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精神分裂癥與其他精神病性障礙3/31/20231第一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日學習目標1.掌握精神分裂癥的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷和鑒別診斷、治療和預防復發(fā)策略2.掌握精神分裂癥疾病的分型、預后特征3.了解精神分裂癥疾病的病因學3/31/20232第二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日The
definitionofSchizophreniain
CCMD-3
Schizophreniacomprisesagroupofpsychoticdisordersofunknownspecificetiologyoftenpresentedwithagradualonsetofabnormalitiesinperception,thought,motionandbehaviorsinceyoungadulthood.Consciousnessisusuallymaintained.Intelligenceisintact,butinsomecases,thereissomedegreeofcognitiveimpairment.Thenaturalcourseofthedisorderischronicremittingbutsometimesdeteriorating.3/31/20233第三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Epidemiology1
Prevalence:PointprevalenceinChina(1982):4.75‰(ruralarea3.42‰,urban6.06‰)。TotalprevalenceinChina(1982):5.69‰,(6.55‰1999)。LifetimeprevalenceinUSA(1988)13‰。3/31/20234第四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Epidemiology2Age:theageofonsetin50%ofpatientsis20~30yearold,over80%ofpatientsis16~35yearold.Gender:Schizophreniaoccursequallyinmenandwomen(inabroad)Theprevalenceinmenismorethanwomen(1.6:1)inChina.Themeanageofonsetisabout2to5yearsearlierinmenthanwomen.3/31/20235第五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日History(1)Schneider-firstranksymptoms(首級癥狀)1.thoughthearing(思維化聲)2.Third-personhallucinations(爭論性幻聽)3.Hallucinationsintheformofacommentary(評論性幻聽)4.thoughtwithdrawalorinsertion(思維被奪/被插入)5.Thoughtbroadcasting/diffusion(思維被廣播或擴散)6.Forcedfeeling(強加的情感)7.forcedimpulsive(強加的沖動)8.forcedbehavior(強加的行為)9.somaticpassivityexperience(軀體被動體驗)10.delusionalperception(妄想性知覺)
3/31/20236第六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Etiology
一、biologicalfactors
1.genetics 2.Theneurodevelopmentalhypothesis 3.Changesinbrainstructure 4.Biochemicalabnormalities
二、personalityfactors
三、psycho-socialfactors3/31/20237第七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Genetics1
StudiesMethod:FamilystudiesTwinstudiesAdoptionstudies3/31/20238第八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Genetics2
Theresultsoffamilystudies:TheriskofSchizophrenia.Schizoaffectivedisorder,andschizotypalpersonalityisincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithSchizophrenia.TheriskofbothSchizophreniaandmooddisorderisincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithschizoaffectivedisorder.Theriskofbipolarillnessisnotincreasedinfirst-degreerelativesofpatientswithschizophrenia.3/31/20239第九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Genetics3
TheresultsoftwinstudiesconcordanceratesamongMZpairsishigherthanthatamongcontrol(35-60times)concordanceratesareabout50%forMZandabout10%forDZ.Itmightbeexpectedthatsomeenvironmentalfactorsrelevanttoetiology.Theriskofschizophreniaintheoffspringofanunaffectedtwinisthesameasthatofanaffectedtwin. ThismeansthatanunaffectedtwinhasthesamegeneticsusceptibilitytodevelopingSchizophrenia,butforsomereasonthesusceptibilityisnotexpressed.3/31/202310第十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Genetics4
TheresultsofadoptionstudiesTherateforSchizophreniaisgreateramongthebiologicalrelativesoftheSchizophreniaAdopteesthanamongtherelativesofcontrol.Thefindingsupportsthegenetichypothesis.3/31/202311第十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日MoleculargeneticstudiesTwomainapproaches:1.linkageanalysis
Itisappliedtomultiplyaffectedfamilies(高發(fā)家系),butnolinkagemarkershavebeenclearlyidentified.2.Candidategeneapproaches
GenesforbiologicalmechanismsthatmaybeinvolvedinSchizophreniahavebeenlocalizedandcloned.Usingthistechnique,anumberofgenescodingforDAand5-HTreceptorshavebeenexcludedfromlinkagetoSchizophreniainvariouspedigrees(家系).3/31/202312第十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Biochemicalstudies
Thedopaminehypothesis. 5-HThypothesis.AminoacidsinSchizophrenia3/31/202313第十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Etiologystudies---conclusions1Thereisstrongevidencethatschizophreniahasimportantgeneticcauses,butthemodeofinheritanceisnotknown.Thereisincreasingevidencethatmanycasesareofneurodevelopmentalorigin,butwhetherneurodevelopmentalabnormalitiesarepresentinallpatientsisnotclear.MostbelievethatSch.resultsfromaninteractionofgeneticpredispositionandenvironmentalfactors.Stressfullifeeventsoftenprovokethedisorder,butnon-specificeventstoschizophrenia.3/31/202314第十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Etiologystudies---conclusions2SchizophreniaMaybeprecededbycognitiveandsocialimpairmentinchildhood,andthatthepresenceoftheseimpairmentandcertainkindofpersonalitydisorderareformsofexpressionofschizophreniagenotype精神分裂癥病人可能在兒童期就有認知和社會功能損害,這些損害及某些人格障礙的出現(xiàn)是精神分裂癥基因型表達的一種形式3/31/202315第十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Etiologystudies---conclusions3Thedeficitsoftemporalandfrontalstructuralandfunctionareassociatedwithnon-progressiveneuropsychologicalimpairment.Dopaminereceptorareblockedbydrugsthatcontrolsymptoms,butthereisnocompellingevidenceatpresentthatover-activityofDAsystemsisthecentraldisorderinschizophrenia.顳葉與額葉的功能和結構的缺陷與非進展性的神經心理損害有關多巴胺受體阻斷能控制癥狀,但尚無確信證據表明多巴胺功能亢進是該病的主要原因3/31/202316第十六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日clinicalfeatures
Allofthesymptomsandsignsthatdescribedinchapter4maybeseeninschizophrenicpatients,butdifferentsymptomsandsignshavedifferentdiagnosticvalueforschizophrenia.
3/31/202317第十七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ProdromalsyndromeChangesinmood:depression,anxiety,moodswings,irritabilityChangesincognition:oddorunusualideas,vagueness,deteriorationinstudyorworkChangesinperceptionofselfandtheworldChangedbehaviors,withdrawalandlossofinterestinsocializing,suspiciousness,deteriorationinrolefunctionPhysicalchanges:insleepandappetite,lossofenergy,reduceddriveandmotivation,etc.3/31/202318第十八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Disordersofsensationandperception
感覺障礙(disordersofsensation)感覺過敏(hyperesthesia)感覺減退(hypoesthesia)內感性不適(senestopathia)知覺障礙(disturbanceofperception)錯覺(illusion)幻覺(hallucination)感知綜合障礙(psychosensorydisturbance)3/31/202319第十九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Disordersofsensationandperception幻聽(auditoryhallucination)幻視(visualhallucination)幻嗅(olfactoryhallucination)幻味(gustatoryhallucination)幻觸(tactilehallucination)內臟幻覺(visceralhallucination)功能性幻覺(functionalhallucination)反射性幻覺(reflexhallucination)3/31/202320第二十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Thinkingdisorder 思維形式障礙(disordersofthethinkingform)
思維貧乏(povertyofthought)思維散漫(loosenessofthought)思維破裂(splittingofthought)思維不連貫(incoherenceofthought)思維中斷(blockingofthought)思維被奪(thoughtdeprivation)。思維插入(thoughtinsertion)和強制性思維(forcedthinking)思維化聲(thoughthearing)思維擴散(diffusionofthought)和思維被廣播(thoughtbroadcasting)象征性思維(symbolicthinking)語詞新作(neologism)邏輯倒錯性思維(paralogismthinking)強迫觀念(obsessiveidea)或稱強迫性思維內向性思維(autism)
3/31/202321第二十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日delusion
妄想(delusion)
按其起源與其他心理活動的關系可分為原發(fā)性妄想(primarydelusion)和繼發(fā)性妄想(secondarydelusion)被害妄想(delusionofpersecution)關系妄想(delusionofreference)物理影響妄想(delusionofphysicalinfluence)-被控制感。鐘情妄想(delusionoflove)
嫉妒妄想(delusionofjealousy)
被洞悉感(experienceofbeingrevealed)夸大妄想(grandiosedelusion)罪惡妄想(delusionofguilt)疑病妄想(hypochondriacaldelusion)虛無妄想(delusionofnegation)3/31/202322第二十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Abnormalitiesofmood
Threemainkindsofmoodarecommon:First,theremaybesustainedabnormalitiesofmoodsuchasanxiety,depression,irritability,oreuphoria.Second,theremaybebluntingofaffect.Essentiallythisissustainedemotionalindifference(冷淡)ordiminutionofemotionalresponse.Third,thereisincongruityofaffect.Heretheexpressedmoodisnotinkeepingwithsituationorwiththepatient’sownfeeling.3/31/202323第二十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Abnormalitiesofvolition
SomeacutepatientsarenormalOthersmaypresentsomewhatabnormalitiesofvolitionhypobuliaabuliaParabulia(意向倒錯)ambivalenceparanoidschizophreniamaypresenthyperbulia3/31/202324第二十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Abnormalitiesofbehavior1Excitement(興奮狀態(tài))----hebephrenicexcitement,catatonicexcitementStupor(木僵)----.Thepatientremainmotionlessforalongtime(catatonicstupor),ormaintaintheirlimbsortrunksinunusualpositions(waxyflexibilitas)forvariouslengthsoftime.Negativism(違拗)----refusetocooperate(activenegativism,passivenegativism)Passiveobedience(被動服從)3/31/202325第二十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Abnormalitiesofbehavior2Stereotypedact-(刻板動作)---thepatientrepeatvariousfunctionsorgestures,orimitateother’movements(echopraxia模仿動作)Mannerism(作態(tài))Bizarrebehavior(怪異行為)Forcedact,compulsiveactViolenceandsuicidebehaviorSomepatientsmaycauseself-inducedwaterintoxicationoravoideatingbecauseofcertaindelusionalbeliefs.3/31/202326第二十六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日OrientationandinsightInacuteschizophreniaorientationisnormalInsightisusuallyimpaired.Mostofpatientdonotacceptthattheirexperiencesresultfromillness3/31/202327第二十七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Cognitivedysfunction1CognitivedysfunctionIsacardinal(主要的)featureofschizophreniaOnaverage,firstdiagnosedschizophrenicpatient’sIQis10pointslowerthancontrol.ChildrenatriskforschizophreniahavelowerIQsthandocontrol.認知功能異常是精分癥的主要特征首診的精分癥病人較正常人IQ低10分高危兒童的IQ低于正常對照組3/31/202328第二十八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Cognitivedysfunction2Thefirstepisodepatientsexhibitimpairmentsinattention,concentration,workingmemory,visual-spatialmemory,semanticmemory,recallmemory,andexecutivefunction.Cognitiveimpairmentisoftenindependentofpositiveandnegativesymptomsandevenofthedisorganizationsyndromeandthecourseofillness..首發(fā)精分癥病人表現(xiàn)有注意力、注意集中能力、工作記憶、視-空記憶、語義記憶、回憶和執(zhí)行功能的異常認知功能損害獨立于陽性和陰性癥狀,甚至獨立于解體癥狀和疾病的病程。3/31/202329第二十九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Tab.3Themostfrequentsymptomsofacuteschizophrenia(急性精分癥病人癥狀頻譜)
Symptom
Frequency(%)
Lackofinsight97Auditoryhallucinations74Ideasofreference70Suspiciousness66Flatnessofaffect66Delusionalmood64Delusionsofpersecution64Thoughtsspokenaloud503/31/202330第三十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ThechronicsyndromeIncontrastwiththepositiveoftheacuteschizophrenia,thechronicsyndromeischaracterizedbythoughtdisorderandthenegativesymptoms.Themoststrikingfeatureisdiminishedvolition,thatislackofdriveandinitiative.與急性精分癥相比,慢性病人以思維障礙和陰性癥狀為特征最突出的癥狀是意志減退,缺乏動力和始動性3/31/202331第三十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Subtypesofschizophrenia
Schizophreniahasalsobeensubdividedonthebasisofpsychopathology,course,andresponsetotreatment.HebephrenicschizophreniaParanoidschizophreniaCatatonicschizophreniaSimpleschizophreniaUndifferentiatedschizophreniaOthertypeorunspecifiedofschizophrenia3/31/202332第三十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Simple-schizophreniaAbout2%ofpatientscandiagnosedthistype.Ischaracterizedbytheinsidious(隱襲性的)
developmentofoddbehavior,socialwithdrawal,anddecliningperformanceatwork.Clearsymptomsareabsent.Difficulttoidentifyreliably.約2%的病人可診斷為此型其臨床特點為:隱襲性起病,逐步出現(xiàn)一些奇怪的行為、回避社交、社會功能減退等常缺乏明確的精神病性癥狀此型常難于確診3/31/202333第三十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日HebephrenicschizophreniaAbout11%ofpatientscandiagnosedthistype.Ischaracterizedbytheabsenceofsystematizeddelusionsandthepresenceofincoherenceandinappropriateaffect.Silly(愚蠢)andchildishintheirbehavior約11%的病人可診斷此型以思維聯(lián)想障礙、情感不協(xié)調、缺乏系統(tǒng)性的妄想為特征常伴有一些幼稚愚蠢行為、意向亢進或倒錯3/31/202334第三十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日CatatoniaschizophreniaThistypeismuchlessfrequentlynowthaninpreviousyears.Motordisturbanceisthedominantfeature,consistingofeitheragitatedhyperactivityoradecreaseingrossmotoractivitywithstupor,rigidity,orbizarrepostures此型較以往少見以運動障礙為主要特征,表現(xiàn)為緊張性興奮和緊張性抑制(木僵、肌肉強勁、奇怪的姿勢)3/31/202335第三十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ParanoidschizophreniaThistypeisthemostcommonformoftheillness.Ischaracterizedbyprominentparanoiddelusion,thoughtprocessesandmoodarerelativelyspared.Thepatientmayappearnormaluntilhisabnormalbeliefsareuncovered此型最常見以妄想為主要表現(xiàn),常伴有幻覺。思維過程和情緒常相對完好,在妄想未被暴露時,病人常被認為“正?!?。3/31/202336第三十六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日UndifferentiatedschizophreniaThistypeisthenextmostfrequentformDelusionsandhallucinationsofanytypeareprominentandareaccompaniedbyincoherenceandgrosslyofdisorganizedbehavior.此型為第二常見類型妄想和幻覺都突出,常伴有思維聯(lián)想障礙和行為紊亂不符合以上各型的診斷3/31/202337第三十七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日OthertypeschizophreniaConditionsmeetingthegeneralsymptomcriteriaofschizophrenia.Theclinicalfeaturedoesnotsatisfythecriteriaofanyofthesubtypesmentionedabovesuchaschildrenschizophreniaandlate-onsetschizophrenia符合精分癥的癥狀標準臨床特征不符合以上各型,如兒童和晚發(fā)性精分癥3/31/202338第三十八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Post-schizophrenicdepressionThepatientexhibitsfeaturesofschizophreniainthepastoneyear.ThedepressivesymptomsoccurwhentheschizophrenicsymptomsareinpartialremissionProminentdepressivesymptomshavebeenpresentforatleasttwoweeks,accompaniedbyresidualpsychoticsymptomsDepressionandschizoaffectivedisorderareexcluded.在過去一年診斷為精分癥,抑郁癥狀發(fā)生在精神癥狀部分緩解后明顯的抑郁癥狀持續(xù)至少2周,且伴隨有殘留的精神癥狀排除抑郁癥和分裂情感障礙3/31/202339第三十九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ResidualschizophreniaSchizophreniawithoutcompleteremissionforatleast2years;Markedimprovementinmentalstatewithpartialremissionofsymptomsandpresenceofatleastoneofthefollowing:specificpositivesymptom;specificnegativesymptom,suchaspovertyofthought,apathy,abuliaorsocialwithdrawal;personalitychange.Theimpairmentofsocialfunctioningandinsightarenotsevere;Symptomsarerelativelystableandhaveminimalimprovementordeteriorationforatleastoneyear患精分癥至少2年未徹底緩解精神癥狀明顯改進,但仍表現(xiàn)至少以下一項:個別陽性癥狀個別陰性癥狀人格改變社會功能和自知力損害但不嚴重癥狀相對穩(wěn)定至少一年3/31/202340第四十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ChronicschizophreniaSymptomsmeetingthediagnosticcriteriaofschizophrenia;Thecourselastsforatleast2years.3/31/202341第四十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日TypeIandtypetypeIIschizophreniaCrowhavedescribedtwosyndromesin1980ThefeatureofTypeI:acuteonset,positivesymptoms,goodsocialfunctionduringremissions,goodresponsetoantipsychoticdrug,DAover-activity.1980年由英國學者Crow提出
I型綜合征的特征:急性起病、陽性癥狀、緩解后社會功能良好、對藥物治療反應良好、多巴胺功能亢進3/31/202342第四十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日TypeIandtypetypeIIschizophreniaThefeatureofTypeII:negativesymptoms,pooroutcome,poorresponsetoantipsychoticdrugs,withoutevidenceofDAover-activity,poorpremorbidadjustment,anearlierageofonset,structurechangeinthebrain.MostofpatientsareamixtureoftypeIandtypeIIII型精分癥的特點:陰性癥狀為主預后不良對藥物治療反應不佳無多巴胺功能亢進的證據病前適應不良起病年齡較早有腦結構異常大多數病人為一種混合類型3/31/202343第四十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日ThefeatureofCourse
Overa30yearperiod(隨訪30年結果)25%ofpatientsrecoverfully35%improvesignificantlyandreachrelativeindependence15%improvebutrequireextensivehelp10%remainhospitalizedandunimproved15%diemostlyasaresultofsuicide3/31/202344第四十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Diagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosis
診斷與鑒別診斷3/31/202345第四十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日CCMD-3diagnosticcriteria
Symptomcriteria(癥狀標準)
Twoofthefollowingcriteriaaremet.Ingeneral,mentalretardation,manic-depressiveepisodesanddeliriumareexcluded.Thereisseparatediagnosticcriteriaforsimpletypeofschizophrenia: 1.Repeatedauditoryhallucinationsthatareusuallynotmoodcongruent; 2.Looseningofassociation,derailment,incoherenceinthinkingorpovertyofthought 3.Thoughtinsertionorwithdrawal,thoughtblockorforcedthinking3/31/202346第四十六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日CCMD-3diagnosticcriteria
4.Delusionofcontrol,influenceorpassivity,thoughtbroadcasting; 5.Primarydelusionsincludingdelusionalperception,delusionalmoodorotherbizarredelusions; 6.Paralogicthinking,symbolicthoughtorneologism; 7.parathymia(情感倒錯)orapathy; 8.Catatonicsyndrome,unusualorsillybehavior; 9.Avolition.3/31/202347第四十七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Differentialdiagnosis
Someneurosis(某些神經癥)
1.thefeatureofinsight 2.thefeatureofsymptoms 3.somepatientsneedtobefollowing-up3/31/202348第四十八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Differentialdiagnosis
Mooddisorder(心境障礙)ManicorseverelydepressedpatientsmayexhibitpsychoticsymptomsduringthepeakoftheirdiseasestatesAccuratehistoricalandclinicaldatashouldhelptodifferentiatefrommania-relatedpsychoticfeaturesinthepresenceofothersymptomssuchas:increasedenergylevels,grandiosity,hypersexuality,irritabilityspeech,distractibility.Bythesametokentodifferentiatedepressionfromschizophrenia.3/31/202349第四十九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Psychoticdisorderduetoageneralmedicalorneurologiccondition&substance-inducedpsychoticdisorder1.Carefullyevaluatethechronologyofsymptomsinrelationtotheincitingcauseandnotewhethersymptomsimproveorworseninrelationtosuchcause.2.Thefeatureofsymptomsandcourse3.Laboratoryexamination仔細評估癥狀的產生與促發(fā)因素在時間上的聯(lián)系,癥狀的消長與這種促發(fā)因素的關系分析癥狀的特征與病程演變的特征必要的實驗室檢查3/31/202350第五十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Personalitydisorder
Schizotypal,schizoid,paranoid,andborderlinepersonalitydisordersharesomefeaturewithschizophrenia,suchasParanoidideation,magicalthinking,socialavoidance,vaguespeech. Inpersonalitydisorderabovesymptomsare: 1.mild 2.presentthroughoutthepatient’slife 3.havenoexactdateofonset分裂型、分裂樣、偏執(zhí)行、及邊緣型人格障礙常具有某些精分癥的特征,如偏執(zhí)觀念、社交回避,一些奇怪的思想和言行但人格障礙的癥狀:相對較輕,貫穿病人的一生、無確切的發(fā)病日期3/31/202351第五十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentandprevention
治療和預防3/31/202352第五十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations
急性發(fā)作的藥物治療
pharmacotherapies:treatmentofacutesymptomepisodes3/31/202353第五十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations
1.Antipsychoticmedications,shouldbeusedasthefirst-linetreatmenttoreducepsychoticsymptomsforpersonsexperiencinganacutesymptomepisodeofschizophrenia. 2.Thedosageofantipsychoticmedicationforanacutesymptomepisodeshouldbeintherangeof300-800mgCPZequivalentsperdayforaminimumof6weeks.Outsidethisrangeshouldbejustified.急性發(fā)作的病人抗精神病藥物應作為首先的治療方案藥物的劑量以氯丙嗪的效價折算為300-700mg/天,至少治療6周。超過此劑量要做相當的臨床判斷3/31/202354第五十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations3。Personsexperiencingtheirfirstacutesymptomepisodeshouldbetreatedwithanantipsychoticdrug.butthedosageshouldremaininthelowerendoftherange(300-500mgCPZequivalentsperday)4.Rapidneuroleptizationshouldnotbeused5.Nosuperiorefficacyofanydrugsoveranotherinthetreatmentpositivesymptoms,choiceofdrugsshouldbemadeonthebasispatientacceptabilitypriorindividualdrugresponseside-effectprofilelong-termtreatmentplanning首發(fā)病人劑量可適當減量不應采用快速神經阻滯化治療對陽性癥狀的治療各種抗精神病藥物的療效相當,藥物的選擇主要依據以下方面:病人的接受性、以前對藥物的反應、副作用大小、長期治療計劃3/31/202355第五十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations6.Prophylacticuseofanti-ParkinsonagentstoreducetheincidenceofEPSshouldbedeterminedonacase-by-casebasis.預防使用抗膽堿能要做個體化的仔細分析,權衡利弊,尤其是老年病人3/31/202356第五十六頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations抗精神病藥物的維持治療Maintenancepharmacotherapy3/31/202357第五十七頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations1.
Personswhoexperienceacutesymptomsreliefwithanantipsychoticmedicationshouldcontinuetoreceivethismedicationforatleast1yeartoreducetheriskofrelapseorworseningofpositivesymptoms.急性發(fā)作的病人經抗精神病藥物治療緩解后仍需接受藥物治療至少一年,目的是減少陽性癥狀復發(fā)和惡化的可能性3/31/202358第五十八頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations2.Themaintenancedosageshouldbeintherangeof300mgto600mgCPZequivalentsperday. iftheinitialdosagetorelieveanacutesymptomsepisodeexceedsthisthisrange,effortsshouldbemadetoreducethedosagegraduallytothisrange,suchasa10%reductionindosageevery6weeks.維持劑量一般為300-600mg/d,(以氯丙嗪效價折算,見書本264頁)。如急性期治療劑量超過此量,應逐漸減量,一般每6周減少10%。3/31/202359第五十九頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations3.
targeted,intermittentdosagemaintenancestrategiesshouldnotbeusedroutinely.4.Deportantipsychoticmaintenancetherapyshouldbestronglyconsideredforpersonswhohavedifficultycomplyingwithoralmedicationorwhopreferthedepotregimen.靶癥狀給藥,間歇給藥不應作為常規(guī)對治療依從性不佳的病人,長效制劑可作為首選3/31/202360第六十頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations5.patientswhohavenotrespondedtorecommendeddrugsshouldbeconsideredforatrailofECT.
病人對推薦的藥物治療無反應,可試用ECT3/31/202361第六十一頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations
Psychologicaltreatment3/31/202362第六十二頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations1.Individualandgrouppsychotherapiesadheringtoapsychodynamicmodel(definedastherapiesthatuseinterpretationofunconsciousmaterialandfocusontransferenceandregression)shouldnotbeused.2.Individualandgrouptherapiesemployingwell-specifiedcombinationofsupport,education,andbehaviorandcognitiveskilltrainingapproachesshouldbeofferedtothespecificdeficitofpatients動力心理治療一般不主張用于精分癥病人對有缺陷的病人,應通過支持、教育、行為和認知技能訓練的有機結合,有針對性的給予個別和小組心理治療。3/31/202363第六十三頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Treatmentrecommendations3.Familytreatment,vocationalservices,casemanagement,andassertivecommunitytreatment(ACT)programsshouldofferedinaccordingtothepatient’sfeatures.應根據病人的具體情況給予家庭治療、職業(yè)服務、個案管理、社區(qū)治療等措施。3/31/202364第六十四頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Part2Otherpsychoticdisorders
Include:1.Paranoidmentaldisorder2.AcuteandtransientpsychosisSchizophrenia-likepsychosisTravellingpsychosisDelusionalepisode3.Inducedpsychosis4.Schizoaffectivepsychosis3/31/202365第六十五頁,共七十四頁,2022年,8月28日Paranoidmentaldisorders
Definition:Thisgroupincludesavarietyofdisordersinwhichsystemicdelusionsconstitutethemainclinicalfeatureandinwhichetiologyisunknown.Hallucinationsmaybetransientlypresentbut
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