Unit3英漢文化與商務(wù)翻譯Tylor’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.PeterNewmark’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthewayoflifeanditsmanifestationsthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.Cultureandlanguage“Nolanguagecanexistunlessitissteepedinthecontextofculture,andnoculturecanexistwhichdoesnothaveatitscenter,thestructureofnaturallanguage”(Sapir-Whorf).沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言不是植根于某種具體的文化之中的；也沒(méi)有一種文化不是以某種自然語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)為其中心的。AJudaskissHideone’slightunderabushelCastpearlsbeforeswineYoucan’tmakebrickswithoutstraw.謀事在人，成事在天阿彌陀佛文化與宗教不同的英漢動(dòng)、植物形象dog鳳凰龍：龍鳳呈祥羊：三羊開(kāi)泰雄雞蝙蝠“歲寒三友”：松、竹、梅Cultureshock顏色詞的文化差異數(shù)字的文化差異相應(yīng)的翻譯策路Domestication:targetlanguagecultureorientedForeignization:sourcelanguagecultureoriented真是“天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍?！??！癟ruly,‘Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.’…..”(Yang)“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.’”(Hawkes)Nobusinesstoosmall,noproblemtoobig.（IBM）沒(méi)有不做的小生意，沒(méi)有解決不了的大問(wèn)題。Askformore.（百事流行鞋）渴望無(wú)限Intelligenceeverywhere.(摩托羅拉)智慧演繹，無(wú)處不在。Feelthenewspace.(三星電子)感受新境界Unit4英漢詞語(yǔ)對(duì)比與翻譯DictionBy“diction”wemeantheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishwordsintoChinese,astheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Tensionisbuildingup.

形勢(shì)緊張起來(lái)。張力在增大。電壓在增加。壓力在增強(qiáng)。

……Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.

Eachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword.

1)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.2)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.

4)Ayoungmancametothepoliceofficewithastory.5)Theoldman’slifestoryisoneofthesaddest.6)LastDec.thePostfirstreportedthatprobeswerebeingmadeineachofthosecities,butofficialsrefusedtoconfirmthestory.7)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.

1)這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將成為這一代人的最重大的事件。

2）現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了。

3）有些沒(méi)讓參加那次會(huì)議的記者把內(nèi)情捅出去了。

4）一個(gè)年輕人來(lái)到警署報(bào)案。

5）這個(gè)老人一生的遭遇算是最慘的了。

6）去年12月，《郵報(bào)》首先報(bào)道偵查工作已在那些城市里進(jìn)行，但官員們拒絕證實(shí)這條消息。

7）報(bào)道中對(duì)他的渲染減少了，不久就從美國(guó)電視上銷(xiāo)聲匿跡了。I.CorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel

Fromtheaboveillustrationswemaycometorealizethatinmostcasesthereisnoexistingpatternforsentencetranslation,noraretherefixedrulesforwordtransformation.Generallyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:

1.Word-for-wordCorrespondence

Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.Forexample:

MarxismaspirinatypicalpneumoniaAPECCarbondioxide馬克思主義阿斯匹林非典型肺炎亞太經(jīng)合組織二氧化碳2.OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning

Thisisacommoncaseintranslation.Forexample:wife:

妻子、愛(ài)人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、拙荊、內(nèi)人……potato:

馬鈴薯、洋芋、土豆、山藥蛋……3.OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaningsThisisalsoverycommonintranslation.Forexample:cousin:

堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……president:

總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長(zhǎng)、議長(zhǎng)、社長(zhǎng)、校長(zhǎng)……4.EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother

Inthiscase,acertainwordmaybetreateddifferentlyaccordingtovariouscircumstancesorcollocations.Forexample:

SaySpeakTalktell說(shuō)講談訴

5.WordsWithoutEquivalents

Inthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexample:

telecommuters:

在家辦公的上班族

woopie:

well-offolderpeople

clock-watcher:

老是看鐘等下班的人

whitegoods/browngoods

CulturalconnotationofawordPink-collarGold-collarGray-collarSteel-collarOpen-collarAmericanPlanContinentalPlanEuropeanPlanpp.53-58BuyAmerican(Act)AdministratorVs.secretaryLonelinessindustrySuburbaninhabitants商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇中的詞義特點(diǎn)一、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯的專(zhuān)業(yè)性和規(guī)范性F.O.B.(FreeonBoard)離岸價(jià)格C.I.F.(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)到岸價(jià)格C&F(CostandFreight)離岸加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)格B/L(BillofLading)提貨單Claim,ifany,mustbemadewithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,afterwhichnoclaimswillbeentertained.如果發(fā)生索賠，必須于貨到目的地后30天內(nèi)提出，過(guò)期不予受理。Sincemanyrepeatordersfromourregularcustomersarerushingin,promptshipmentcannotbeguaranteedafterthemiddleofthismonth.由于經(jīng)常來(lái)往客戶(hù)的續(xù)訂貨單大量涌來(lái)，本月中旬之后，我們很難保證即期交貨。Thisagreementandanyrightsorobligationhereunderarenottransferableorassignablebyonepartytothisagreementwithouttheconsentoftheotherpartyhereto.本協(xié)議以及本協(xié)議所規(guī)定的權(quán)力或義務(wù)不經(jīng)另一方同意不得擅自轉(zhuǎn)讓。二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯的一詞多義現(xiàn)象Inanoverheatedmarket,theaveragebuyerisoftenbetteroffonthesidelines.在市場(chǎng)過(guò)熱的情況下，普通消費(fèi)者大可坐享商家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的漁利。Averageisoftwokinds:generalaverageandparticularaverage.海損有兩種，一種是共同海損，另一種是單獨(dú)海損。Inamarket-basedsystemsuchastheU.S.,hostileacquisitionsarepossiblethroughproxycontestsandtenderoffers.在美國(guó)這樣的以市場(chǎng)為主導(dǎo)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，惡意并購(gòu)很可能通過(guò)代理商競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和假裝好意的惡意收購(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。Inthewest,recruitmentsforexecutivepositionsarethroughproxiesordirectlyinthemarketplacethroughtenderoffers.在西方國(guó)家行政主管的招聘通常通過(guò)（獵頭公司等）代理進(jìn)行，或通過(guò)廣告直接從市場(chǎng)上招聘。Moreexamples:pg:60-61商務(wù)詞匯的翻譯技巧一、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Wehavedecidedtoplaceatrialorderforthefollowingonthetermsstatedinyourletter.根據(jù)來(lái)函條款，我公司決定試訂下列貨物。Theproductsofourfactoryarechiefly

characterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.我廠產(chǎn)品的主要特點(diǎn)是工藝精湛，經(jīng)久耐用。二、增補(bǔ)法1.增補(bǔ)同義詞Boththebuyerandthesellerarebusyatnegotiationsofbusiness,contractanddraft.Largecompaniesshouldderiveenormoussurvivaladvantagefromtherichnessoftheirresources,thereachoftheireconomicandpoliticalinfluence,thebreathoftheirexperience,andthedepthoftheirinformationaboutcustomersandemployees.大型企業(yè)資源豐富，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力雄厚，政治影響深遠(yuǎn)，見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣，洞悉顧客愿望，了解雇員要求，理應(yīng)享有巨大的生存優(yōu)勢(shì)。2.增補(bǔ)范疇詞Unlesstheseissuesareaddressedasamatterofurgency,theconsequentdemotivation

ofstaffwillundoubtedlyhaveanegativeimpactontheperformanceofthecompany.Thechangesofrequirementsforthecommoditiesinthemarketareaffectedbytheinternalandexternalfactors.3.增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)ThefiveToyota,twentyHitachiandthirtyXeroxhavelongbeenreadyforshipment,butshipmentcannotbeeffectedbecauseofthelatearrivalofyourL/C.4.重復(fù)法Hebecameanoilbaron–allbyhimself.Infact,theblatantuseofmoneytomotivatepeopleeithertojoinanorganizationortostayonhascreatedmoremotivationproblemsthanithassolved.5.語(yǔ)義補(bǔ)償Somecomplainedaboutthemanagementandleadershipskillsofdifferentbranchmanagers.有些人抱怨說(shuō)某些部門(mén)經(jīng)理的管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技巧尚待提高。BainCapitalwasabletohelpcreateenormousvaluedespitethepopulartheories.盡管未按種種時(shí)髦的管理理論去做，貝恩資本公司仍舊得以幫助客戶(hù)創(chuàng)造了巨額價(jià)值。三、引申法1.詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化Undertheguidanceofitsdynamicpresident,thecompanyhasturnedfrombeingaloss-makerintoanexporter.在有活力的總裁的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，該公司從一個(gè)虧損者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌隹谏獭Ｔ谟谢盍Φ目偛玫念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，該公司從原來(lái)的一個(gè)虧損企業(yè)變成了能向海外出口產(chǎn)品的公司。Individually,withthehelpofeagermultinationalpartnerswantingtoaddnewproductstotheirstable,Chinesebrandscouldbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithinadecade,markedontheirexoticappeal.中國(guó)公司通過(guò)與急切要拓展現(xiàn)有系列產(chǎn)品的跨國(guó)公司的合作，同時(shí)利用自己的異國(guó)情調(diào)，在十年內(nèi)個(gè)別地成為一種環(huán)球現(xiàn)象。在一些想在其產(chǎn)品系列里添加新產(chǎn)品的外國(guó)公司的協(xié)助下，中國(guó)品牌可以依靠其中國(guó)特色，在十年內(nèi)一個(gè)一個(gè)地都成為全球知名品牌。2.詞義的具體化Themargin