?體?程學(xué)論?英?版ERGONMICSErgonomicsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenmanandmachineandenvironmentalscience,alsoknownasergonomicsergonomicsergonomicsorinterpersonal,afterWorldWarIIdevelopedanewdiscipline.Ergonomicresearchinforeigncountriesduetodifferentmethods,resultinginalotofdifferentnames.IntheUnitedStatescalled"humanengineering"or"humanfactorsengineering;whilemanyWesternEuropeancountriesknownasthe"ergonomics,othercountries,mostcitedthenameofWesternEurope.Ergonomicsisthestudyof"man-machine-environment"systemofhuman,machineandenvironmentbetweenthethreeelementsinordertosolvethesystemofhumanperformance,healthproblemsoftheoryandmethodsofscience.People,machines,threeelementsintheenvironment,"person"meansanoperatororuser,includingthepsychologicalcharacteristics,physicalcharacteristicsandhumanabilitytoadapttothemachineandtheenvironmentareimportantresearchtopics.`"Machine"referstothemachine,butthemoregeneralmeaningoftechnicaltermsmuchbroader,includingalloperationanduseofhumanproductsandengineeringsystems.Howcanwedesigntomeettherequest,inlinewiththecharacteristicsofthehumanmachineproducts,istheimportantissueofergonomics.Ininteriordesign"machine"means,mainlyreferstoallkindsoffurnitureandtherelationshipbetweenpeople,suchasdoors,windows,railings,stairs,etc.Inseparablerelationshipbetweenmanandmachine,mainlyin:1.Humanbeingsinordertoachievecertaingoals,tomeetsomehumanneedsanddesignthemachine.(2)re-design,manufacture,use,monitoringandmaintenanceprocess,themachineisalwaysconstrainedandinfluencedbypeople,machineryandprogressmuchfasterthanhumans.Imbalancebetweenthetworesultsgivesthemachinetheonehand,theburdenhasincreased,sohavegreateffectsonhumanbeings;theotherhand,humansareaboutandinfluencethemechanicalperformance.Hence,ifthesetofmachineryandequipmentdoesnotmeetthetechnicaloperatorofphysicalandmentalcharacteristics,notonlythemechanicalpropertiescannotbefullyrealized,butalsomaycauseaccidents."Environment"referstopeopleworkingandlivingenvironment,noise,lighting,temperatureandotherenvironmentalfactorsonpeople'sworkandlives,isthemaintarget."System"thatis,bytheinteractionandinterdependenceofseveralcomponentscombinedintoanorganicwholewithaspecificfunction,andsecond,the"system"itselfisitssubordinatepartofalargersystem.Duetomentalstimulationandphysiologicalchangescausedbythephenomenonknownasstress.Itwasfirstproposedbyselye.Experimentalresultsshowthatlong-termpsychologicaldisturbancecanbedetrimentaltohealth.Noisegeneratedstress,interfereswithmood,bloodpressure,heartrateandotherphysiologicalchangesisanexample.Thus,ergonomicsisnotonlytheheightfromthesystemofman,machineandenvironment,therelationshipbetweentheheightfromthestudyofthevarioussystemelements.Theperformanceofpeoplewhoworkmainlyreferstotheperformancerequirementsthatmustbecompletedinaccordancewithanoperationshownbytheefficiencyandperformance.Workershavetheirworkperformanceistomeasuretheefficiencyandproductivity.Aperson'sperformancedependsonthenatureofwork,humancapacity,toolsandworkingmethods,dependingonman,machineandenvironment,whethertherelationshipbetweenthethreeelementsareproperlyaddressed.People'shealth,includinghealthandsafetyInrecentdecades,people'smentalhealthattentionhasbeenattached.Psychologicalfactorscandirectlyaffectthephysicalhealthandjobperformance,therefore,notonlytostudysomeoftheergonomicfactorsonpeople'sphysicaldamage,suchasstrongnoiseontheauditorysystemofdirectdamage,butalsotostudythesefactorsonthehumanheartdamage,forexample,somenoise,althoughnotdirectlyharmpeople'shearing,butpsychologicaldisturbance,causingpeople'semergencyresponse.Understandthebasicconceptslater,wecanbetterunderstandthedefinitionofergonomics.Thekeyisthatweshouldunderstandtwothings:First,ergonomicsisthemanandmachine,humanandenvironmentaldisharmony,orevenahistoryofseriousconditionssuchcontradictionsgraduallybuiltup,whichitselfisstillunderdevelopment;firstSecond,thestudyfocusesonergonomicsystemofpeople.Ergonomicsinsolvingthesystemofpeople'sproblems,mainlyintwoways:First,themachine,theenvironmentforpeople;thesecondisthroughthebesttrainingmethods,peopleadapttothemachineandtheenvironment.Anysystemaccordingtotheprinciplesofhumanengineeringdesignormanagement,mustbeconsideredfromtwoaspects.Ergonomicresearchisbroadlydividedintothreemain1personworkingthesystemThestudyincludes:bodysize,experienceandinformationprocessing,movement,learningability,physicalandpsychologicalneeds,thesensitivityofthephysicalenvironment,socialenvironment,sensitivity,intuitionandtheabilitytofeel,thedifferencebetweenpersonal,environmentalonthehumanbodycaninfluencepeople'slong-term,short-termcapacitylimitsandcomfortpoint,thehumanformofreflectionandresponse,anddifferencesinpeople'shabits,ill-conceivedresearch.2peopleworkingthesystemdirectlybyusingthemechanicalpartofhowpeopleadapttotheuseofThesesectionsaredividedintothreecategories:(1)Display:instrumentation,signaldisplay(2)manipulator:themanipulationofvariousmachineryparts,rods,buttons,plates,wheels,pedalsandsoon.(3)Equipment:furniture,equipmentandsoon.3theuseoftheenvironmentandpeople(1)thegeneralenvironment:interiorarchitectureandspaceenvironmentlighting,temperature,humiditycontrol.(2)specialcircumstances:forexample,metallurgy,chemical,mining,aviation,aerospaceindustryandpolarexploration,encounterandsometimesspecialcircumstances,suchastemperature,pressure,vibration,noise,radiationandpollution.Fromtheergonomicspointofviewoftheproblem,coveringthetechnicalsciencesandhumansciencesofmanycross-cuttingissues.ErgonomicbasicdataandmeasurementtoolsFirst,thehumanbody'sbasicdataunderlyingdataarethefollowingthreeaspects,namely,thebodystructure,humanscaleandhumanactionssuchasthedomainofthedata.1,thebodystructuremostcloselywiththeergonomicsofthemotorsysteminthebones,jointsandmuscles,thethreepartsofthenervoussystemdominated,sothatallpartsofthebodycompletedaseriesofmovements.Bonefromtheskull,trunkbones,limbsofthreeparts,thespinecancompleteavarietyofsports,isthebackboneofthehumanbody,theconnectionbetweenthebonejointsandcanplayactiveroleinskeletalmusclebymusclecontractionorrelaxationofthenervoussystemcommand,sothatcoordinationofthevariouspartsofthebodymovements.2,thehumanscaleishumanscaleergonomicstudiesofoneofthemostbasicdata.3,thedomainofhumanactionthatpeopleworkandliveintheinteriorofthesizerangeofactivities,namelytheactiondomain,itisimportanttodeterminethespatialscalebasedonindoorfactors.Determinedinavarietyofmeasurementdomainofhumanaction,isthebasisforergonomicresearchdata.Ifthehumanscaleisastatic,relativelyfixeddata,thescaleofthedomainofhumanactionwasdynamic,thedynamicstateofscaleandactivityscenarios.Interiordesignatthesizeofthehuman-scaleuseofspecificdatashouldbeconsideredatdifferentspatialandenvelopeofthestate,thesafetyofpeoplemovementandactivity,andsuitableformostpeople'ssizeandtohighlightthesecurityasaprecondition.Forexample:ahighdegreeofopenings,clearheightaccessstairs,railingshandrailheight,shallbetakenasthemaximumheightofmalebodyanddynamicwhenappropriatemargintothebodydesign;forsteppingheight,hangonashelforstructureheightshallbetheaverageheightofthefemalebodybydesign.Second,physiologicalmeasurementbasedonthehumanbodyduringvariousactivities,changesinthephysiologicalstateofthecase,bymeansofmeasurement,tobeobjectiveandscientificmeasurementtoanalyzetheenergyinactivityandloadsize.Physiologicalmeasurementmethodsare:1,EMGmethodtohumanactivitiesinthestateofmusclecontractionZhangcurrentchartrecorder,whichcanquantitativelydeterminetheactivityofhumanstrengthandload.2,therateofenergymetabolisminthebodyactivitiesasmethodsofenergyconsumptionandconsequentialoxygenvalues,comparedwithnormaloxygenconsumption,asmeasuredactiveintensity,energymetabolismratecalculation,andtherateofenergymetabolismofdifferentactivities(RMR).Thecalculationformulaisasfollows:Oxygenconsumptionduringexercise-restingoxygenconsumptionrateofenergymetabolism(RMR)Basalmetabolicrateofconsumptionof3,thecurrentmethodofspiritualreflectiononthehumanbodyduetotheamountofactivityandsweatforthecurrentmeasurement,quantitativeunderstandingoftheoutsideworldandthustheintensityofpsychologicalfactors,thusdeterminingthesizeoftheloadofhumanactivities.Third,thehumanpsychologicalmeasurementusedinpsychologicalmeasurementofmentalandphysicalmeasurementscalemethod.1,thespiritofphysicsmeasurementswithphysicsmethodforthedeterminationoftheminimumamountofstimulationofhumannerves,andthesmallestdifferencebetweentheamountofsensorystimulation.2,scalesinordertomeasurethedivisionofpsychology,forexample,astraightlineintosegments,accordingtotheorderofcalibrationreviewsbyexpertsorordinarypeople,correspondingtothebeautyandugliness,oldandnew,theprosandconsforevaluationErgonomicsintheinteriordesignoftheapplicationBecauseergonomicsisanemergingdiscipline,ergonomicinteriordesignapplicationinthedepthandbreadth,tobefurtherseriousdevelopment,thecurrentapplicationhasbeencarriedoutasfollows:First,determineandinterpersonalactivitiesintheindoorspacerequiredforthemainbasisinaccordancewiththerelevantergonomicmeasurementdatafromthehumanscale,theactiondomain,mentalspaceandinterpersonalspace,inordertodeterminethespatialextent.Second,determinethefurniture,physicalfacilities,scaleanduseofthemainbasisfortheuseofhumanfurnishings,theirshape,scalemustbebasedprimarilyonthehumanscale;thesametime,peopleandfacilitiesinordertousethefurniture,mustbearoundleavingroomforactivitiesandusetheminimum,theserequirementsbythehumanbodyengineeringsciencetoberesolved.Thesmallerinteriorspace,thelongerthestay,thetestrequirementsinthisareathehigherthecontent,suchascars,cabin,cabinandothermodesoftransportwithinthedesignspace.Third,toadaptthebody'sinteriortoprovidethebestphysicalenvironmentphysicalparametersoftheindoorenvironmentareindoorthermalenvironment,acousticenvironment,lightenvironment,gravity,radiationenvironment,interiordesignwiththerequirementsofthescientificparametersinthedesignwhenitispossibletohavethecorrectdecisions.Fourth,themeasurementofvisualelementsdesignedforindoorvisualenvironmenttoprovi