發(fā)生的情應(yīng)用去時(shí)，先排除A.，C本題易誤選D因?yàn)門heLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是兩人，但細(xì)辨別monitor前沒有the在英中，當(dāng)人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第個(gè)職務(wù)加定冠詞后面的職務(wù)用and相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B2

2.主一致中的靠近原則1)當(dāng)therebe句型的主語(yǔ)一系列事物時(shí)謂語(yǔ)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保一致。例如：Thereisapen,knifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支筆、把小刀和幾本書Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentstheclass.班上有二十個(gè)孩，二三個(gè)女孩。2）當(dāng)either…or與neithernor連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰的主語(yǔ)保持一致如果句子是由here,there引導(dǎo)而主語(yǔ)又不止個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Eitheryouorsheisgo.是你去，就是她去。Hereisaafewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.給你、信封和。3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面的主語(yǔ)一致當(dāng)with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,wellas詞組成的短語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面主語(yǔ)部3

分一致。例如Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教師和一些學(xué)生在觀工廠HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去劃。4.謂需用單數(shù)的情況1代each及every,some,no,等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞作主時(shí)或主語(yǔ)中含有each,every時(shí)謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)例如：Eachhasatape-recorder.我們每人都有錄機(jī)。Thereissomethingwrongmywatch.我的表壞了2主語(yǔ)是本書或條格言時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)例如：TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.天方夜譚》英語(yǔ)愛好者熟悉一本書3）表金錢，間，價(jià)格或度量衡復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)通常把這些名詞作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)一用單數(shù)例如：4

Threeweekswasallowedmakingthenecessarypreparations.用三個(gè)星期來做準(zhǔn)備。Tenyuanenough.十元夠了。5.指代意義定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)1）詞what,which,who,none,some,any,most,all詞的單數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)決定。如：Allisright.一切順利。Allarepresent.人都到了。2體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根主語(yǔ)的意思來決。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集中的各成員用單時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的體。例：Hisfamilyisn'tvery他成員不多。Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音愛好者但集合名詞people,cattle,poultry在任何情況都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例5

如：Arethereanyaround?近有警察嗎？3）名詞variety,number,population,majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，時(shí)看作數(shù)。例如：Anumberof+詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)。Thenumberof名詞復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)動(dòng)。Anumberofbookslentout.ThemajorityofthestudentsEnglish.6.與后接名或代詞保持一致的況1）用halfmostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsplenty等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名代詞保持一致。如：Mostofhismoneyisspentbooks.他大部分的錢在書上。Mostofthestudentstakinganactivepartsports.大分學(xué)生極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)2）用aportionaseriesof,apile6

of,panel等起主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)詞通常用單數(shù)。例：seriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒體報(bào)道了一串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.爐邊有一堆木柴3）如manya或morethan所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)多用單數(shù)形式。但由than…of作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后名詞或詞保持一致。例如：Manypersonhasreadthenovel.許多人讀過這書。Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.分之六十多的學(xué)生來自個(gè)城市三固練習(xí)（）Theof______fifty,butanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,7

C.was,wereD.were,were（）E-mail,astelephones,________animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play（）______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are（）4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.

seemB.seemsC.

seemedD.areseemed8

（）Ericistheonlyonetheboyswho_____adrivinglicense.A.

hasB.haveC.ishavingD.are（）6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doorA.isC.wereD.be

B.are（7.Inmyopinion,someofthe_____unbelievable.A.are

B.C.hasbeenD.havebeen（）8.When______theUnitedNationsfounded?A.isC.wasD.were

B.are（）9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastried9

B.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried（）10.shesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.A.wasB.wereC.hashave（）11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.C.havebeenD.is（）Nobody______seenthefilm.It’aA.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave（）13.Noteachernostudent______A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmitting10

D.isadmitting（butone______herenow.A.is

B.wasC.hasbeenD.were（）15.Whenbuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havedecided（）16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do（）17.AsIhaveameetingfour,tenminutes_____allthatcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.D.were（）18.InthoseJohnwithclassmates_____keptbusypreparing11

fortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were（）19.—____yourclothes?—mine_____hangingoverthere.A.Isit,isB.Arethese,areC.Isit,areD.Arethese,is（）20.TheSmithswhich____ratheralargeone,____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.A.were,wereB.was,C.were,wasD.was,were（）21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswant_____that12

ofthecountries____beautiful.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are（）22.istheonlyofstudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.

isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen（）23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringevents,meetings,orsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.Each,areB.Both,isC.Neither,areD.None,is（）——Whatdoyouof______ofthecoat?13

——Itsratherhigh.Youcanbuycheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.priceD.use（）25.—Arethetwoanswerscorrect?——______correct.A.nooneisB.bothnotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot（）26.Thewind,togetherwithrainandfog,_____makingsailingdifficult.A.havebeenB.wasC.

/D/are四案1.CA3.4.B5.6.B7.8.C9.10.C11.D12.C13.14.D15.A16.A17.14

C18.C19.20.D21.22.D23.24.C25.C26.第2動(dòng)的時(shí)態(tài)一念:時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)謂動(dòng)詞的種形式,表動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間所處的態(tài).語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞式本身變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語(yǔ)有種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用有十種般現(xiàn)在時(shí),過去時(shí),般將來時(shí)去將時(shí)在進(jìn)行時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí),去成時(shí),在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行.二關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的法1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)性的動(dòng)作，常與表頻腮度的時(shí)間狀連用時(shí)間狀：every…,sometimes,at…onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschool7morning.每天早我七點(diǎn)開家。2）客觀真理客觀存在，科學(xué)事。例如：15

Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中國(guó)部。3）示格言或警句例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.者必?cái)?。注意此用法果出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ)從中，即使主句是過時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也用一般在時(shí)。例Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥倫布證了地球圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)的狀態(tài)能力性格個(gè)性。例如：Idon'twantsomuch.我不要么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishdoesnotspeakwell.英語(yǔ)得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.16

我正在做功課第一句用一般在時(shí)用于作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示性動(dòng)作，表示言行的間動(dòng)作第二句中的now是行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在行的動(dòng)的客觀狀況，所以后句用一現(xiàn)在時(shí)2.一過去時(shí)的用法1確定的去時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)例如時(shí)間語(yǔ)有yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherin1982等例如：Wheredidyougojustnow?剛才你上哪兒去了？2示在過一段時(shí)內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作例如：Whenwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路踢足球WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawelcome.那時(shí)，布朗一無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去，受到熱烈歡迎。17

3）型Itforsb.tosth"到…時(shí)間了"……了"例如istimeforyoutogotobed.該睡了。Itistimethatdidsth."時(shí)已遲了"早該……例如Itistimewenttobed.你該睡覺了。would（hadrathersb.didsth.表示寧愿某人某事'例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.還是天來吧。4）wonder,think,hope等用過去時(shí)，作試探性詢問、求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作或態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在例如：Ithoughtmighthavesome.我以為你想要一些比較：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含義她已不人間）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallher（含義：她現(xiàn)還活著）Mrs.DarbylivedKentucky18

forsevenyears.（義：達(dá)太太已再住在肯塔基）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含義現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基，有可指剛離去）注意：用過去表示現(xiàn)，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1）詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?您還要些什么嗎Iwonderedyoucouldhelpme.能不能幫我一。2）態(tài)詞could,。例如：Couldyoulendyourbike?的自行車，能用一些？3.一般將來1）shall用于第一人稱常被will所代替。will在述句用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用第二人。例如：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst我先讀一段呢19

Willyoubeathomeatthisevening?今晚七回家好？2）begoing+定式，表示將來。a.語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么？b.計(jì)劃，安要發(fā)生事。例如：Theplaygoingtobeproducedmonth這出戲月開播c.跡象要發(fā)生的事例如Lookatthedarkclouds,theregoingtobeastorm.看那烏云，要下雨。3be+定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正安排將發(fā)生的。例如WearediscussthereportnextSaturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4beabout+定式，意為馬上做某事。例如HeisabouttoBeijing.他馬上要去北。注意：betodo不能與tomorrow,next表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀連20

用。4.一般現(xiàn)在表將來1）下列動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return一般現(xiàn)時(shí)可以表示將來主要用來表示在時(shí)上已確定或安排好事情。如：Thetrainleavessixtomorrowmorning.火車明上午六開。Whendoesbusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。2）here,there開始的倒裝，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)。例如Herecomesthebus.=busiscoming.車來了。Theregoesbell.Thebellisringing.鈴了。3）時(shí)或條件句中。例如WhenBillcomes不是willcomeaskhimtowaitme.爾后，讓等我。I'llwritetoyouasasI21

arrivethere.我到那里，就信給你。4）動(dòng)hope,takecarethat,makesurethat的賓語(yǔ)從句中例如：Ihopehaveanicetimenextweek.我希望們下星玩得開心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.離開房間前，務(wù)必窗戶關(guān)。5.用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來下列動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行可以表示將來。例如I'mleaving明天我要走了。Areyouheretillnextweek?你會(huì)在這兒呆下周嗎6.現(xiàn)完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用表示之已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)還存在也可表持續(xù)到在的動(dòng)或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成have（has）+過分詞。7.比一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在成時(shí)1般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)或22

單純敘述過去事情，調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的影響。2般過去常與具的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與糊的時(shí)狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間語(yǔ)。一般過去時(shí)的間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday,last，…in1980,October,justnow，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的間狀語(yǔ)for,since,soever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,pastyears,always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀。共同的時(shí)間語(yǔ)thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3在完成可表示續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)一般是續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.一般過去時(shí)常的非持性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例：23

Isawthisfilmyesterday.（調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)過了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.強(qiáng)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，影的內(nèi)已經(jīng)知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子交，疑不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）HehasbeenLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）句子中如有過時(shí)的時(shí)副詞（如yesterday,last,week,1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完時(shí)，要過去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tomwrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（對(duì)）Tomwrotelettertohisparentslastnight.8.用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從部分，用現(xiàn)在完成。24

例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.這是我第次訪問城市。Thisisthefirsttime（）heardhimsing.這是我第次聽他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisis形容詞高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI've（ever）seen.這是我過的最的電影。9.過去完成1）念：表示過去過去----|----------|--------|---->其構(gòu)成是had過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在2）法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等詞后的語(yǔ)從句。例如：Shesaidthat）shehadbeentoParis.她告訴我她曾去過巴。25

b.語(yǔ)從句在過去不同時(shí)發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先用過去成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)例如：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrun警到時(shí)，小們?cè)缇团芰?。c.示意向的動(dòng)詞如hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過去完時(shí)表示"原本，未能"。例如：Wehadhopedthatwouldcome,butyoudidn't.時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。3）過去完成的時(shí)間語(yǔ)before,by,untilwhen,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidhadlearnedEnglishbefore.他說過以前學(xué)一些英語(yǔ)。Bythetimewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingby26

himself.到了十二那年，迪生開始自己謀生。Tomwasdisappointedmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.湯姆失望了，為他到晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已走了。10.用一般去時(shí)代過去完成時(shí)1兩動(dòng)作如按序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用andbut等連詞時(shí)，用一般過去時(shí)例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起。MyauntgavemehatandIlostit.姑媽給我一頂子，我把它丟了。2）兩個(gè)作相繼發(fā)生，可用般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)作需要干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例：Whenheardthenews,wasveryexcited.3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成，而只用一般過時(shí)。例：27

OurteachertoldusColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.將來成時(shí)1）構(gòu)成havedone2）概念a.狀態(tài)完成：表示事繼續(xù)將來某一時(shí)為止一直的狀態(tài)例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那時(shí)們結(jié)婚有二十年了。b.動(dòng)完成：表示將來某時(shí)或另個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作前，已經(jīng)完成的作或獲的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此時(shí)，已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了12現(xiàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的本用法a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。如：Wearewaitingforyou.我們正在等你。28

b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)作未必在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在寫另一部小說（說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于作的狀）c.表示漸變這樣的動(dòng)詞grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。如：Theleavesareturningred.子在變紅。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越來越熱了d.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存的狀態(tài)往往帶有說話人的主觀色例如：Youarealwayschanging你老是改變主。13.過去進(jìn)時(shí)1念：表過去某正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2去進(jìn)行的主要法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生29

3）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有thismorning,wholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenevening,when,while等。例如：Mybrotherfellwhilewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我弟騎車時(shí)摔了下，受了。Itwasrainingwhentheythestation.他們離車站時(shí)正下著雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunshining.我到山頂時(shí)，陽(yáng)光爛。14.將來進(jìn)時(shí)1）概念：表示來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)來會(huì)發(fā)的事情。例如：She'llbecoming她會(huì)很快來的。I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.將來我一去見他注意：將來進(jìn)時(shí)不用表示"志"不能說behavingatalkher.2常用時(shí)間狀有soon,tomorrow,this30

evening，onSunday,bythis，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等例：thistimetomorrow,lyingonthebeach.明天此時(shí)，我躺在海上呢。15.一般現(xiàn)時(shí)代替般將來時(shí)When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,longas,bythetime,if,incase（that）unless,evenif,whether,moment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句條件中用一般在時(shí)代將來時(shí)例如：HeisgoingtovisitauntthehearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。16.一般現(xiàn)時(shí)代替般過去時(shí)1）"書上"，報(bào)紙上說等。例如：Thenewspapersaysthatit'sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的。2）敘述往事，使其動(dòng)。例：31

Napoleon'sarmynowadvancesthegreatbattlebegins.拿侖的軍正在向前挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)始了17.一般現(xiàn)時(shí)代替在完成時(shí)1）些動(dòng)詞用一般在時(shí)代完成時(shí)如hear,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：Ihearhaveheard）hewillgotoLondon.我聽了他將去敦。Iforget=haveforgotten）howoldheis.我忘他多大。2）用句"is……"代替"Ithasbeen…since…。例：Itis=hasbeen）yearssincewelastmet.從我上次見以來，五年過去了。18.一般現(xiàn)時(shí)代替在進(jìn)行時(shí)。在Here/Theregoes…等型里，用一般現(xiàn)時(shí)代替在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：Theregoesbell.鈴響了。19.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)時(shí)代替來時(shí)32

1）表示即將發(fā)的或預(yù)中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如：Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我們起度周好嗎Weareleavingsoon.我馬上就走。2）變動(dòng)詞如get,grow,become,begin及瞬間動(dòng)die等。例如：Heisdying.他要死了。20.時(shí)態(tài)致1）如從句所敘述的為真或相對(duì)變的事實(shí)，則現(xiàn)在時(shí)例如：Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.時(shí)人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。Hetoldlastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告訴我他十八了。2）賓語(yǔ)從句中助動(dòng)詞ought,need,must,dare的態(tài)是不的。例如：HethoughtthatIneedtellyouthetruth.他為我不必訴你真。三固練習(xí):33

1、I’givethebooktohimassoonashe________back.2、thebaby________cryingyet?(stop)3、IdontknowwhetherMother__________metoBeijingnextmonth.(take)4、She_______hercoatand(put)5、“Whataretheydoing?“They__________readyforthesports(get)6、Theboyaskedhismother________himgoandplay7、I’mtokeep____________forlongtime.(wait)8It________(take)himhalfanhour_______(finish)hishomeworkyesterday.9、If________interestingfilm,we’llittomorrow.(be)10Theyusually________(do)their34

homeworkaftersupper.11、Who_____________(sing)inthenextroomnow?12__________(be)yourparentsinShanghailastyear?13Mr.Yu_____________(teach)mathssince1982.14、TheyhaveatriptotheGreatWallifit(notrain)tomorrow.15、Lioften_________(listen)totheradiointhemorning.16、A:“Father,mayIoutandplayfootball?”B:“_____you____(do)yourhomework?”17、Allthepeopleinthetownare______(hear)thatafamousmusician___aconcertthisSaturdayevening.(give)18、Ourteachertold_____(notsnow)wewouldvisittheScienceMuseumthenextday.19、Theyoften_______(play)35

footballintheafternoon.20、reyoudoingDad?B:I_______(mend)theradio.21、Lets_______(carry)thetothehouse.22Yesterday______(want)verymuchtoseethefilm,butshecouldn’t__(get)aticket.23、_________(write)toassoonIgettoShanghai.24、Mike___________(visit)severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.25、He___________fourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.26Don’tmakeanynoise,Grandma___________(sleep).27Hisaunt___________(do)somecookingwhencamein.28、Whenthey___________(reach)thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.29、There___________(be)ameetingnextMonday.36

30___________(know)eachothersinceourboyhood..31Sometimesmyfather___________(come)backhomelate.32、They___________(have)Englisheveningnextweek.33Imglad___________(hear)that.34WeiFangtShe___________(go)tothereading-room.35、Thestory___________(happen)longago.36They___________(visit)theHistoryMuseumlastweek.37、ZhangHong___________(make)manyfriendssinceshecametoParis.38、She___________(go)tothecinemawithherclassmatestomorrowevening.39、here,bag.Dontgoout.It___________(rain)now.40LiPing___________(write)acompositioneveryweek.41、Thescientist(give)us37

atalkyesterday.42parents___________(live)inBeijingsince1949.43Look!Theyoungworker___________(show)thestudentsaroundfactorynow.44They___________(build)anewbridgeoverriveryear.45、Thestudents___________(clean)theirclassroomtomorrow.46、Thewindowsoflab___________(clean)onceweek.47、Ourteacher___________(join)thepartytwentyyearsago.48Theboys___________(have)abasketballmatchnow.Let’___(go)and_____(watch).49、She___________(work)inthisfactoryfortenyears.50“Whatmakesyou___________(think)I’mafarmer?”theFrenchmanasked.四案38

1.comes2.stopped3.willtake4.put

done29.willbe17.to30.havehear…es18.’t32.will5.aregetting6.tolet7.waiting8.took…tofinish9.is10.do11.issinging12.Was13.hastaught14.doesntrain15.16.Have…

snow19.play20.ammending21.carry22.,get23.willwrite24.hasvisited25.26.issleeping27.wasdoing28.reached39

have33.tohear34.hasgone35.happened36.visited37.hasmade38.will39.israining40.writes41.gave42.havelived43.is

showing44.willbuild45.willclean46.iscleaned47.joined48.arehaving,go…watch49.hasworkedthink40

第三章動(dòng)詞的態(tài)一念:動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)是詞的一形式,表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間法或語(yǔ)的關(guān)系.英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)態(tài)用于主動(dòng)句,表示主是動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于被句表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)的承受者.動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的成方式動(dòng)詞時(shí)相同,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)變化二關(guān)識(shí)點(diǎn)精1.let的用1）當(dāng)后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可不帶的不定式。例如Theyletthestrangego.他們放生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.2）當(dāng)let后賓較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而allowpermit替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那護(hù)讓我41

去探望住院的學(xué)。---->wasallowed/permittedseemyclassmateinhospital.2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一整體不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。如：MysisterwilltakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹奶奶照。Suchahasneverbeenheardofbefore.這樣的事聞所未。3.表"據(jù)說"或"相信的詞組，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand組成例如：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisreported…據(jù)報(bào)Itisbelieved…大家相信Itishoped…大家望Itiswellknownthat…眾周Itisthoughtthat大家認(rèn)為Itissuggested…據(jù)建議Itistakengrantedthat…被視42

為當(dāng)然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大決定Itmustremember務(wù)記住的是4.不被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1）不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，appear,diedisappear,end（vi.結(jié)束fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,take沒有無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火過后，家燒得所剩無(wú)幾。比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise,seat是及物動(dòng)詞要想正確地使被動(dòng)語(yǔ)就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物，哪些不及物的。特別是一詞多義動(dòng)詞往有兩種用法。解決這一問題有在學(xué)過程中多留43

意積累。2）不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及動(dòng)詞或詞短語(yǔ)如fit,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belong等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.這把鑰匙只配這鎖。Yourstoryagreeswhathadalreadybeenheard.你說的與我們聽的一致。3）動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如appear,become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,taste,等例如：Itsoundsgood.聽上不錯(cuò)。4）同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death,dream/dream，live/life，以反身代詞，相互代詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：Shedreamedadreamlastnight.44

她昨晚做了個(gè)夢(mèng)。5）當(dāng)語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很用于被語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：（對(duì)）Shelikestoswim.（錯(cuò)）swimislikedbyher.5.主動(dòng)形式示被動(dòng)義1）clean,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：Thebooksellswell.這本書銷路好。Thisknifecuts這刀子很好用。2）blame,（出租）,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：Itoblamefortheaccident.故發(fā)生了，我受指責(zé)Muchworkremains.還有許多活干。3）require,worth（形容詞）,deserve的動(dòng)名必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如：45

Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.門該修了。Thisbookworthreading.這本書值得一讀。4特殊構(gòu)makesb.heardunderstood（使別人能聽/理解自己）。例如Explainitclearlyandmakeyourself解清楚些，讓別人理解你的話6.被動(dòng)形式表示主意義，bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（forbeoccupied）,married等例如：Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意：表示同人結(jié)婚用marrysb.或getmarried均可。例如：Hemarriedrichgirl.他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。Hegotmarriedarichgirl.7.need/want/require/worth46

當(dāng)need,want,require,beworth后面接doing表的是被意義例如：Yourhairwantscutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。Thefloorrequires板需要沖洗。三固練習(xí)1.I___________(teach)herefortenyearssinceIfinishedschool.2.Wouldyoumindme__________(use)yourbike?3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________(sweep)theirclassroomnow.4.TheWhites____________(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.5.It'sbettertogivethan__________(receive).6.Howlong(live)thistown?7.You_______(come)lastyear,______you?8.______you______(see)47

----I______(see)himlastSunday.9.Shesaidthatthecar___________(use)thenextweek.10.didn'twhat__________(happen)toChinaacentury.11.WhenIthestation,train____already______(leave).12.Thestonebridge______________(build)inourhometowntenyears.13.Thedeskmust______(clean)onceday.14.The_________(lie)onthefloorwhencamein..15.It_________(rain)heavilywhenIgothome.16.Hermother____________(cook)thistimeyesterday.17.Thestudents_____________(do)theirhomework.__________make)anynoise!48

18.----______ever_______toBeijing?----Yes.I________therelastweek.19.He'lltelephoneusassoonashe_________(arrive)there.20.Jiefangtrucks____________(make)inChangchun.21.penisfor__________(write).22.Allthatmust________(do).23friendcan'tdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________(choose).sheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.24.Theyfindituseful__________(learn)English.25.Theoldmanoften_________(tell)thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe________(tell)twostories.26.Theradio__________(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It____________(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.49

27.Wouldpleasehow___________(make)thewatch________(work)?28.Shedoesn'tknow(do)andwhere__________(go).四案1.havetaught2.using3.aresweeping4.weren’tlistening

5.toreceive6.have…lived7.came…didn’8.did…see,

saw9.wouldbeused10.wouldhappen11.had…left12.havebeenbuil

t13.becleaned14.waslying15.wasraining16.wascooking

17.aredoing,Don’tmake18.have…beeen,went19.arrives50

20.aremade21.writing22.bedone23.tochoose24.tolearn25.tells,willtell51

第四章動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)一念語(yǔ)氣有三種:語(yǔ)氣,使語(yǔ)氣和擬語(yǔ)氣.語(yǔ)氣表示說話人勸詞所示示的動(dòng)作或所處的狀持有的度或看法.二關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1.辨別引真實(shí)條句和if引的虛擬條件句區(qū)別Iftime,willwithus.=Probablyhehaswillgous.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthasnotime.2.虛擬條件句中句和從的謂與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式如表if條句中的謂與動(dòng)詞

主句的謂與動(dòng)詞should1.行動(dòng)would與現(xiàn)在的事詞用did形could+實(shí)相反式

動(dòng)詞原形2.be動(dòng)詞might用were52

與過去的事實(shí)相反

shouldhaddonewouldcould+havedonemight1.行動(dòng)should詞用didwould與將來的事2.shouldcould+實(shí)相反+詞原形動(dòng)詞原形3.weremight+動(dòng)詞原形3.混合時(shí)間的虛語(yǔ)氣如果條件句中動(dòng)作和句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各所表示時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。1)0Ifhadreceivedpassportyesterday,wouldstarttoday.2)Ifhehadtelephonedmenight,Iwouldseehimnow.3)Ifhehadfolloweddoctoradvice,hewouldallrightnow.4)IfChinahadnotliberated,53

workingpeoplewouldstillleadingamiserablelife.4.should/could/might/oughtto+done表示“過去應(yīng)該/可做而實(shí)上卻沒做”needn’thavedone示“過沒必要作而實(shí)際上做了5.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝句如果虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有were,had,could,should，時(shí)可將if省，而將件從句主語(yǔ)置于were,had,should,could之后。Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.WereIyou,Iwouldmorepracticeafterclass.Couldshelendahelpinghand,woulddoso.6.wish后面的賓語(yǔ)句的謂動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示“可惜…….就好了；不該…；但愿…”主句謂語(yǔ)從句謂54

時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與wish同時(shí)發(fā)生

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)be動(dòng)詞用werewish

過去時(shí)動(dòng)用表示在wishdone之前發(fā)生的be用had動(dòng)作been動(dòng)詞用would將來時(shí)do;should表示在wishdo之后發(fā)生的be用would動(dòng)作beshouldbe1)IwishIkeytotheanswer.2)Iwishweretenyearsyounger.3)IwishthatIhadgonetothefootballmatchlastweek.4)Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.55

5)Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.7.表示命令建議動(dòng)詞suggest,insist,propose,desire,demand,request,order,command后的賓語(yǔ)從句中使用虛擬should詞原形；should不可would來替代;句所用的動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)不限。8.suggest為“建議去…命令…”從用should+do為“說明；暗示,句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。1)ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesday.2)Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.9.insist“持要去做…堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做從句用shoulddo“持表明堅(jiān)持說/解釋從句過去時(shí)或過去完成。虛擬語(yǔ)氣也用于表語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)句中，表示間接命令、求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句主語(yǔ)通是suggestion,proposal,request,order,等。表56

語(yǔ)從句中的謂動(dòng)詞是should動(dòng)詞原，should可以省略。11.在主語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用需擬語(yǔ)氣形式其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞should詞原型，或should省略。三固練習(xí)1.Iftherenosubjunctivemood,English_________easier.A.willB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe2.I_____jointhearmy.A.amB.wasC.wereD.wouldbe3.Ifhe_______tomorrow,hewouldfindMrWangtheoffice.A.comesB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.4.it_______next,thecropswouldbesaved.A.rainsB.willrainsC.57

wouldrainD.shouldrain5.IfI_______it,IwoulddoitadifferentA.weredoB.doC.haddoneD.wastodo6.Supposingweather________bad,wherewouldyougo?A.isB.willbeC.wereD.be7.Ifhehadworkedharder,he_________.A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded8.Ifhe________,he_________thatfood.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnot58

taken9.Ifmylawyer_________herelastSaturday,he_______mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented10.Ifhe______it,he_______it.A.hadseen;couldhavebelievedB.saw;’tbelieveC.saw;’havebelievedD.hasseen;hadbelieved11.—youthinktheenteredthroughthewindow?—No,hehad,donbelieve,_______brokentheliving-roomswindow.A.hewouldhaveB.musthaveC.hehadD.shouldhehave12.—DidyougoswimmingSunday?59

—No.Wewouldhavegone______nicer.A.iftheweatherwasB.wouldtheweatherbeenC.hadtheweatherbeenD.shouldtheweatherbe13.______it______forhelp,couldnhavemadeanyprogress.A.Had;beenB.Should;notbeenC.Did;beenD.been14._______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldhaveleftB.WasheleavingC.WeretoleaveD.Ifheleaves15.Itisorderedthatnewbridge______overwideriver.A.shouldbebuiltB.wouldbuiltC.willbuiltD.built60

四案1.D2.C3.C4.D5.A6.C7.D8.B9.A10.A11.D12.C13.A14.C15.A第5助詞一念:助動(dòng)詞是幫助要?jiǎng)釉~成各種時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),語(yǔ)氣以否定或問結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞.動(dòng)詞分為時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞兩種.二關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:1.助動(dòng)詞be用法1）be分詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)例如：Theyarehavingameeting.他們正在開會(huì)。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來越重要。2）be+過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗戶是湯姆打的。Englishistaught