2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料PAGE2222頁2021年考研《英語一》真題（完整版）考試采取“一題多卷”模式，試題答案順序不統(tǒng)一，請依據(jù)試題進(jìn)行核對！2021SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethehavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast. 1

acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan 2 it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis 3

shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure 4

todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has 5

a publicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked 6

hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould 7

crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly 8

toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice? 9 studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno 10

evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis" 11 tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof. 12

theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis 13

tofollowtheFSAadvice. 14 ,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea 15 .Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe 16 upon Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without Yorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving? 17 ,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods 18 ,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their 19

riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust 20

withnoonelistening.AInBTowardsCOnDTillAmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluenceApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcernAintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteedAissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceledAunderBatCforDbyAforgetBregretCfinishDavoidApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitiallyAUnlessBSinceCIfDWhileAsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegativeAinsufficientBboundClikelyDslowAOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrasttoAinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunateAAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterallAresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpatternAmadeBservedCsavedDusedATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneralAreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefullyApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetitionAfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup第1256SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"awardwould .consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritainpromotecooperationamongBrain'stownsincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stownsfocusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas ..A.asensiblecompromiseB.aself-deceivingC.aneye-catchingbonusD.aninaccessibletargetTheauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit endeavortomaintainitsimagemeetstheaspirationofitspeoplebringsitslocalartstoprominencecommitstoitslong-termgrowth“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3topresentacontrastingcaseasupportingexampleabackgroundstoryarelatedtopicWhatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.CriticalText2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjoumalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesspentmorethan£210min2021toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfigurestoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2021,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2021.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showstheecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchis now published under open access terms: either freelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese’’articlepreparationcosts’’hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation. In some ways the scientific publishing modelresembles the economy of the social internet: labour isprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.Scientificpublishingisseenlicencetomoney"partlybecause itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.revivedthepublishingindustry.financedresearchersgenerously.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?Relieved.Puzzled.ConcernedEncouraged.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?Trialsubscriptionisoffered.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.Costsarewellcontrolled.D]Thefewfeedonthemany.第1頁：完形填空第2頁：閱讀理解第5頁：翻譯第6頁：作文Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredsetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,arelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorpereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2021and2021theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtoexperienced private sector boards. That is exactly whathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameclitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolitletohelpaveragewomen.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyandHaddadwills helplittletoreducegenderbias.poseathreattothestategovernment.raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.greatlybroadencareeroptions.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.The author mentions the study by Catalyst ilustrate theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporatequotahasledto theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.MajorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusofText4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumers or users in France. Digital services includeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisa“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportformeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxisofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of newinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomerevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.In response to these many unilateral measures, theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentiscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2021onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraise questions about what the future holds for theinternationaltaxsystem.France‘splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto tectFrenchcompanies'interests.imposealevyontechmultinationals.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasurestheopinionthat redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.needstobereadjustedimmediately.isfacedwithuncertainprospects.needstoininvolvemorecountries.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitlefortext?FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsFranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTaxFranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationalsFranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy第1256PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)EyefixactionsarebriefToomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberudeEyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalPersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstocontactBiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactareinvestigatedMostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangersEyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidatetumstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:41. Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.42. NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheir gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whotendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.43. Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsontheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itbehelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.44. Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45. Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.第1256PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe 17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.46.With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbyRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerand GalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemtha