高考英語-閱讀專項(xiàng)精練-含詳解+譯文①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.⑤Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.1.Whatareepigenetics?2.Whathappenstoanastronaut'sbodyafteraspaceflight?3.Whatwasthemoststrikingaspectofthestudy?4.Whatdoestheword"revert"meaninparagraph4?Usemoreexamplestoexplainit5.WhatcanyoulearnfromSusanBailey'swords?A.90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangescanreturntonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.B.ScottKellywillappearyoungerbecausehistelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.C.Workinginspacewillhavenoeffectonone'simmunesystem.D.Kelly'smightbemorelikelytodevelopcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer.①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth【結(jié)構(gòu)剖析】第一段點(diǎn)出文章的主旨：美國航空航天局對(duì)凱利雙胞胎的研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)果：太空飛行和直接返回地球（會(huì)對(duì)人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響【閱讀詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.harsh/hɑ?r?/adj.刺激的；嚴(yán)重的；令人不快的英文釋義：severe,cruelorunkindHistoryisaharshjudge:itwillnotforgiveusifweletthismomentpass.歷史會(huì)做出嚴(yán)酷的評(píng)判：如果我們錯(cuò)過這一時(shí)機(jī)，它是不會(huì)原諒我們的。Oneharshwordwouldsendherintothedepthsofdespair.一句嚴(yán)厲的話就會(huì)使她陷入極度的絕望之中。Youhavetofacetheharshrealitybravely.你必須勇敢地面對(duì)嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)。2.brutal/?bru?tl/adj.殘忍的；直截了當(dāng)?shù)腟hespoketomewithbrutalhonesty,"Idon'twanttoseeyouagain!"她對(duì)我直言不諱地說："我不想再見到你了！"abrutalattack/murder/killing野蠻的攻擊/謀殺/殺害Withbrutalhonestyshetoldhimshedidnotlovehim.她冷酷地直接告訴他，她不愛他?！九缮~】brutalitynoun[U,C]【不規(guī)則形式】pl.-iespolicebrutality警察的粗暴thebrutalitiesofwar戰(zhàn)爭的殘酷【派生詞】brutallyadv.Hewasbrutallyassaulted.他遭到毒打。Letmebebrutallyfrankaboutthis.讓我把這件事無情地挑明說吧。②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程的細(xì)節(jié)補(bǔ)充。指出實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體內(nèi)容和原因：對(duì)比分別工作在近地軌道上的國際空間站和留在了地球表面的雙胞胎。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對(duì)人體的影響?！鹃喿x詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.★guineapig豚鼠；實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，供做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人英文釋義：apersonusedinexperimentsThey'reaskingforstudentstobeguineapigsforthenewteachingmethods.他們要求學(xué)生成為新教學(xué)方法的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象。2.orbit/???rb?t/n.（天體圍繞行星或恒星運(yùn)行的）軌道theearth'sorbitaroundthesun地球繞太陽運(yùn)行的軌道3.identical/a??dent?kl/adj.完全相同的；極為相似的英文釋義：exactlyWehadnomaps,noGPSandnoknowledgeofthedozensofidentical-lookingislandsaroundus,butIhadtogosomewhere.我們沒有地圖，沒有GPS，也不了解我們周圍那一群看起來一樣的島嶼，但是我必須去某個(gè)地方。Everybodybutcooperatesfortheidenticalgoaltostruggletogethermutually,thisisnothappy?大家為了同一個(gè)目標(biāo)而互相協(xié)作一起奮斗，這不是幸福嗎？4.ridearocketintospace乘火箭進(jìn)入太空In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【解析】while用在句中，在…期間；當(dāng)…的時(shí)候duringthetimethatsthishappening；designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody為過去分詞短語后置定語，修飾twinsstudy.【翻譯】2015年，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年。與此同時(shí)，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的"雙胞胎研究"，他的孿生兄弟，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對(duì)人體的影響。③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.【閱讀詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.chromosomal染色體的2.geneexpression基因表達(dá)3.immunesystem免疫系統(tǒng)4.asif好像…一樣,仿佛Shetalkedasifsheknewallaboutourplans.她說得就好像完全知道我們的計(jì)劃似的。Itseemsasifheknewnothingabouther.看樣子他好象一點(diǎn)也不了解她。5.underattack遭到攻擊Ifyousmokethenthewholerespiratorysystemisconstantlyunderattack.如果抽煙，整個(gè)呼吸系統(tǒng)就會(huì)一直受到損害。Thetownhasbeenunderattackbyrebelgroupsforaweeknow.一周來，該鎮(zhèn)一直受到叛軍的襲擊。Thepolicecameunderattackfromangrycrowds警察遭到憤怒的人群的襲擊。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.【解析】為過去分詞短語后置定語，publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,修飾特thefullresults.句子的主干為thefullresultsshowedthat………..為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。【翻譯】周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長期逗留期間，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化。④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對(duì)太空實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述。【閱讀詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.dramatic突然的;巨大的;給人印象深刻的;戲劇的;Wehaveworkoutsomeofthemostdramaticandeffectivesaledisplaymaterial.我們已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出了一些最有效和最引人注目的推銷展覽材料。Sherentedthecountryvillahaveadramaticspiralstairs,aseriesofstrangeeventsinthishappenon.她租住的鄉(xiāng)間別墅有座引人注目的螺旋樓梯，一連串詭異事件接連在此發(fā)生。Whatmakesthisshotworkisthedramaticburstofbluespurtingintothecrowd.促成這次拍攝工作的，是那藍(lán)色噴射進(jìn)入人群時(shí)激動(dòng)人心的爆發(fā)。Hehadexpressedhissenseofurgencyabouttheneedfordramaticnewrecommendations.他表達(dá)了有必要提出激動(dòng)人心的全新建議的迫切心情。2.findings調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn);調(diào)研結(jié)果;判決;裁決;finding的復(fù)數(shù)·epigenetics實(shí)驗(yàn)胚胎學(xué)3.genes基因;gene的復(fù)數(shù)4.proteins蛋白質(zhì);protein的復(fù)數(shù)5.significantly有重大意義地;顯著地;明顯地;有某種意義;Buttheyperformedsignificantlybetterinallothertests.但他們?cè)谒衅渌麥y試中明顯表現(xiàn)的更好。Wesignificantlyinfluenceorcontroltheselection,organization,preservation,anddisseminationofinformation.我們相當(dāng)影響或者控制選擇，組織，保存和信息的傳播。Inaddition,wecanapplycertainprogramminganddesigntechniquestosignificantlyminimizetheoccurrenceofthesepatterns.另外，我們可以應(yīng)用某些編程和設(shè)計(jì)技巧來顯著減少這些類型錯(cuò)誤的出現(xiàn)。Ofcourse,therearenoperfectgarbagecollectors,butgarbagecollectorshaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthepasttenyears.當(dāng)然，沒有十全十美的垃圾收集器，但是垃圾收集器在過去十年中已經(jīng)有了很大改進(jìn)。Hesmiledsignificantlyathisstudents.他意味深長地對(duì)他的學(xué)生笑了。morethan比…更;比…更重要;超出需要;超乎尋常6.revert恢復(fù)，回復(fù);回到7.concernvt影響；涉及affect/involve[VN][oftenpassive]Don'tinterfereinwhatdoesn'tconcernyou.不要管與自己無關(guān)的事。Thelosswasatragedyforallconcerned(=allthoseaffectedbyit).這損失對(duì)有關(guān)各方來說都是極大的不幸。Whereourchildren'seducationisconcerned,nocompromiseisacceptable.在事關(guān)我們的孩子的教育問題上，那是毫無妥協(xié)余地的。Everyonewhowasdirectlyconcernedin(=hadsomeresponsibilityfor)theincidenthasnowresigned.所有與該事件有直接牽連的人現(xiàn)在均已辭職。⑤Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色體）端粒在太空中變長了。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這并沒有使他重獲年輕，因?yàn)楫?dāng)他返回地球時(shí)，端粒又急劇縮短了。【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對(duì)太空實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述。【閱讀詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.lengthened變長;lengthen的過去分詞和過去式Theeveningshadowswerelengthening.殘陽下的影子越拉越長。V-ERG（使）（時(shí)間）延長；（使…）持續(xù)更長時(shí)間Vacationshavelengthenedandtheworkweekhasshortened...假期延長，工作周就縮短了。2.inspace宇宙中；空中3.study學(xué)習(xí);研究;功課；書房4.shortened變短，縮短;shorten的過去分詞和過去式5.dramatically戲劇地;顯著地AfifthyearofdroughtisexpectedtohavedramaticeffectsontheCaliforniaeconomy...第五年遭受旱災(zāi)預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)對(duì)加利福尼亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。ADJ-GRADED激動(dòng)人心的;引人注目的;令人印象深刻的Hewitnessedmanydramaticescapesaspeoplejumpedfromashighasthefourthfloor...他目睹了許多人從五層高的樓上跳下來逃生的驚險(xiǎn)場面。6.Earth地球;陸地;土;泥;泥土⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.【結(jié)構(gòu)解析】本段是對(duì)太空實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)描述以及生物學(xué)家對(duì)其潛在危害的看法?！鹃喿x詞匯】★星號(hào)標(biāo)記為超綱詞匯，學(xué)生可以憑興趣記憶。1.shortened變短，縮短;shorten的過去分詞和過去式2.typesof類型;的型態(tài);3.biologist生物學(xué)家4.investigations調(diào)查，偵查;科學(xué)研究;學(xué)術(shù)研究;investigation的復(fù)數(shù)5.atsomeincreasedriskfor在某種程度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上增加了完成下面的語法填空題目。話題：基因編輯技術(shù)ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtoproduceasequenceofDNA—agene—wasby_______(copy)asequenceitalreadyhadtohand.Sometimesthegenewould__________(damage)thecopyingimperfectorundertakenrepeatedly.Thatisnolongertrue.Nowgenescanbewrittenfromscratch從零開始andedited______________(repeat),liketextinawordprocessor.Immunecellscanbetoldtofollowdoctors'orders;stemcellscanbeturnintonewtissues;fertilizedeggsprogrammedtogrowinto___________(creature)quiteunliketheirparents.Thescaleofthepotentialchangesseemshard________(imagine).Tominimizetherisk,itpaystolearnthelessonsofthepast.The_________(early)biologicaltransformation—domestication馴化—produced_______wasthebiggestchangeinhowhumanslivedtheirlives.Thisallowednewdensitiesofsettlementandnewformsofsocialorganization:themarket,______city,thestate.Synthetic合成biologywillhaveasimilareffect,_________(transform)humans'relationshipswitheachotherand,potentially,theirownbiologicalnature.Theabilitytoreprogramtheembryois,rightly,thesiteofmostoftoday'sethicalconcerns.Howhumansmaychoosetochangethemselvesbiologicallyishardtosay;thatsomechoiceswillbecontroversialisnot.Itwillchallengethehumancapacityforwisdomandforesight.Itmightdefeatit.Butcarefullynurtured,itmightalsohelpexpand________.1._______2.________3.______4.__________5._________6.___________7.________8.__________9.________10.___________【詞匯輔助】syntheticbiology合成生物學(xué)synthetic搭配短語：syntheticmaterials（合成材料）asequenceof一連串，一系列aseriesofaccidents一連串的事故，但事故發(fā)生的順序就不那么重要了。Youuseherasashouldertocryon.Shetextsyoubackwithcasualjokes.Butshe,Xiaoice,isonlyavirtualchatbot（虛擬聊天機(jī)器人）.Xiaoice,Microsoft'slatestartificialintelligencerobot,wasbrieflyreleasedin2014,andreturnedtoWeChatin2015,whereshebecameabighit.MillionsofyoungChinesenowexchangemessageswithherdaily,TheNewYorkTimesreported.OnWeChat,Xiaoiceisanofficialaccount.Afterfollowingit,userscanstarttext-basedconversationswithXiaoice."HerincrediblelearningabilitywaswhypeoplelovedtotalkwithXiaoice,"LiuJinchang,aresearcheratHigh-techResearchandDevelopmentCenterundertheMinistryofScienceandTechnology,toldChinaDaily.Apartfromherabilitytoidentifyphotosandsendemojis（表情符號(hào)）inconversations,Xiaoicegains45percentofherknowledgefrominteractingwithusers,ChinaDailyreported.Chatbotprogramsfirstappearedinthemid-1960sintheUS.Drivenbytoptechcompanies,theyarebecomingsmarterandmorecommon.Forinstance,IBM'slatestartificialintelligenceprogramservedasanacademicconsultantatAustralia'sDeakinUniversity,answeringstudents'questionsaboutcourseschedulesandfinancialaid.Apple'sSiriandAmazon'sAlexahavebeenusedasvoiceassistantswhocanreadnews,playmusicandevenmakejokesfortheirusers.Theseprogramsareexpectedtomovebeyondsmartphones,intotelevisions,carsandlivingrooms,TheNewYorkTimespointedout.However,itmaytakedecadesbeforescientistsdevelopa"Samantha",theadvancedchatbotseeninthefictionfilmHer.Inthefilm,SamanthahasaromanticrelationshipwithheruserplayedbyUSactorJoaquinPhoenix.Manyviewerswereenthusiasticaboutthisfantasyofvirtualsoulmates.1．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Shebecameabestseller.B.Shebecameverypowerful.C.Shebecameamoneymaker.D.Shebecameverypopular.2．WhichofthefollowingcanXiaoicedo?A.Dohousework.B.Spreadmessages.C.Identifyvariousphotos.D.Readnewstoitsusers.3．Whichcompany'schatbotprogramcanactasanacademicconsultant?A.Microsoft.B.IBM.C.Apple.D.Amazon.4．Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A.Chatbotswillbeappliedtocarssoon.B.Chatbotsmainlyrunonsmartphonesnow.C.SamanthaisplayedbyaUSactorinthefilm.D.ThefilmHerdoesn'tinterestmanyaudience.NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth美國航空航天局凱利雙胞胎研究顯示，太空飛行和直接返回地球（會(huì)對(duì)人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.為了所有那些夢(mèng)想前往火星或者太空中的其它目的地的人，宇航員斯科特·凱利把自己變成了試驗(yàn)品。2015年，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年。與此同時(shí)，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的"雙胞胎研究"，他的孿生兄弟，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對(duì)人體的影響。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長期逗留期間，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化。在他去往太空和回到地球后，他的免疫系統(tǒng)都處于高度戒備狀態(tài)。他的身體好像是在遭受到攻擊一樣。Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.最引人注目的結(jié)果之一和表觀遺傳學(xué)有關(guān)，表觀遺傳學(xué)展示了基因是如何被表達(dá)或被阻遏以產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的。在研究期間，凱利兩兄弟體內(nèi)的基因表達(dá)都發(fā)生了變化，但是方式大相徑庭。研究顯示，當(dāng)斯科特回到地面時(shí)，他體內(nèi)超過90%的基因表達(dá)變化恢復(fù)到了正常狀態(tài)。Histelomeres(（染色體）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色體）端粒在太空中變長了。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這并沒有使他重獲年輕，因?yàn)楫?dāng)他返回地球時(shí)，端粒又急劇縮短了。Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色體端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.幾個(gè)月后，斯科特·凱利體內(nèi)的端粒變短的細(xì)胞數(shù)量依舊稍有增加，這可能是因?yàn)椋ㄋ┍┞对诹溯椛湎?。科羅拉多州立大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家蘇珊·貝利領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了該研究中一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，她表示："他患有心血管疾病或某些癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能會(huì)有所增加。"ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtopro