Lesson1YourCollegeYearsBOBHARTMAN第1頁BackgroundinformationBOBHARTMANhasbeenworkingforovertwelveyearsasaperformancestorytellerforchildren.He'sbeenusinghisdynamicandinteractivestyletoentertainaudiencesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.第2頁

Bob'sprogramcombinestraditionalfolktalesfromaroundtheworld,retoldinhisfresh,inimitablestyle,withhisownstories.Helovestohelpchildren(andadults!)createtheirownstoriesonthespot.Herunspracticalworkshopsforadultswhowanttoimprovetheirstorytellingskills.Whatevertheoccasion,Bob'sstorytellingsessionsarealwaysexciting,engagingand,aboveall,interactive!

第3頁InterviewwithBobHartman

Whatdoyoudoforaliving?

'I'vebeenwritingbookssinceIwasachild,andamnowaprofessionalstoryteller,whichmeansthatIvisitschools,festivals,bookshopsallaroundthecountry,puttingonshowsandrunningworkshopsforbothchildrenandadults.Aswellaswriting,I'mapastorofachurch.'

第4頁Howdidyoustartwriting?

'Mybrother,Timlovedpuppets.Whenhewas9,heaskedmetowritehimascript.Ijumpedatthechanceandsoonwewereputtingonshowsregularly.IwasusuallythenarratorandTimdidthepuppets.Isoonlearnedfirsthandwhatitwasthatmadeanaudiencelaugh.'第5頁ContentsWarm-upWarm-upQuestions

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperienceOnSeasonsinCollege第6頁Warm-upQuestions母校就是那個你天天要罵八遍卻不允許他人罵她地方。

根叔Whatdoyouthinkofthisidea?Asasophomore,whatisyourgeneralimpressionofcollege?第7頁manyopportunitiesforonetoexploretheunknownexperiencingalotmakinglifelongfriendsenjoyingvariouskindsofactivitiesdevelopingone’spersonalinterestsmeetingoutstandingscholarskeepingagoodbalanceandlayingasolidfoundation第8頁Haveyouhadanypsychologicalproblemseversinceyouenteredcollege?lonelinessconfusionfrustrationjealousyasenseofinferiorityfeelingpressure…psychologicalproblemsaboundoncampus第9頁Lesson1–YourCollegeYears

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

Collegeyearsaretimesofsignificanttransitionandchallengeforanindividual.Transitionsimplymeanschange.Higherlevelsofanxietyarealwaysexperiencedbypeoplewhoareinastateoftransitionregardlessofwhetherthechangeisperceivedasgoodorbad.Thefollowingaresomeofthemythsvs.thefactsregardingcollegeexperience.

第10頁Lesson1–YourCollegeYears

Myth1:Collegeyearsarethebestyearsofone’slife.Fact1:Whilememorableandenjoyable,alsobeamongthemoststressfulandanxioustimes:facedwithconstantevaluationfromhisprofessors;Personalandparentalexpectations;Financialstress;Careerdecisions,variousrelationshipsandthemovetowardindependence.II.MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第11頁Myth2:Studentsexperiencingstressoranxietyareunpreparedtohandletherigorsofcollege.

Fact2:Collegeanduniversityenvironmentsaredesignedtobechallengingacademically,personallyandsocially.Stressandanxiety,amongotheremotions,arenaturalby-productsoftheacceleratedpaceoflearningandgrowth.Itisnotamatterofwhetherornotweexperiencetheseunpleasantfeelingsbutrather,amatterofhowwemanagetheseemotions.MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第12頁Myth3:Iamtheonlyonethatdoesn'thaveitall.

Fact3:Asyouwalkoncampusandobserveotherstudents,itappearsthateveryoneelseissosureofhimself.hasfriends.hasdirection.isconfident.iswithouttroubles.Thismisperceptioniscommonamongcollegestudents. Ithasitsrootsinoneofourmorepowerfulsocialnorms.Weallweara“publicmask”toprotectacertainsocialimage.This“publicmask”communicatesasenseofself-assurednesstothosewithwhomwecomeincontact.Itoftenbeliestheinnerturmoilthatweallexperiencefromtimetotime.

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第13頁OnSeasonsinCollegeTherearefourseasonsinayear,whichmakethedaysdistinctiveandexiting.Metaphorically,therearefourseasonsinone’scollegeyearsrepresentingdifferentaspectsofcollegelife,whichmakethedaysrewardingandunforgettable.Doyouagree?Ifso,whatdoyouthinkthefourseasonsrepresent?Shareyouropinions,please.第14頁III.OnSeasonsinCollegeSpringistheseasonfornaturetorevive,togrowandtogetreadytoboom.Similarly,incollege,springistheseasonforyoutoacquireknowledge,todevelopyourselfandtolayasolidfoundationforthefuture.It’stheseasonofgrowth.spring第15頁III.OnSeasonsinCollegeSummeristheseasonforflowerstobloom,andit’stheseasonforyoutoenjoythegreatestpassioninnature—love,lovefromyourclassmates,fromyourteachersandfromyourromance.Itistheseasonofaffection.summer第16頁III.OnSeasonsinCollegeAutumnAutumnisaseasonofharvest

incollege.It’stheseasonforyoutoenjoywhatyouhaveachieved.第17頁III.OnSeasonsinCollegewinterWinteristheharshestseasonofthefour,whichpresentssomanydifficultiesandhardships.Likewise,noteverydayincollegeisfullofjoy.Youhavetomeetnewfaces,

getadjusted,makedecisionsforyourself,befinanciallyandpsychologicallydependent,etc.Sowinteristheseasonofchange.Unpleasantasitmayseemtosomestudents,itissimplyinescapableandbeneficialtoone’sgrowthandmaturity.第18頁glossary第19頁TextunderstandingWhatistheessayabout?Thisisatextaboutwhatstudentswillexperienceintheir“collegeyears”.第20頁Couldyouworkouttheoutlineoftheessay?Whatiseachparagraphabout?What’sthemainideaofeachparagraph?第21頁Part1(para.1):

Part2(paras.):Part3(para.):Structureofthetext2－910Manykeychangeshappentocollegestudentsduringtheircollegeyears.Thekeychangesinvolvethefollowing:identitycrisis,theindependence/dependencestruggle,establishmentofsexualidentity,affectiongivingandreceiving,internalizationofreligiousfaith,valuesandmorals,developmentofnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge,anewunderstandingoftheworldandhimself/herself.Conclusion.第22頁PurposeofthisessayTheessayisintendedtostresstheneedtoformacorrectworldoutlookforouryoungcollegestudents.Foreducationafterallisnotjustformakingaliving.Itisabouthowtolive.第23頁Whatdoyouthinkoftheorganizationofthisessay?Isthereanythingwecanwelearnfrominouressay-writing?第24頁WritingDevices1．AntithesisTheseareexcitingtimesyetfrustratingtimes.(5)第25頁2．DevelopingparagraphsbyexamplesAstatementwhichisverygeneralisseldomimpressiveorconvincing.Itisusuallynecessarytogiveexamplestoprove,illustrate,orclarifyageneralstatement.Wemaybetoousedtosaying“forinstance”or“forexample”torealizethatweareusingacertainmethodfordevelopingatopic.第26頁DevelopingparagraphsbyexamplesParagraph6Paragraph7Paragraph8Paragraph9第27頁提升寫作能力提議范文以及模擬練習(xí)第28頁MethodsoftrainingImitatethesamplestructuresRefinement描紅煉句第29頁怎樣進行描紅——以diligence為例1.尋找類似話題（confidence）;2.統(tǒng)計思維過程關(guān)鍵詞:

2.1

相同表示

2.2

相反表示

2.3

閃光措辭3.模仿寫一篇類似文章

第30頁2.1相同表示Brainstorming思緒：

diligence近義表示:hardwork–strivetowork

第31頁diligence反義表示:laziness–leavetoday’sworktobedonetomorrow批判對立面（不勤奮者）：

lackofabilityincontrollingthemselves;pleasureseeking立論：

humanbeing’struevalueoflife:learningandcreation,discoveringandchangingtheworld–realhappiness

2.2相反表示第32頁2.3閃光措辭whileawayexcusespoil

Thereisnoroomforanyexcuseforlaziness.Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.閑混時間借口嬌寵懶惰沒有辯解余地。勤奮是成功之母。第33頁描紅：Diligence

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence.Ifonehasnoconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisfacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithdiligence.Ifoneisnotdiligent,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisdealingwithatoughjob.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.第34頁

However,inrealitywedoseealotofpeoplewhocomplainthattheylacktheabilitytodosomethingorthattheirdifficultiesaretoogreattoovercome.Forsome,thismightbetrue.Butformany,thisonlyshowsthattheyhavelostheart.

However,inrealitywedoseequiteafewpeoplewhowhileawayalotoftimechatting,drinking,orwatchingtelevision,andalwaysleavetoday’sworktobedonetomorrow.Someofthemmaymakeanexcuseforwhattheyhavedone,butthere’snoroomforanyexcuseforlaziness.第35頁

Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,thesepeopledonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves.Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties.

Whydon’tsuchpeoplestrivetowork?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,theylackpersistenceincontrollingthemselves.Therearesomanyjoyfulthingsaroundthemthattheyalwaysfeeldifficulttoconcentratethemselvesontheirworkorstudy.Second,theymayprefertoanotherwayofliving–

“eat,drink,andbemerry”.第36頁

Itispossibletobuildupfaithinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardsone'sownabilities.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”Confidenceistheguaranteeoffulfillingatasksuccessfully.

Amaindifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsistheabilitytolearnandtocreate.Onlythroughlearningandcreationcanonerealizehisownvalue.Butthatmeanshardwork.Weshouldneverspoilourselvesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.”Weshallenjoyrealhappinesswhenweeventuallyachievesomethingindiscoveringandchangingtheworld.第37頁Detailedstudyofthetext第38頁1.occur事故發(fā)生在五點鐘。Theaccidentoccurredatfiveo'clock.這種植物不能在這里生存。Suchplantsdon'toccurhere.我想到一個主意。Anideaoccurredtome.第39頁

Ifanydifficulties_____,youcancallmeforhelp.A.ariseB.happenC.occurD.takeplace本題是近義詞辨析題?！驹敿?xì)解答】arise用于問題、困難、責(zé)任、爭吵等發(fā)生出現(xiàn);occur,happen,takeplace用于事故、事情、改變等發(fā)生、產(chǎn)生。第40頁Itoccurstosb.to-inf/that（p1）:itdawnsonsbthat,itstrikessbthat/how/asItneveroccurredtomethatBradPittandJenniferAnistoncouldgetdivorced.Asmartideaoccurredtome.Hisnamesimplydidnotoccurtomymind.Itneveroccurstohimtohelpthepoorandtheold.第41頁Dawnon/uponsb(p1):begintoappear;growclear(tothemind);Thechillingtruthbegantodawnonhim.IthasjustdawnedonmethatIcandoitifIbelieveIcan.ItgraduallydawnedonmethatIstillhadtalentandoughttorunagain.第42頁PassageofOurLife(p1)fertilizedeggwithDNAcodeembryo胚胎fetus胎兒newborninfant/childTeenager(infml)/adolescent(p1)adult(grown-up,infml)/youth/prime盛年middle-agedpensionerold-aged/elderly/senileseniorcitizen/thestateofinfirmity第43頁Gothrough(P2):experience,undergo,sufferDuringthistime,NEWORLEANSisgoingthroughaturmoil.ThegovernmenthasopenedtwomoregiantcentersforvictimsofHurricaneKatrina.第44頁Otherusesof‘gothrough’Idon’tthinkthisplanwillgothroughtheSecurityCouncil.(beacceptedby)Wehavegonethroughallthesedocuments.(goovercarefullyfrombeginningtoend)It’stoolatetobackout(收回，停頓不干).Wejusthavetogothroughwithit.(doitbecauseyouhavepromisedorplannedtodoit,eventhoughyouarenolongersureyouwanttodoit）第45頁Thedealdidnotgothrough.tobeconcludedLet’sgothroughtheargumentsagain.todiscussindetailThepolicewentthroughthepocketsofthesuspectedthief.tosearchItdidnottakeAlbertverylongtogothroughhisinheritance.

toconsume;useup第46頁Afterperformingasuccessfuloperation,thedoctoratlastpulledthepatient_____.A.backB.inC.upD.through第47頁pullthrough1)tomakesth.orsb.throughbypullingTheeyeoftheneedleistoosmallandIcan’tpullthethreadthrough.2)tosurviveadifficultordangeroussituationThatnewlyliberatedcountryisgoingtohavearoughtime,butitwillpullthrough.3)torecoverorhelptorecoverfromillnessHewasbadlyinjuredintheaccident,butthedoctorsmadeeveryefforttopullhimthrough.第48頁endeavor嘗試,試圖Heendeavoredaftermorefameandwealth.Theyendeavoredtomakeherhappy,butinvain.名詞n.努力,盡力Heisearnestinhisendeavors.他熱心努力。Shopassistantsshoulddotheirbestendeavorstogivethecustomerssatisfaction.Cf.strive/makegreatefforts第49頁

Apartfromphilosophicalandlegalreasonsforrespectingpatients'wishes,thereareseveralpracticalreasonswhydoctorsshould_____toinvolvepatientsintheirownmedicalcaredecisions.A.enforceB.enhanceC.endeavorD.endow第50頁perceiveShehasperceivedthedanger.Ican'tperceiveanydifferencebetweenthesecoinsIperceivedthatIcouldnotmakehimchangehismind.Didyouperceiveanyoneenteringthelaboratory?Soontheboyperceivedthesnaketobeadeadone.第51頁

Ican't_____anydifferencebetweenthesetwopictures.A.decisiveB.perceiveC.deceiveD.precise第52頁Expectednoisesareusuallymore_____thanunexpectedonesofthelikemagnitude.A.manageableB.controllableC.tolerableD.perceivable第53頁PerceiveConceiveReceiveDeceive第54頁ErikH.EriksonErikH.Erikson(1902—1994),wasaGerman-bornAmericanpsychoanalystwhosewritingsonsocialpsychology,individualidentity,andtheinteractionsofpsychologywithhistory,politics,andcultureinfluencedprofessionalapproachestopsychosocialproblemsandattractedmuchpopularinterest.HewasmostfamousforhisworkonrefiningandexpandingFreud’stheoryofdevelopmentalstages.第55頁ERIKSON'SDEVELOPMENTSTAGES

Infant

TrustvsMistrust

基本信任和不信任心理沖突

Needsmaximumcomfortwithminimaluncertainty

totrusthimself/herself,others,andtheenvironment

Toddler

AutonomyvsShameandDoubt

自主與害羞和懷疑沖突

Workstomasterphysicalenvironmentwhilemaintaining

self-esteem

第56頁Preschooler

InitiativevsGuilt

主動對內(nèi)疚沖突

Beginstoinitiate,notimitate,activities;develops

conscienceandsexualidentity

School-AgeChild

IndustryvsInferiority

勤奮對自卑沖突

Triestodevelopasenseofself-worthbyrefiningskills

第57頁Adolescent

IdentityvsRoleConfusion

自我同一性和角色混亂沖突

Triesintegratingmanyroles(child,sibling,student,athlete,worker)intoaself-imageunderrolemodelandpeerpressure

YoungAdult

IntimacyvsIsolation親密對孤獨沖突

Learnstomakepersonalcommitmenttoanotheras

spouse,parentorpartner第58頁Middle-AgeAdult

GenerativityvsStagnation生育對自我專注沖突

Seekssatisfactionthroughproductivityincareer,family,andcivicinterests

OlderAdult

IntegrityvsDespair

自我調(diào)整與絕望期沖突

Reviewslifeaccomplishments,dealswithloss

andpreparationfordeath

第59頁paraphrase…identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment(whatisinheritedfromparents),shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.(2)Chance:accidental

Whoweareisdeterminedbythreethings:first,ourgenes,orwhatourparentshavegivenus,ourlegacy;second,environment,andthird,luckoropportunities.第60頁Identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment,shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.(p2)Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.讀書能夠怡情，能夠博彩，能夠長才?！璦ndthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.使我們這個民有、民治、民享政府永存于世。第61頁inturninsuccessionExample:Thecandidatesweresummonedinturntoseetheexaminer.PutthefollowingsentenceintoEnglish:

理論基礎(chǔ)是實踐又反過來服務(wù)于實踐。

Theoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.第62頁Independentvs.dependentTobeindependentfrom\of(P3)Eg:beindependentofone'sparents

不依賴父母而自立TobedependentonEg：Sheiscompletelydependentonherdaughterformoney.她花錢完全靠從她女兒那里得到。第63頁Pursue(p3):toproceedalongPursueacollegeeducation繼續(xù)深造Pursuefurthereducation/studiesPursueapeacepolicyPursueaplan/topicinpursuitof

追求,尋求第64頁Inthepastmostbusdrivershavebeenmen,buttodaythenumberofwomen_____thisfieldisclimbing.A.devotingB.engagingC.registeringD.pursuingpursue此處意為"從事",符合本題題意。engage表示"從事,忙于"時則應(yīng)與in搭配;devote一詞慣用搭配為devoteoneself(sth.)to意為"獻身于,致力于";register意為"登記,注冊",所以D為正確選項。第65頁paraphrase2.Itmaybeheightenedbytheirchoicetopursueacollegeeducation.(3)Iftheychoosetogotocollegetocontinuetheireducation,theywillfaceanevenmoreseriousstrugglebetweenthedesiretobeindependentandtheneedtodependonthefinancialsupportoftheirparents.第66頁Counsel:formaluse(p4)Hehadalwaysbeenabletocountonherwisecounsel.(n.advicefml.)勸說；提議Theprimeministerwasrighttocounselcautionaboutmilitaryintervention.(v.advise)Thedoctorcounselshertotakevarioustreatmentsofcancer.(hertaking)Singleton’scounselsaidthathewouldappealafterthetrial.(n.lawyer辯護律師,法律顧問)第67頁Iwould_____younottoinvolveinthismatter.A.councilB.counselC.declareD.console本題是形近詞辨析題?！驹敿?xì)解答】counsel意為勸說,忠言;而council意為政務(wù)會,理事會等,是名詞;declare意為宣稱,console意為撫慰,安撫。第68頁Counselvs.ConsultAfter_____withherdaughterandmanagershedecidedtotakeoverthefactory.（consulting)Heisactingonthebasisofa______.(consultancy)Hewillneedmedicalhelpand___toovercomethetragedy.

(counseling)Myadvisers___mydoingnothing.(counsel)第69頁observe

v.a.toseeornotice;watchcarefullyb.tosaybywayofcommentExamples:Theaccusedwasobservedtryingtoforcethelockofthedoor.Somescientistsobservedthatglobalwarmingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtohumanactivities.Theyfaithfullyobservedtherules.說；評述，評論(與on，upon連用)

第70頁

Allindividualsarerequiredto____tothelawsmadebytheirgovernments.A.obeyB.conformC.concedeD.observeconform意為“恪守”，后接to；obey亦有“恪守”意思，卻無obeyto搭配；concedetosb.意為“向某人讓步”；observe意為“恪守”時，為及物動詞，不與to搭配。第71頁distinctdistinct意思是“分明”、“明了”、“清楚”（well－marked，clearlydefinedoreasilydiscernible）。distinct還可用以表示“截然不一樣”、“有區(qū)分”意味。ThephotoyoutookinHongKongCulturalCentreisnotdistinctenough.Shehasadistinctpronunciation.Thereisadistinctsmellofsmokeinmyroom.Thispictureisdistinctfromthat.Thetwinshavedistinctpersonalities.第72頁distinctivedistinctive意思是“表示差異”、“有特色”、“與眾不一樣”（markingorshowingadifference）。Canyoufindthedistinctivewatermarksofthisstamp?PupilsinHongKongusuallyhavedistinctivebadgesontheirschooluniforms.在香港，小學(xué)生校服上常戴有頗具特色徽章。第73頁

Hisspeechwascarefuland____buthiswordsseemedtomakenosense.A.distinctB.distinctiveC.distinguishableD.distinguisheddistinct意為“顯著，清楚；清楚”：distinctive意為“有特色”；distinguishable意為“可區(qū)分”；distinguished意為“卓越，出色”。第74頁handle

v.a.totouch,liftorturnwiththehandsb.tooperatewiththehandsc.tomanage,controlorcopewithd.tobuyandsellExamples:Thisboxcontainsdelicatechina.Pleasehandlewithcare.Thiscomputeriseasytohandle.第75頁Wehavetohandletherelationshipbetweenourtwocountriescarefully.Thisshopdoesnothandleimportedgoods.第76頁freedomfromanexcessiveneedforapproval,closeness,togetherness,andemotionalsupportinrelationtothemotherandfather(4)freedom/freefromsth:nolongerhavingsthyoudonotwantMoreexamples:Anidealsocietyisonefreefromexploitationandoppression.Themostimportantfreedomourpeopleshouldhaveisthefreedomfromhunger.freefromcare無憂無慮carefreea.無憂無慮

freedomfromtaxationfreedomofpress/speech第77頁“Welookforwardtoaworldfoundeduponessentialhumanfreedoms.Thefirstisfreedomofspeechandexpression—everywhereintheworld.ThesecondisfreedomofeverypersontoworshipGodinhisownway—everywhereintheworld.Thethirdisfreedomfromwant…everywhereintheworld.Thefourthisfreedomfromfear…anywhereintheworld.“

—FranklinD.Roosevelt第78頁First,thereisfunctionalindependence,whichinvolvesthecapabilityofindividualstotakecareofpracticalandpersonalaffairs,suchashandlingfinances,choosingtheirownwardrobes,anddeterminingtheirdailyagenda.(4)Functionalindependence:independenceinhandlingeverydaylifesituations;theabilitytosolvepracticalproblemsChoosingtheirownwardrobes:choosingtheirownclothesDeterminingtheirdailyagenda:determiningwhattheyaregoingtodoeverydayparaphrase第79頁excessivea.muchmorethanisreasonableornecessaryExamples:excessiverainfallexcessivecharges

excessn.anexcessofenthusiasmThatisacitywithapopulationinexcessoftwomillion.第80頁Otherpeople'sadvicewouldbe_____valuabletohimwhoisatpresentathiswit'send.A.exceedinglyB.exclusivelyC.extensivelyD.excessively他已一籌莫展,他人提議對他來說極為寶貴?！驹囶}分析】此題考查副詞詞義?！驹敿?xì)解答】exceedingly意為"尤其,極為",符合本題題意。excessively意為"過分,過分地",常含有貶義;extensively作"廣泛地,遼闊地"講;exclusively意為"唯一地,只"。所以A為正確選項。第81頁Alargepartofhumanactivity,particularlyinrelationtotheenvironment,is____conditionsandevents.A.inresponsetoB.infavorofC.incontrasttoD.inexcessof大部分人類活動，尤其是與周圍環(huán)境相關(guān)活動，是對各種情況或事件反應(yīng)。【難點】inresponseto意為“反應(yīng)”；infavourof意為“贊成，主張”;incontrastto意為“與…形成對照”;inexcessof意為“超出”。第82頁Inhibitionn.(psych.)afeelingofworryorembarrassmentthatstopsyoudoingorsayingwhatyoureallywanttoE.g.Wineweakensaperson’sinhibitions.

inhibitv.tohinder;torestraininhibitsb.fromdoingsth.C.f.refrainfromdoingsth.第83頁paraphrase

Fourthisfreedomfrom“excessiveguilt,anxiety,mistrust,responsibility,inhibition,resentment,andangerinrelationtothemotherandfather”.(4)第84頁paraphraseChildrenoftenfeelveryguiltyinrelationtotheirparentsbecausetheythinktheyhavedonesomethingwrong;theyarealsoanxiousbecausetheyareeagertopleasetheirparents;theysometimesfeelunhappybecausetheythinkthattheirparentshavenotbeenfairtothem;theyfeelthattheyareresponsibletotheirparentsforeverythingtheydo;theyarealwaysafraidofnotsayingtherightthingornorbehavingproperly;allthesemaymakethemangrywiththeirparentsormakethemfeelresentful.Thesefeelingsreflecttheiremotionaldependenceontheirparents.Whentheygrowup,theyusuallystriveforthefreedomfromthese.第85頁Standback1)tostandtotherearThechildstoodbackatthesightoftheferociousdog.2)todistanceoneselfmentallyinordertounderstandorjudgebetterSometimesanadministratormuststandbackfromday-to-daybusinesstograspthewiderpatternofevents.3)towithdraworretreatfrommakingdiscussions,influencingevents,etc.Sheranthefamilyandherhusbandstoodback.Thesevitaldiscussionsfromwhichhecouldn’taffordtostandback.第86頁GenderidentityBytheageof2to3years,almosteveryonehasafirmconvictionthat"Iammale"or"Iamfemale."Yetevenifmalenessandfemalenessdevelopnormally,personsmuststilldevelopasenseofmasculinityorfemininity.Genderidentity,accordingtoRobertStoller,"connotespsychologicalaspectsofbehaviorrelatedtomasculinityandfemininity.''Heconsidersgendersocialandsexbiological:"Mostoftenthetwoarerelativelycongruent,thatis,malestendtobemanlyandfemaleswomanly."Butsexandgendermaydevelopinconflictingorevenoppositeways.

第87頁Genderidentityresultsfromanalmostinfiniteseriesofcuesderivedfromexperienceswithfamilymembers,teachers,friends,andcoworkersandfromculturalphenomena.Physicalcharacteristicsderivedfromaperson'sbiologicalsex--suchasphysique,bodyshape,andphysicaldimensions--interrelatewithanintricatesystemofstimuli,includingrewardsandpunishmentandparentalgenderlabels,toestablishgenderidentity.第88頁Thusformationofgenderidentityarisesfromparentalandculturalattitudes,theinfant'sexternalgenitalia,andageneticinfluence,whichisphysiologicallyactivebythesixthweekoffetallife.Eventhoughfamily,cultural,andbiologicalinfluencesmaycomplicateestablishmentofasenseofmasculinityorfemininity,personsusuallydeveloparelativelysecuresenseofidentificationwiththeirbiologicalsex--astablegenderidentity.第89頁project

v.

a.toplanb.tocauseashadow,anoutline,etc.onasurface

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