KatharinaReiss凱瑟琳娜·萊斯功能學派代表人物及作品凱瑟琳娜·萊斯（KatharinaReiss）--文本類型理論漢斯·弗米爾（HansVermeer）--目的論賈斯塔·霍茨-曼塔里（JustaHolzManttari）--翻譯行為論克里斯汀娜·諾德（ChristianeNord）--功能加忠誠理論漢斯·荷尼西（HansG.Honig）&保爾·庫斯摩爾（PaulKussmaul）凱瑟琳娜·萊斯（1923-）

德國翻譯功能學派早期重要的創(chuàng)建者之一，畢業(yè)于海德堡大學翻譯學院。主要論著包括：《翻譯批評的可能性和限制》（1971）與費米爾合著《普通翻譯理論原理》（1984）《翻譯的抉擇：類型、體裁、及文本的個性》萊斯和文本類型理論早期理論：圍繞對等概念展開，認為翻譯追求的對等應(yīng)該是語篇層面的對等，而不是詞、句的對等，主張把翻譯策略和語言功能、語篇類型以及文章體裁結(jié)合起來考察但到了后期，她意識到，等值不僅不可能實現(xiàn)，而且有時并非人們所期望的，因此應(yīng)該首先考慮譯文的功能特征，而不是對等原則。萊斯認為，語篇有信息型、表達型和操作型三種類型，語篇類型決定翻譯方法?！斗g的抉擇：類型、體裁、及文本的個性》一文中，她在語篇類型學的基礎(chǔ)上，細致分析了翻譯過程的步驟。分析階段（phraseofanalysis）：要確定原文的功能類型（texttype）和文本體裁（textvariety），然后進行文本外部語言分析。重述階段（phraseofreverbalization）：在上一步的基礎(chǔ)上組織目標文本的結(jié)構(gòu)，文本功能決定一般翻譯方法，體裁決定語言和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。KatharinaReiss

TYPE,KINDANDINDIVIDUALITYOFTEXT

Decisionmakingintranslation1.0Generalpreliminaryremarks1.1Interlingualtranslation1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticaction1.3Asignificantfactorfortranslating

2.0Phraseofanalysis(threestages)2.1Establishmentofthe"text-type"2.2Establishmentofthe"textvariety"2.3Establishmentoftheanalysisofstyle3.0Phaseofreverbalization3.1Normalcases3.2Problematiccases3.3Specialcases1.0Generalpreliminaryremarks

1.1InterlingualtranslationINTERLINGUALTRANSLATIONmaybedefinedasabilingualmediatedprocessofcommunication,whichordinarilyaimsattheproductionofaTL[targetlanguage]textthatisfunctionallyequivalenttoanSLtext[sourcelanguage].OttoHaseloffsaid,anidealcommunicativeisrareintranslating.Becausetheuseoftwonaturallanguagesaswellastheemploymentofthemediumofthetranslatornecessarilyandnaturallyresultinachangeofmessageduringthecommunicativeprocess.Atthepoint,theauthordistinguishthechangesbetween"intentional"and"unintentional"changesaffectingthetranslation.

Unintentionalchangesmayarisefromthedifferentlanguagestructuresaswellasfromdifferencesintranslatingcompetence.舉例Intentionalchangesfrequentlyoccurintranslating,iftheaimspursuedinthetranslationaredifferentfromthoseoftheoriginal;if,besidesthelanguagedifferenceoftheTLreaders,thereisachangeinthereadingcircle,etc.舉例Writtentextsaretobecharacterizedas“one-waycommunication”。Thismeans,ontheonehand,thatnon-linguisticelementscontributingtooralcommunicationarepartlyverbalized.(gestures,facialexpressions,speedofspeech,intonation,etc.)1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticactionOntheotherhand,thetextanalysisismademoredifficultbythelimitationofthepossibilitiesofexplicitverbalizationofsuchelementsaswellasbythespatio-temporalseparationbetweenaddresserandaddresseeandthelackoffeedbackduringtheactofcommunication.1.3AsignificantfactorfortranslatingLanguageisatemporalphenomenonandthussubjecttotheconditionsoftime.Thisalsoappliestolanguageinwrittentexts,whichisasignificantfactorfortranslating.Twoconsequenceofthefact:FirstconsequenceisthatSLtextdoesnotguaranteefunctionalequivalencewithTLtextanymore.SecondconsequencemaybethelossofunderstandingoftheoriginalSLtextfunctions.2.0PhraseofanalysisInordertoplaceafunctionallyequivalentTLtextbesideanSLtextthetranslatorshouldclarifythefunctionsoftheSLtext.Thismaybedoneinathree-stage-process.Theyarethefollowingthreeparts-texttype,textvarietyandstyle.2.1Establishmentofthe"text-type"Text-type:Aphenomenongoingbeyondasinglelinguisticorculturalcontext.Therearethreetexttypes, a.Thecommunicationofcontent---informativetype

b.Thecommunicationofartisticallyorganizedcontent---expressivetype

c.Thecommunicationofcontentwithapersuasivecharacter---operativetype

Eg.a,Theparticularfrequencyofwordsandphrasesofevaluation(positivefortheaddresserorforthecausetowhichhehascommittedhimself;negativeforanyobstacletohiscommitment)b,“Thefeaturethatspeechelementsarecapableofpointingbeyondthemselvestoasignificanceofthewhole”(Grosse1976)c,?Mixedforms:whenweacceptthethreetexttypes,theinformative,expressiveandtheoperativetype,asthebasicformsofwrittencommunication(intercultural),itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatthesetypesarenotonlyrealizedintheir“pure”form,thatis,thattheydonotalwaysappearintheir“fullyrealizedform”.Eg.versifiedlegaltextsintheMiddleAges;inorderfortheircontenttobeacceptable,theyhadtobepresentedinverseform=greaterdignityofrhymedlanguage!(Mixedformbetweeninformativeandexpressivetexttype.)Aadditionaltype,a"hyper-type"---themulti-medialtexttype.Theneedforthisarisesfromthefactthatthetranslatingmaterialdoesnotonlyconsistofwrittentexts,butalsoincludeverbaltexts2.2Establishmentofthe"textvariety"Textvariety:assuper-individualactsofspeechorwriting,whicharelinkedtorecurrentactionsofcommunicationsandinwhichparticularpatternsoflanguageandstructurehavedevelopedbecauseoftheirrecurrenceinsimilarcommunicativeconstellations.Eg.1.2×4lines+2×lines:structuralpatternforthesonnet2.Englishdeathnotice:FRANCIS.OnThursday,March17,Jenny,belovedwife