01GrammarGrammar難點二難點一難點三DisjunctRelativewordswhatever,wherever,whoever,whichever,whenever,howeverGrammarAdisjunctisatypeofadverbialthatexpressesinformationthatisnotconsideredessentialtothesentenceitappearsin,butwhichisconsideredtobethespeaker’sorwriter’sattitudetowards,ordescriptivestatementof,thepropositionalcontentofthesentence.GrammarMoregenerally,thetermdisjunctcanbeusedtorefertoanysentenceelementthatisnotfullyintegratedintotheclausalstructureofthesentence.Suchelementsusuallyappearatthebeginningorendofthesentenceandaresetofffromtherestofthesentencebyacomma(inwriting)andapause(inspeech).Grammar評注性狀語，即“分離性狀語”(Disjunct)，與修飾性狀語不同。首先，評注性狀語不是修飾謂語或謂語動詞，而是對整個句子進行說明或解釋，表明說話人對話語的看法或態(tài)度；第二，評注性狀語不與它所評說的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上緊密結(jié)合，通常位于句首(間或也可位于句中或句尾)，常用逗號與句子隔開。e.g.Possibly,hewillcomewithustomorrow.Shewiselydidn’tattempttoapologize.Theexpeditionwasasuccess,scientifically.Grammar能作評注性狀語用法的副詞還有certainly,definitely,educationally,financially,fortunately,hopefully,indeed,perhaps,practically,preferably,really,surely,superficially,surprisingly,technically,unexpectedly,undeniably等。e.g.Honestly,Ithinkyouaremistaken.

Veryfrankly,I’mtiredofit.Grammar評注性狀語也可由介詞詞組、非限定分句、無動詞分句表示，間或也可由限定分句表示。e.g.Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.Tobesure,some

peoplemaydisagree.Evenmoreimportant,

heisinchargeoftheproject.What’smoreimportant,

thisprojectofferedprospectsofagreatprofit.GrammarI.Rewritethefollowingsentencesusingproperdisjuncts.1.Itisunfortunatethatwehaverunoutofstock.

Unfortunately,wehaverunoutofstock.2.ItishopedthatthereportwillgoouttoshareholdersnolaterthanJune1.Hopefully,thereportwillgoouttoshareholdersnolaterthanJune1.Grammar3.Itisoddenoughthathedidnotraiseanyobjectiontotheplan.Oddlyenough,hedidnotraiseanyobjectiontotheplan.4.Itwasrightthatyoureturnedthemoney.Rightly,youreturnedthemoney.5.ItwasluckythatthishadattractedtheattentionofTVnetworkexecutives.Luckily,thishadattractedtheattentionofTVnetworkexecutives.Grammar6.Itwasfortunatethatallwentwell.Fortunately,allwentwell.7.Itisstrangeenoughthattheburglarshouldnothavetakenthediamondaway.Strangelyenough,theburglardidn’ttakethediamondaway.Note:在‘Itis+adj./n.+that...’結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示說話人‘驚異、懊悔、失望’等情感的形容詞或名詞后的從句中,謂語動詞用shoulddo或shouldhavedone,should不可省略,表示‘竟然、居然...’GrammarII.Rewritethefollowingaccordingtothemodels.Disjunctscanbesubdividedintotwotypes:1)thosewhosejudgmentcarriesnoimplicationtothesubjectoftheclause,suchasremarkably,amazingly,astonishingly,curiously,naturally,fortunately,happily,thankfullyandsadly.ThistypeofdisjunctcorrespondtotheclauseItbe...that...

e.g.Oddlyenough,themenwhomheflunkeddidnotresentit.

Itwasoddenoughthat

themenwhomheflunkeddidnotresentit.Grammar2)thosethatexpressajudgmentonwhatisbeingsaidasawholeandthatnormallyapplythesamejudgmentsimultaneouslytothesubjectoftheclause,forexample,rightly,correctly,justly,foolishly,wisely,cleverly,prudently,rightlyandwrongly;ThistypeofdisjunctcorrespondtotheclausesItbe...that...,Itbe...of...orto

aninfinitiveclause.Grammare.g.Foolishly,Billdeclinedtheinvitation.

ItwasfoolishthatBilldeclinedtheinvitation.

1)

Itis+adj.+that...ItwasfoolishofBilltodeclinetheinvitation.2)

Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.Billwasfoolishtodeclinetheinvitation.3)

sb.is+adj.+todosth.Grammar1.Rightly,theyprotestedagainstit.

Itwasrightthattheyprotestedagainstit.

Theywererighttohaveprotestedagainstit.2.Foolishly,theboydidn’tsayasingleword.Itwasfoolishthattheboydidn’tsayasingleword.Itwasfoolishoftheboynottosayasingleword.Theboywasfoolishnottosayasingleword.Grammar3.Wisely,Johnsentthemanaway.ItwaswisethatJohnsentthemanaway.ItwaswiseofJohntohavesentthemanaway.Johnwaswisetohavesentthemanaway.4.Sadly,thestormdestroyedtheentiretobaccocrop.Itwassadthatthestormdestroyedtheentiretobaccocrop.Grammar5.Remarkably,Mrs.Jesenconsultedherlawyer.

ItwasremarkablethatMrs.Jesenconsultedherlawyer.6.Regrettably,Jamesrefusestospeak.

ItisregrettablethatJamesrefusestospeak.Grammar7.Thankfully,myassistanthasarrangedforthemattertobeconsideredbyanadhocworkingparty.adhoc:madeorhappeningonlyforaparticularpurposeorneed,notplannedbeforeithappensparty:agroupofpeoplewhoareinvolvedinanactivitytogether,especiallyavisit特別的；專門的；臨時安排的Grammar7.Thankfully,myassistanthasarrangedforthemattertobeconsideredbyanadhocworkingparty.Itisluckythatmyassistanthasarrangedforthemattertobeconsideredbyanadhocworkingparty.8.Hopefully,aproposalwillbereadyintimeforournextmeeting.

Itishopedthataproposalwillbereadyintimeforournextmeeting.GrammarIII.Fillineachblankwithaproperrelativeword.Use“preposition+relativeword”ifnecessary.1.Goodwritingisbuiltonasolidframeworkoflogic,argument,narrative,ormotivation

runsthroughtheentirepieceofwritingandholdsittogether.Thisisthetime

manywritersfinditmosteffectivetooutlineasawayofvisualizingthehiddenspine

thepieceofwritingissupported.whichwhenbywhichGrammar2.Theelement

writersmayspendamajorityoftheirtimeisdevelopment.Writersmayspendamajorityoftheirtimeontheelement.3.Mr.Fordstilltalksliketheman

hewastenyearsago.

Hewasthemantenyearsago.Note:當關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語，只能用that，也可省去，不能用whichonwhichthatGrammar4.JamesRussellisaman

Ihavethegreatestrespect.

Ihavethegreatestrespectfortheman.5.Hehadmanyfriends

hehadaregularcorrespondence.

Hehadaregularcorrespondencewithmanyfriends.6.Thewoman

heisengagedcomesfromPoland.Heisengagedtothewoman.forwhomwithwhomtowhomGrammar7.Theschool

sheisheadisclosingdown.Sheisheadoftheschool.8.Therate

amaterialheatsupdependsonitschemicalcomposition.

Amaterialheatsupattherate.ofwhichatwhichGrammarIV.Putinwhere,when,why,whichorwhat.1.Barnstaple,

IspentmyEasterholiday,hasaveryoldcoveredmarket

Iboughtsomelovelyoldplates.

IspentmyEasterholidayatBarnstaple.Iboughtsomelovelyoldplatesatthemarket.2.Icouldnotunderstand

thespeakersaid,

irritatedme.Note:what=中心詞+thatwherewhatwherewhichGrammar3.Hecouldnotremember

hadhappenedbeforehelostconsciousness.4.Ireallycannotunderstand

everybodyissoexcitedoverthenews.5.Chainstores

allgoodsaredisplayedonopencountersencouragehop-lifting.

Allgoodsaredisplayedonopencountersatchainstores.6.

wewenttoFrancelastyear,IwasastonishedtofindthatIcouldstillmakemyselfunderstood.whatwherewhyWhenGrammar7.Idon’tknow

youagreedtopaytheaccountifyoufeelyouwerecheated.8.Iforgottopostthatletteryesterday,

meansitwon’tgettheretillaftertheweekend,

isannoyingbecauseIhadpromisedtoletMrs.Jacobsknow

Iwoulddotohelpherinthechurchbazaar.whywhichwhichwhatGrammarV.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriatewordsinthebox.1.Thecastlewevisitedlastweekendisverybeautiful.