ContainerizationChapterThreechapteroutlineintroductiontocontainerandcontainerizationcontainernetworkcontaineroperationfreightrateforcontainertransportationcontainerbillofladingWhatisContainerizationContainerizationisamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemwhichprovidesapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportation.Stowcargointostandard-sizeandreusablevans.Shipthecontainersinunitloadstoitsdestination.Containerizationhasreshapedmaritimeshippingindustryshortertransittimeandlesslabourbiggervesselsandbiggerportsarebuildedreductionoftransportcostrelocationofinternationalportsaround-the-worldtripbecomepossibleOperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)PleasewatchtheVCRandfindouthowacontainerportisoperatedContainerstackingarea集裝箱堆場Loadsequense裝載順序Crane起重機,吊車Lorry卡車，接駁車Straddlecarrier跨車AdvantagesofcontainertransportationTofacilitatemultimodaltransportationandachievedoortodoorserviceHow?ToensurethesafetyofcargoNotnecessarily

Toincreaseefficiencyoftransportation,reduceoperationalcostOffsetbyimbalanceofshipment,securityissue…

Howcontainersfacilitatemultimodaltransportationandachievedoortodoorservice?ContainerstandarizationStandardExternalContainerDimensions

ContainerLength

20ft

30ft

40ft40HQContainerWidth

8ft

8ft

8ft

8ftContainerHeight8ft6ins8ft6ins8ft6ins

9ft6ins

ContainertransportnetworkShipperconsigneeLocal/regionalLogisticshub

Local/regionalLogisticshubnational/internationalPortnational/internationalPortBranchPort(feederservice)BranchPort(feederservice)Truck,rail短途運輸短途運輸truck./railOceanvoyageAscontainermovealongthisnetwork,theycanbeeitherempty,loadedwithsingleconsignment(Fullcontainerload,FCL整箱運輸),orloadedwithmultipleconsignments(Lessthancontainerload,LCL拼箱運輸)UnderFCLoperation

Whatisshipper’sresponsibility?Whatiscarrier’sresponsibility?Incaseofproductshortageordamage,whoshouldberesponsible,shipperorcarrier?

FCLFCLcargoislargeenoughtocompletelyfillacontainer’svolumeNormally,FCLexportcargoarebroughttoacarrier’scontaineryard(集裝箱堆場CY)afterbeingputinacontainerattheshipper’sfactoryorwarehouse.Atthedestinationport,FCLcargoremaininthecontainerwhenbeinghandedovertoacarrier’sconsigneeataCY

shipperCYCYconsigneeUnderLCLoperationWhatisshipper’sresponsibility?Whatiscarrier’sresponsibility?Incaseofproductshortageordamage,whoshouldberesponsible,shipperorcarrier?

LCLLCLcargoisusuallysmall-lotcargonotsufficientenoughtoloadafullcontainerLCLcargoarebroughttoacarrier’scontainerfreightstation(集裝箱貨運站CFS)wheretheyareconsolidatedbythecarriertogetherwithotherLCLcargoboundforthesamedestination.Attheportoflanding,thecargoesareremovedfromcontainerbythecarrierataCFS,sortoutandthenhandedovertoeachconsigneeshipperCFSCFSCYCYconsignee18集裝箱運輸貨物的交接方式整箱交，整箱接（FCL/FCL）

拼箱交，拆箱接（LCL/LCL）

整箱交，拆箱接（FCL/LCL）

拼箱交，整箱接（LCL/FCL）

集裝箱運輸貨物的交接地點DoorCYCFSDoorCYCFSDifferenttypesofcontainerservice(9)CY/CYContainerService

TheCY/CY(readas'CYtoCY')containerservice---broadlymeansthatthewholecontainerreceivedbythecarrierispackedattheshipper'sortheforwarder'swarehouse,andthedeliveryofthatsamewholecontainertotheconsignee'swarehouses.Inarelatedterm,door-to-doorservice,referstoatypeoffreightserviceavailablefromaforwarderwherebythecargoispickedupattheshipper'swarehouseanddeliveredtotheconsignee'swarehouses.CY/CFSContainerService

broadlymeansthattheshipperpacksthecontainerinhisownwarehouseandthensendittocarrieratContainerYard,andthatsamewholecontainerisemptiedattheCarrier'sContainerFreightStationattheportofdestination,theconsigneearrangesthedeliveryoftheloosecargofromthecontainerfreightstationtohis/herwarehouse.

CFS/CYContainerService

broadlymeansthatthedeliveryoftheloosecargotothecarrier'sContainerFreightStationattheportoforiginispackedintothewholecontainer,andthedeliveryofthatsamewholecontainertotheContainerYardatthedestinationport,consigneethenpickupthewholecontainerfromCY.

CFS/CFSContainerServicebroadlymeansthatthedeliveryoftheloosecargotothecarrier'scontainerfreightstationattheportoforiginispackedintothewholecontainer,andthatsamewholecontainerisemptiedatthecarrier'scontainerfreightstationattheportofdestination.Theconsigneearrangesthedeliveryoftheloosecargofromthecontainerfreightstationtohis/herwarehouse.ToensurethesafetyofcargoNotnecessarily

Whenthecontainertransportsystemwasbeingdesignedandrolledout,theinitialassumptionwasthatusingcontainerswouldsubstantiallysimplifyorcompletelysolvemanyproblemsrelatingtocaringfor,packagingandmaintainingthequalityofcargoesduringmaritimetransport.Itwassoonobvious,however,thatsimplyputtingthegoodsinsidethecontainerwasnotenough,thatinadditiontosimplifyingmattersnewproblemsaroseintermsofmaintainingquality

Theriskfactorsare:

TemperatureGases,Self-heating/Spontaneouscombustion

自燃MechanicalinfluencesHumidity/MoistureToxicity

Hazards危險tohealthVentilation通風Odor臭氣Shrinkage/Shortage/TheftContamination

污染Insectinfestation/DiseasesTheseissuescanbeaddressedinthreeways1.thedevelopmentofspecialcontainersinordertoadaptthemtotherequirementsofthegoods

Ventilatedcontainer通風集裝箱,refrigerated

container冷藏集裝箱,open-topcontainer敞頂集裝箱…2.increasingthe"fitnessforcontainertransport"ofthegoodsbyadditionaltreatment(e.g.drying,preservation)orbysuitablepackaging

“fitnessforcontainertransport”meansthecargocanwithstandthecryptoclimate內部小環(huán)境inastandardcontainer

3.providingappropriatecargocareforcontainerscarryingcriticalproductsbyselectingasuitabletypeofcontainerandstowagespace,stuffing裝箱thecargoproperlyFindtherightcontainerforyourcargoHowtostuffyourcargoproperlyBuffermaterialsbetweencargoestoavoid

scratchesandcollisionDistributethecargowithoutanygapsovertheentirefloorMakesurethecargoestobestowedtogetherhavecompatiblecharacteristicsCertaindrawbacksofContainertransportation:

AdditionalcostsContainerisationincreasesthefuelcostsoftransportandreducesthecapacityofthetransportasthecontaineritselfmustbeshippedaround.Butformostgoodstheincreasedfuelcostsanddecreasedtransportefficienciesaremorethanoffsetbythehandlingsavings.Hazard安全隱患Thereareconcernsonusingcontainerforsmugglingandcontainersthatlostatsea(ashippinghazardthatisdifficulttodetect)Emptycontainers空箱調運成為難題insomecases,thecostoftransportinganemptycontainertoaplacewhereitcanbeusedisconsideredtobehigherthantheworthoftheusedcontainer.Readmaterialandanswerquestions:WhatcausetheshortageofdryandreefercontainersinsomepartofUS?Shortageofcontainermeanshighercostforbothcarrierandshipper,whatweretheirrespondstoprotecttheirinterest?Repositioningemptycontainerstakeuplotsofspaceinavesselandhasalwaysbeenagreatconcernforthecarriers,whytherearesomanyofthemthatneedtobemovedanddoyouhaveanyideatohelpcarriertosavecost?FreightrateforContainertransportationFeesandChargesForFullContainerLoad:FREIGHT=Noofcontainer*boxrate包箱費率+Surcharges附加費Whatisboxrate?TheflatratepercontainerforFCLIsconvenientinsimplifyingthefreightcostcalculationinconsignmentsconsistingofwiderangeofproductsSurcharges:BAF:BunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor,alsoknownasfuelsurcharge,asampleof"percentage"surcharge,whichmustbeaddedtotheseafreightrate燃油附加費)CAF:CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor

貨幣貶值附加費PCS:PortCongestionSurcharge港口擁擠附加費ORC:OriginReceiveCharges本地收貨費用THC:TerminalHandlingCharges碼頭操作費DOC:Documentcharges文件費Surcharges:TransshipmentSurcharge轉船附加費DeviationSurcharge繞道附加費PortSurcharge港口附加費Heavyliftadditional/Extrachargesonheavylifts超重費(over5M/T)Lengthycargoadditional/Extrachargesonoverlengths超長費(over9m)Bulkycargoadditional超大費(over6cbm)Additionalondirect直行附屬費Notatbasicport,volumeover1000M/TAdditionalonoptionaldischargingport選卸港附屬費Additionalforalternationofdestination變更卸港附屬費Qotationexample:始發(fā)港目的港

20GP/40GP/40HC附加費Guangzhou--LOSANGELES1640/2050/2310ORC,BAF,DOC/schi/ourservices/eservices/tariffandratesForLCL:FREIGHT=Nooffreightton運費噸*freightrate(perFT)+surchargesExample:ORIGIN:CFSLosAngeles,CA,USADESTINATION:CFSRome,ItalyETT:33DAYS(ETT-EstimatedTransitTime).OCEANFREIGHTRATEPERFREIGHTTON:USD130W/M;

MINIMUM1FT

orUSD130BAF17%(BAF-BunkerAdjustmentFactor)CAF3%(CAF–CurrencyAdjustmentFactor)DOC-USD15pershipment–(INTERNATIONALSEAFREIGHTBILLOFLADINGFEE

)ThenyourALL-INCFS-CFS

internationaloceanfreightratewillbe??WhatisW/MW(weightton)–calculatedpermetrictononweight,suitableforheavygoods(重貨一公噸為一個重量噸） M(measurementton)–calculatedpercubicmeter(CBM)onmeasurement,suitableforlightgoods（輕貨一個立方米為一體積噸） W/M–onthebasisofeitherweighttonormeasurementton(bothunderthenameoffreightton),subjecttothehigherone,suitableforgoodswithhighvalue(Note:1WT=1MT)Note:Typically

LCLoceanfreight

ratesarecalculated

isBYVOLUME(percubicmeter/cubicfoot)butNOTBYWEIGHT.Sincecargovesselscapacityisnotreallylimitedbyweightofcargobutbytheholdoftheship,ingeneralWEIGHTOFLCL

FREIGHTISNOTAPRICINGFACTOR$(130+130X0.17+130X0.03)perfreightton+$15

tothetotaloceanfreightrate=$156+$15=$171Let'sassumethatyou

exportfromtheUSA

3.25cubicmetersofcargowhichweight2.65ton.

Youself-deliverittoCFSth