英漢句式差異I.英語語言特點：樹形結構從兩種語言的句子結構來分析，不少語言學家都注意到，英語的造句猶如樹形結構，先有主干（主謂句），然后利用各種時態(tài)關系以及關系代詞，介詞和連詞等把短語、從句往這個主干上掛，句子呈空間發(fā)展，形成大樹。BecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict,English-speakingAmerica,wheretherewerenoreligiouswar,isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomwhichwasdeniedthemintheirhomeland.

在Americaisoftendescribedasalandofrefuge這個主干上，生出這么多的短句，從句的樹枝。 而漢語就沒有那么豐富的關系代詞、關系副詞和時態(tài)的優(yōu)勢，句子結構只能呈竹竿型，按時間順序一句一句直線前進：英國國內內戰(zhàn)不斷。在這種背景下，美洲就成了人們描述的流亡的樂土。因為美洲沒有宗教戰(zhàn)爭，又是講英語的。人們來到這里追求宗教和政治自由。而這些自由在他們國家里是得不到的。(1a)NankingissituatedamidstoneofChina’smostsplendidnaturalsettings.ItsitsinabasinformedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside.(1b)NankingsitsamidstoneofChina’smostsplendidnaturalsettings,inabasinsurroundedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside.兩個平行句變成了一句，壓縮了12%。(2a)Beijingzooliesinwesternsuburbnearmyhome.ItisthebiggestzooinChina.TheBeijingzooattractsalotofpeopleespeciallychildren.(2b)ThebiggestzooinChina,Beijingzoo,inthewesternsuburbnearmyhome,attractsmanypeopleeveryday,especiallychildren.三個平行句變成了一句，壓縮了29%。Exercise:(3a)Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-TanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-TanParkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.(4a)Thepressureofcompetitionismounting.Theexpectationoftheirparentsishigh.Somanystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard.(5a)TherearemanyadvantagesofTVeducationalprograms.Oneofthemisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewers.TVviewerscanlearndifferentsubjects.BecausethesubjectsrangedfromEnglishtolaw.Key(3b)NearmyhousestandTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.(4b)Withthemountingpressureofcompetitioncoupledwiththehighexpectationoftheirparents,manystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard.(5b)OneoftheadvantagesoftheTVeducationalprogramsisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewerswhomaylearndifferentsubjectsrangingfromEnglishtolaw.II.英漢語言差異：表達順序一個句子里有小句、短語或好幾個信息，有結論性的，有敘述性的，它們應當如何安排？哪一個放在前面？那個放在結尾？漢語是自然語序，即思維和語序自然合拍。句子的語序基本上反映了思想的過程：先想到什么就先說什么，敘事是按照時間順序發(fā)生的。先介紹背景，如條件、事實、道里一一交代周到，最后點出話語的信息中心，下結論，表態(tài)度。 而英語恰好相反。說話人在說話前先把要表達的信息組織一下，一般強調什么，就先說出，即把最重要的事，如態(tài)度、觀點、結論放在句首，開門見山交代清楚。然后再把理由、條件、原因、例證等一條條補述，形成一條頭短尾長的線性鏈。

(1a)HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspendhisvacationbaskinginCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobinwhichhehadbeenengagedintheSouth.

用漢語習慣來表達，應該是： 他先在南方參加某項工程建設，完工后，就去喬治亞度假。在那里他享受了高加索的陽光，昨天才回來。按照這種思維方式寫出的英語就不符合英語的表達習慣：(1b)IntheSouthhehadbeenengagedinaconstructionjob.AfterhecompletedtheworkhewenttospendhisvacationinGeorgia.TherehebaskedinCaucasiansun.Andhehadflowninjustthedaybefore.Moreexamples:(2)PeopleintheWestareindebttotheauthorfortheserviceherenderedinthatbookbypresentingthemwithatrueChina.作者在這本書里向西方描述了真實的中國。對于他作出的這一貢獻，西方國家的人民是要感謝的。(3)NowChinahassolvedtheproblemoffoodandclothingtoapointwhereithasmanagedtofeed1.2billionpeople,22percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation,withonly7percentoftheworld’scultivatedland.Exercises(4a)Moneyandpowerarewhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek.ButIdidnotwantthem,sohewaspuzzled.(5a)BecausetheChinesetraditionallyandmorallyattachmoreimportancetomarriage,sotheyconsistentlyholdanegativeattitudetowarddivorce.(6a)Theirspeechandconductissorude.Thismakesallofusshocked.(7a)Childrenfailthecollegeentranceexaminations.Theirparentsareverydisappointed.Key(4b)HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek:moneyandpower.(5b)AnegativeattitudetowardsdivorcerunsconsistentlythoughtheconsciousnessoftheChinese