ChapterThreeCreditInstrumentsMaincontents1.Introductiontoinstruments2.Billofexchange3.Promissorynote4.Check5.ComparisonDefinitionofnegotiableinstrumentAnegotiableinstrumentisachoseinaction,thefullandlegaltitletowhichistransferablebydeliveryoftheinstrument(possiblywiththetransferor’sendorse-ment)withtheresultthatcompleteownershipoftheinstrumentandallthepropertyitrepresentspassesfreelyfromequitiestothetransferee,providingthelattertakestheinstrumentingoodsfaithandforvalue.StatutorypropertyhandinsignatureonthebackofinstrumentequityholderpersontransferredwithouthostilitypayforIntroductiontoinstruments(廣義）指商業(yè)上的權(quán)利單據(jù)（DocumentofTitle),作為某人的，不在他實(shí)際占有下的金錢(qián)或商品的所有權(quán)的證據(jù)。其權(quán)利可以轉(zhuǎn)讓。（狹義）是以支付金錢(qián)為目的的證券，由出票人簽名于票據(jù)上，無(wú)條件地約定由自己或另一人支付一定金額，可以流通轉(zhuǎn)讓。Creditinstruments★Creditinstruments=awritten/printedpaperagainstwhichtopay,includingFinancialinstrumentsBillofExchangePromissoryNote,etc.ChequeSecuritiesSharecertificateDebenturesetc.LifePolicyCommercialdocumentsB/LWarehousereceipts,etc.TreasuryBill/note/bondnegotiableassignmentTransfer=Semi-negotiablecharacteristics

1.無(wú)因性（Non-causativenature）：·

2.要式性（Requisiteinform）：3.流通性（Negotiability）：票據(jù)的流通性表現(xiàn)在以下三個(gè)方面：·

要式不要因；·

雙邊對(duì)價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)弧?/p>

受讓人不受前手票據(jù)權(quán)利缺陷的影響。

（受讓人：善意的、支付了對(duì)價(jià)的受讓人）票據(jù)在模擬貨幣流通中帶有的限制性：·

票據(jù)有有效期，到期要兌付為貨幣；·

票據(jù)要記名；·

背書(shū)后構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)讓。4.提示（Presentment）：5.返還性（Returnability）：持票人在票據(jù)到期日收到付款人支付的票款后，應(yīng)將票據(jù)交還付款人，以結(jié)束其流通。

6.設(shè)權(quán)性（Establishmentofrightsandresponsibilities）

FunctionsofnegotiableinstrumentsSellerdrawadraftandaskbuyertopayagainstitBuyerasameansofpaymentBuyerMakeatenornotetoSellerasacreditinstrumentSellerBuyerSellgoodsanddrawabillaskingtopaypayeeofbillisseller’screditorLocalbankendorseandtransfer(sell)thebilltoForeignbankpresentforpaymentasnegotiableinstrumentPartiestoanegotiableinstruments★negotiable=transferable=discountableExporterdrawerdrawadraftanddeliverittopayee/creditorofexporterendorseendorsee/endorserendorseholderpresentitforpaymentdrawee/payer2Partiestoanegotiableinstrument

Drawer:thepersonwhodrawsabillofexchangeoracheckuponthedraweeforthepaymentofacertainamountofmoney.Status?Debtororcreditor?

Answer

Maindebtor

beforeacceptancewhilethesecondarydebtor

afteracceptance.

Draweelthepersonuponwhomabillofexchangeoracheckisdrawn.Heisalsoknownastheaddresseeofadraft.Isthedraweethemaindebtor?answerNo,causehedidn’tsigninthebill.Hedoesn’ttaketheliabilitythatthebillwillmustbehonoured.Payee

thepersontowhoseorderthedraweeistomakepaymentortowhomthemoneyistobepaid.

What’shisstatus?Debtororcreditor?

answer

Creditorandthefirstholderaswell.Hehastherighttocollectmoneybypresentingthebillortotransferittoanotherparty.

Endorser

Whenapayeeoraholdersignshisnameonthebackofaninstrumentforthepurposeoftransferringittoanotherperson,heiscalledanendorser.Heisliabletohissubsequentendorser,hisendorseeoranysubsequentholderoftheinstrument.Creditorordebtor?answerDebtorcauseheisliabletohissubsequentendorseri.etheendorsee.

Endorsee

l

Anendorseeisthepersontowhomaninstrumentisendorsed.Heistheholderofaninstrument,whichhasbeentransferredbytheendorser.

Holder

l

Aholderisthepossessor

ofaninstrument,namelythepayee,theendorseeorbearer.Hemaysue,ifneeded,ontheinstrumentinhisownname.

Holderforvalue

thepersonwhopossessesaninstrumentforwhichvaluehasbeengivenbyhimselforbysomeotherpersons.

Holderinduecourse

thepersonwhoisinpossessionofaninstrumentthatis①complete

andregularonitsface,②takenbeforematuritywithoutnoticeofitspreviousdishonor,③takeningoodfaith

andforvalueand

④takenwithoutnoticeofanyinfirmityintheinstrumentofdefectinthetitleofthepersonnegotiatingit.Heisalsocalledabonafideholder,whomayclaimpaymentfromallpartiesliableontheinstrument.

Acceptor

l

Ifandwhenthedraweeagreesandassentstotheorderinwritingaddressedtohimonabillofexchangebysigninghisnameonitsface,indicatingthathewillpayonduedate,thedraweewillbecomeanacceptor.Maindebtor

Guarantor

thepersonwhoguaranteestheacceptanceandpaymentofabillofexchange,thoughheisnotapartyliablethereto.Theobligationsoftheguarantorarethesameasthoseoftheguranteed

Acceptorforhonor

l

thepersonwhohimselfisnotapartyliableonabillofexchangebutwiththeconsentoftheholdermayinterveneandacceptthebillsupraprostest.3ActsofinstrumentToissue:twoactsA.todrawandsignadraftB.todeliverittothepayee.

Usually

afterissuance,thedrawerbecomesthe

maindebtorofaninstrumentandthelastonetobeclaimedagainstwhentheinstrumentisdishonored.

EndorsementItisanactofnegotiation.Prerequisites(先決條件）foravalidendorsement.l

Shouldbenormallyeffectedonthebackofadraftandsignedbytheendorser;Mustbemadeforthewholeamountofthedraft.

Fourkindsofendorsement

Blankendorsement:showsanendorser’ssignatureonlyandspecifiesnoendorsee.Itisalsocalledageneralendorsement.

Specialendorsement

specifiesanendorsee

towhomortowhoseorderthedraftistobepaid,inadditiontothesignatureofanendorser.

Specimen

ExchangeforGBP500.00London,10Nov.AtsightpaytotheorderofCCo.,thesumofPoundsfivehundredonlyToBBank,ForACompany,LondonLondonSignature

SpecialendorsementPaytotheorderofBCo.,LondonForACo.,London

Signature

Blank(general)endorsement

isonethatshowsanendorser’ssignatureonlyandspecifiesnoendorsee.

ForACo.,London

Signature

Restrictiveendorsement

l

itisrestrictivewhenitprohibitsfurthertransferofthedraft.Eg.PaytoABankonlyPaytoABankforaccountofBCo.,PaytoABanknotnegotiablePaytoABanknottoorder

Conditionalendorsement

aspecialendorsementaddingsomewordstheretothatcreateaconditionboundtobemetbeforethespecialendorseeisentitledtoreceivepayment.Theendorserisliableonlyiftheconditionisfulfilled.

examplePaytotheorderofBCo.OndeliveryofB/LNo.123ForACo.,LondonSignature

開(kāi)出的匯票必須是無(wú)條件的支付命令，作成背書(shū)卻是可以帶有條件的，附帶條件僅對(duì)背書(shū)人和被背書(shū)人有約束作用，與付款人、出票人無(wú)關(guān)。

Presentment

Adraftmustbedulypresentedforpayment

ifitisasight

billordulypresentedforacceptance

firstandthenpresentedforpaymentatmaturityifitisatime

bill.

Acceptance

isasignificationbythedraweeofhisassenttotheordergivenbythedrawer.Heengages,bysigninghisnameacrossthefaceofthebillthathewillpaywhenitfallsdue.

Sopresentmentforacceptanceislegallynecessarytofixthematuritydateofadraftpayableaftersight.Validacceptancerequires:

conditions①theword“accepted”mustbewrittenonthebilltobefollowedbythesignatureoftheacceptorandthedateofacceptance.Ameresignatureoftheacceptorwithoutadditionalwordsisalsojustified.

②Itoughtnotbeexpressedthatthedraweewillcarryouthispromisebyanyothermeansthanthepaymentofmoney.

TypesofacceptancelGeneralacceptancewithoutanyrestrictionswhileconfirmingacceptancelQualifiedacceptance

Conditionalacceptance

ACCEPTED1June,2004PayableondeliveryofBillsofLadingForABCBankLtd.,LondonSignature

PartialAcceptance

forexample,supposingtheamountisGBP1000.00ACCEPTED3June,2004PayableforamountofGBP800.00onlyForABCBankLtd.,LondonSignature

LocalAcceptance

ACCEPTED5June,2004PayableatTheHambrosBankandthereonlyForABCBankLtd.,LondonSignature

QualifiedAcceptanceastotime

(

supposingthetenoris3monthsafterdate(ofissue)ACCEPTED5June,2004Payableat6monthsafterdateForABCBankLtd,,LondonSignature

Payment

Actofpaymentisperformedwhenadraftispaid.Abillisdischargedbypaymentinduecourseonlywhensuchpaymentismadebyoronbehalfofthedraweeortheacceptor

Dishonor

Actofdishonorisafailureorrefusaltomakeacceptanceonorpaymentofadraftwhenpresented

l

Dishonourbynon-acceptancel

Dishonourbynon-paymentPaymentisimpossiblebecauseofthepayer’sbankruptcy,deathorhisevading.

Noticeofdishonor

Anoticeonwhichdefault(不履約/違約））

ofacceptance

orofpaymentbythe

drawee

ortheacceptor

isadvised,tobegivenbyholderofadrafttothedrawerandalltheendorserswhomheseekstoholdliableforpayment.Anoticeofdishonormustbegivenbyoronbehalfoftheholderoranendorseeonthenextworkingdayafterthedishonorofthedraft.

Protest

Awrittenstatementundersealdrawnupandsignedbyanotarypublicorotherauthorizedpersonforthepurposeofgivingevidencethatadrafthasbeenpresentedbyhimforacceptanceorforpaymentbutdishonored.Ifthereisnonotarypublic

intheplaceofdishonour,theprotestcanbemadebyalocalFamousMan

before

twoWitnesses.Thechargesinvolvedisbornebytheholder.

Rightofrecourse

Intheeventofadraftbeingdishonored,theholderhasarightofrecourseagainsttheotherpartiesthereto,thatis,arighttoclaimcompensationfromthedraweroranyendorser.

Recourse:Therighttoclaimarefundfromanotherparty.

Threeconditions

l

（1）Presentwithinalegaltimelimitl

（2）Notice

withinspecifiedtime(thefollowingdayafterdishonourasperBillsofExchangeAct1882)l

（3）Dishonour

mustbewithinspecifiedtime(withinoneworkingdayafterdishonourandmaketheprotestbyanotarypublicasperBillsofExchangeAct1882)

TimelimitBillsofExchangeAct:6

yearstoretaintherightofrecourse

Genevaconventionsof1930:1year

fora

holder

tohispre-endorser,6months

foranendorser

tohispre-endorser.

Acceptanceforhonorsupraprotest

Acceptanceforhonorsupraprotestisanactperformedbytheacceptorforhonor,whoacceptsthebillsupraprotest,forthehonorofanypartyliablethereonorforthehonorofthepersonforwhoseaccountthebillisdrawn.Abillmaybeacceptedforhonorforonlyapartofthesumdrawnpayable.

Paymentforhonorsupraprotest

Paymentforhonorsupraprotestisanactsimilartoacceptanceforhonorsupraprotestinthesensethatitvindicatesthehonorofapartyliableonabill.

Guarantee

Actofguaranteeisperformedbyathirdpartycalledguarantor,whoengagesthatthebillwillbepaidonpresentationifitisasightbilloracceptedonpresentationandpaidatmaturityifitisatimebill.

Actofbills

TheFrenchActs

TheGermanActs

BillofExchangeAct1882UniformLaw

GenevaUniformLaw2.BillofExchange(Draft)

Definition:isanunconditionalorder

in

writing,addressed

by

oneperson

to

another,signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemand

oratafixedordeterminable

futuretime

asumcertain

in

money

toortotheorderofaspecifiedperson,ortobearer.MainItemsTheword“Exchange”l

Anunconditionalorderinwritingl

Timeandplaceofissuel

Tenor(timeofpayment)l

Amountinwordsandfiguresl

Nameandaddressofthedraweel

Drawer’ssignaturel

NameofthepayeeEXPRESSIONSOFDECIMALAsperXXX.60,thereareseveraldifferentexpressionsforyrreference:

SAYxxxANDPOINTSIXTYONLY

SAYXXXANDPOINTSIXZEROONLY

SAYXXXANDCENTSIXTYONLY

SAYXXXAND60/100ONLYOtheritemsNumbersandcopiesofabillofexchange(AsetofBill)lPlaceofpayment(theplacebesidesthepayer’snameisregardedastheplaceofpaymentunlessotherwisestipulated)LInterestanditsRatePayableinothercurrency(rateofforeignexchangeshouldbeshownon.Whichcannotconflictwiththelocallawintheplacewherepaymentmade)

Types

l

Cleanbillanddocumentarybilll

Banker’sdraftandcommercial(trader’s)draftAbilliscalledabanker’sdraftwhentheissuerandthepayerarebothabank.Abilliscalledacommercialdraftwhentheissuerandthepayerarebothatrader.lBanker’sacceptancebillandcommercial(trader’s)acceptancebill

lOrderbillorbearerbillorstraightbill

DiscountingWhereapayeeofatermbillrequirespaymentimmediately,abankmaydiscountthebill,i.e.makeimmediatepaymentdeductinganamountforinterestoverthetermofthebill.3.PromissoryNote

Definition

Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemaker,engagingtopay,ondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetime,asumcertaininmoneyto,ortotheorder,ofaspecifiedpersonorbearer.

SpecimenPartiesinvolved

lDrawerPayee

MainItems

l

Thewords“promissorynote”l

Anunconditionalpromisetopayl

Nameofthepayeeorhisorderl

Drawer’ssignaturel

Placeanddateofissuel

Tenorl

AcertainsumofmoneyinwordsandfiguresPlaceofpayment(Itwillberegardedastheplaceofpaymentifnotshown)

Types

Trader’sNotesItisbarelyusedbecauseoftheunknownstandingoftheissuerorheisinanywayfinanciallysuspect.

Banker’snotesTheyarewidelyusedinbankingandissuedbycommercialbankspayabletospecifiedpersonortobearer.Theissuanceofbanker’snotespayabletobearerisprohibitedbygovernmentwhileitisallowedtoissuebanker’snotespayabletospecifiedperson

Traveler’sCheck

Theagentthatissuesthetraveler’schecksisthepayer.In