如20上海高三英語(yǔ)二模匯編一完形填空1.金山區(qū)IfyouliketotakeawalkinthewoodsintheUnitedStatesoryouprefertodecorateatreeatChristmas,youshouldknowthatclimatechangeismakingbothofthoseactivitiesalotmore41.Lookingattwo42andeconomicallyimportantspecies theDouglasfirandthePonderosapine scientistsfoundthatfiresanddrought43byclimatechangemakenewgrowthdifficult,especiallyinlow-elevationforests,accordingtoastudypublishedMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.SomeforestsinfourregionsinCalifornia,Colorado,theNorthernRockiesandthesouthwesternpartoftheUnitedStateshavecrossed“a(n)44climatetipping轉(zhuǎn)折)pointforpost-firetreegeneration,”thestudysays.Climateconditionsoverthepast20yearshave45changesthatwouldhavetakendecadesorevencenturiesto46acrossbroadregionsofthecountry.Thisisleadingtothesudden47oftreesandmakingtheselandsincreasinglyunsuitablefortreeregeneration.“Climatechangeis48ourforestsnow,notjustinsomedistantfuture.Maybeinareaswheretherearereally49seedsources,therecouldbesometrees,butitisbecomingreallyhardtogetthesetreesbackduetoclimatechange,”saidstudyco-authorKimDavis.Theproblemprobablywon,tgetanybetter,asclimatechangeismakingintensewildfiresmuchmore50 .Westernforesterssaythereusedtobeafireseason.Butdevastatingand51fireshavebecomearealityallyearlong.In2018,firecostCaliforniamorethan$9.05billion,accordingtotheUSAinsurancecommissioner,thedeadliestandmostdestructivewildfireseasoninthe52history.Ahighernumberoffiresandlowseedavailabilitymeansahighprobabilitythatthesetreesintheseregionswon,tcomeback,Davissaid.Thisstudy53onthedriestandhottestareasoftheWesternforests,butresearcherswillnexttrytofocusonhowmuchwillbeimpacted.54,therearesomethingspeoplecandotoeasesomeofthisproblem.Forestmanagementplansthatreducehigh-severityburnscanhelp.Increasingly,forestmanagersareconsideringallowingsomefirestoburnundermoremoderateconditions,Davissaid.Fores55canalsoreplanttreesafterfire,atleastintheareaswhereclimateconditionswillallow.41.A.convenientB.difficultC.encouragingD.frustrating42.A.ecologicallyB.apparentlyC.physicallyD.financially43.A.destroyedB.worsenedC.extendedD.established44.A.necessaryB.enormousC.criticalD.invisible45.A.acceleratedB.delayedC.eliminatedD.strengthened46.A.transformB.spreadC.preserveD.escape47.A.extinctionB.declineC.tragedyD.increase48.A.sustainingB.abandoningC.facilitatingD.endangering49.A.sufficientB.limitedC.moderateD.approximate50.A.occasionalB.commonC.essentialD.temporary51.A.astonishingB.hopelessC.costlyD.irreversible52.A.worldB.stateC.humanD.forest53.A.concentratedB.dependedC.insistedD.commented54.A.AsaresultB.ForexampleC.InfactD.What,smore

55.A.saversB.managersC.researchersD.advocates55.A.saversB.managersC.researchersD.advocates41-55:BABCABBDABCBACB2.黃浦區(qū)Retailer（零售商）closedmorethan9,000storesin2019.Somepeoplecallwhathashappenedtotheshoppinglandscape“theretail41.”Itiseasytooweittotheriseofe-commerce,whichhasboomedwhilephysicalstoresstruggle.Butthiscanbe42.Onlinesaleshavegrowntremendouslyinthelast20years,butinternetshoppingstillrepresentsonly11percentoftheentireretailsalestotal.Collectively,threemajor43forceshavehadanevenbiggerimpactonphysicalretailthantheinternethas.Tobeginwith,wehavechanged44weshop—awayfromsmallerstoreslikethoseinmallsandtowardstand-alone“BigBox”stores,whichisagreaterproblemformostphysicalstores.Also,risingincome45hasleftlessofthenation,smoneyinthehandsofthemiddleclass,andthetraditionalretailstoresthat46themhavesuffered.Itisestimatedthatsince1970,theshareofthenation,sincomeearnedbyfamiliesinthemiddleclasshasfallenfromalmosttwo-thirdstoaround40percent.Asthe47ofincomeatthetoprises,overallretailsufferssimplybecausehigh-incomepeoplesaveamuchlargershareoftheirmoney.Thegovernmentreports48fordifferentincomelevelsintheofficialConsumerExpenditureSurvey.Inthelatestdata,peopleinthetop10percentofincome49almostathirdoftheirincomeaftertax,whilepeopleinthemiddleoftheincomedistributionspent100percentoftheirincome.50,asthemiddleclasshasbeensqueezedandmorehasgonetothetop,ithasmeanthighersavingratesoverall.Lastly,wehavespent51lessofincomeonthingsandmoreonserviceswitheverypassingdecade.Since1960,wewentfromspending5percentofourincomeonhealthtoalmost18percent.Wespendmoreoneducation,entertainment,businessservicesandallsortsofotherproductsthataren,t52intraditionalretailstores.Economistsdebatetheoriesofwhypeoplehave53toservicesandawayfromgoods,butnoonequestionsthatithashappened.Itmeansthatovertime,retailersselling54willhavetorunharderandharderjusttostayinplace.Inshort,thebroadforceshittingretailaremorealessonineconomicsthaninthepowerof55.It,salessonallretailerswillhavetolearnsomeday.41.A.businessB.disasterC.investmentD.strategy42.A.advancedB.confirmedC.overstatedD.undervalued43.A.economicB.legalC.physicalD.political44.A.howB.whatC.whereD.why45.A.distributionB.inequalityC.levelD.tax46.A.aimatB.approveofC.competewithD.stemfrom47.A.concentrationB.influenceC.securityD.source48.A.educationB.employmentC.housingD.spending49.A.concealedB.donatedC.earnedD.saved50.A.InsteadB.HoweverC.MoreoverD.Therefore51.A.cautiouslyB.intelligentlyC.proportionatelyD.prospectively52.A.availableB.insufficientC.popularD.uncommon53.A.appliedB.committedC.shiftedD.tied

A.ideas B.patents C.services D.thingsA.consumption B.habit C.income D.technology41-45:BCACB 46-50:AADDD51-55:CACDD.青浦區(qū)Facial-RecognitionTechnologyCannotReadEmotionsDonotbelieveclaimsthatfacial-recognitiontechnologycanaccuratelyidentifypeople'semotions,advisedseveralscientistsatthe2020AAASAnnualMeetinginSeattle.Suchclaimsthataphotoofafacecanbeeasily__41__arebasedonaflawedtheorythatwesmilewhenwearehappyandscowl（沉下臉）whenangry,saidProfessorAleixMartinez.“There,snowaythattechnologywilleverbeabletodetect__42__thatyou,reexperiencingfollowingthatapproach,”Martinezsaid.Researchshowsthat,onaverage,peoplescowlonly30%ofthetimethattheyareangry,saidLisaFeldmanBarrett,professorofpsychologyatNortheasternUniversity.Therestofthetime,theymakeotherfaceswhentheyareangry,shesaid.__43__,peoplemayscowlforotherreasons一“whenthey,reconcentrating,whensomeonetellsthemabadjoke,”shesaid.“AnyAIthatisclaimingtodetectascowlandinterpretingitasangerhassomereal__44__.”Somuchgoesintocommunicatingouremotionsbeyondour__45__movements.Otherfactorsinvolvinglittleuseoflanguageincludeourbodypose,bodymovementandhormoneresponseslikethosethatcauseone,sfacetogoredfromembarrassmentor__46__,saidMartinez.Martinezofferedanexampleoftheimportanceofhavingenoughinformation.Forinstance,whenheshowedpeopleaphotoofa__47__manwithhismouthwideopenandhiseyesnearlyclosed,mostthoughtthemanwasextremelyangry,hisresearchshowed.Yetanyoneviewingthecontext-thatthesubjectwasasoccerplayer-could__48__thathewasdisplayingexcitementwhilecelebratingagoal.Amistakelikethismaynotmattermuch,butso-calledemotion-recognitiontechnologyhasalargerreach.Thetechnology,s__49__toincorporatefacialmovementscouldhaveserious,evendangerousoutcomes,saidMartinez.AIissometimesusedinclassrooms,inthejudicial（司法的）systemandinhiringforjobs,henoted.ManyofthesesystemslearnfromU.S.andEuropeandata__50__bywhitepeople.Suchinputscouldnegativelyimpact,forinstance,thehiringofcandidatesofotherraces,Martinezsaid.“Ithinkwehavetotakeseriouslythe__51__inwhichthisAIisbeingused,”saidBarrett.SethPollak,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofWisconsin-Madison,sharedresearchaboutthe__52__ofourabilitytounderstandfacialexpressionsandemotions.Forseveraldecades,scientiststhoughtthatinfantsarrivedintotheworldwithalittleunderstandingaboutemotions,Pollaksaid.Tothecontrary,babiesdonotexpress__53__emotions.TheyhaveadistresssystemthatbroadcastswhethertheyareOKornot.Childrenlearnaboutemotionsbeyondgoodorbad,andresearchshowsthatevenwithincrediblybrieflevelsofexposuretocontextualinformation,veryyoungchildrenstarttochangehowthey__54__theirinferencesaboutotherpeople'semotions.“Humanbrainsareactuallyableto__55__patternsandmakeinferencesaboutwhatmightbehappeningatasophisticatedcomputationallevelwithactuallyverylittleexperience.”hesaid.A.recognizedA.emotionsB.interpretedB.experiencesA.recognizedA.emotionsB.interpretedB.experiencesC.noticedC.incidentsD.realizedD.impacts43.44.A.ThereforeA.outlooksB.HoweverB.problemsC.AnywayC.resultsD.AdditionallyD.mysteries45.A.bodyB.brainC.facialD.gesture46.A.disappointmentB.unemotionalityC.excitementD.shock47.A.red-facedB.long-eyedC.round-shoulderedD.short-haired48.A.proposeB.ensureC.indicateD.infer49.A.failureB.capabilityC.fightD.initiative50.A.dominatedB.calculatedC.concludedD.preserved51.A.approachB.directionC.contextD.contest52.A.varietiesB.differencesC.resourcesD.origins53.A.specificB.internalC.strongD.uncomfortable54.A.pickB.categorizeC.expressD.expect55.A.takeoutB.bringoutC.carryoutD.figureout41-55BADBCCADBACDABD.松江區(qū)Anartificialintelligencecanaccuratelytranslatethoughtsintosentences,atleastforalimitedvocabularyof250words.Thesystemmaybringusastepcloserto41speechtopeoplewhohavelosttheability.JosephMakinattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,andhiscolleaguesuseddeeplearningalgorithms（算法）tostudythebrain42offourwomenastheyspoke.Thewomen,whoallsufferfromacertainkindofbraindisorder,alreadyhadadeviceattachedtotheirbrainstomonitordiseaseattacks.Eachwomanwasaskedtoreadaloudfromasetofsentencesastheteam43brainactivity.Thelargestgroupofsentences44250uniquewords.Theteamfedthisbrainactivitytoanetworkalgorithmrelatedtonerves,trainingitto45regularlyoccurringpatternsthatcouldbelinkedtorepeatedaspectsofspeech.Thesepatternswerethenfedtoasecondnetwork,whichtriedtoturnthemintowordsto46asentence.Eachwomanrepeatedthesentencesatleasttwice,andthefinalrepetitionwasnotusedforpartofthetrainingdata,47theresearcherstotestthesystem.Eachtimeapersonspeaksthesamesentence,thebrainactivityconnectedwillbesimilarbutnotexactlythesame.“Memorizingthebrainactivityofthesesentenceswouldn,thelp,48thenetworkinsteadhastolearnwhat,ssimilaraboutthemsothatitcangeneralizetothisfinalexample,”saysMakin.Acrossthefourwomen,theAl,sbestperformancewasanaveragetranslationerrorrateof3percent.Makinsaysthatusingasmallnumberofsentencesmadeit49fortheAItolearnwhichwordstendtofollowothers.Forexample,theAIwasableto50that“Bear”wasalwayslikelytofollowtheword“Teddy”inacertainsetofsentences,frombrainactivityalone.Theteamtriedtransformingthebrainsignaldatainto51wordsatatime,ratherthanwholesentences,butthis52theerrorrateto38percentevenforthebestperformance.“Sothenetworkclearlyislearningfactsaboutwhichwordsgotogether,andnotjustwhichbrainactivityis53withwhichwords,”saysMakin.Thiswillmakeithardtoscaleupthesystemtoa/an54vocabularybecauseeachnewwordincreasesthenumberofpossiblesentences,reducing55.SophieScottatUniversityCollegeLondonsayswearestillalongwayfrombeingabletotranslatebrainsignaldatacomprehensively.41.A.assigningB.conveyingC.restoringD.introducing42.A.systemsB.signalsC.signaturesD.symbols43.A.illuminatedB.discoveredC.measuredD.stopped44.A.consistedofB.adjustedtoC.agreedwithD.focusedon45.A.simplifyB.identifyC.intensifyD.justify46.A.understandB.formC.describeD.judge47.A.allowingB.inspiringC.instructingD.advising48.A.becauseB.soC.ifD.but49.A.quickerB.slowerC.easierD.tougher50.A.splitB.reflectC.decodeD.tear51.A.individualB.commonC.modifiedD.technical52.A.increasedB.decreasedC.leveledD.degraded53.A.furnishedB.mixedC.associatedD.armed54.A.passiveB.activeC.limitedD.expanded55.A.tendencyB.currencyC.accuracyD.fluency41——45CBCAB46—50BABCC51——55AACDC.長(zhǎng)寧區(qū)Whydosofewpeoplefindfulfillmentintheirwork?AmyWrzesniewski,aYaleSchoolofManagementprofessorwhostudiestheseissues,offeredanexplanationthatmadealotof41.Students,shesaid,“thinktheircallingisunderarock,andifthey 42enoughrocks,theywillfindit”SurveysconfirmthatmeaningisthetopthingMillennials（千禧一代）saytheywantfromajob.Andyetherresearchshowsthatlessthan50%ofpeopleseetheirworkasacalling.So,manyofherstudentsareleftfeelinganxious,43,andcompletelyunsatisfiedbythegoodjobsandcareerstheydosecure.Whatthey—andmanyofus,Ithink—failtorealizeisthatworkcanbe44evenifyoudon'tthinkofitasacalling.ThefourmostcommonoccupationsinAmericaareretail（零售）salesperson,cashier,foodpreparer/server,andofficeclerk——jobsthataren,ttypically45“meaning.”Butallhavesomethingincommonwiththoseprofessionsthatare,suchasteachersanddoctors:Theyexisttohelpothers.AndasAdamGrant,aprofessorattheUniversityofPennsylvania,hasshown,peoplewhoseetheirworkasaformof46alwaysranktheirjobsasmoremeaningful.Thatmeansyoucanfindmeaninginnearlyanyroleinnearlyanyorganization.47,mostcompaniescreateproductsorservicestofillaneedintheworld,andallemployeescontributeintheirownways.Thekeyistobecomemoreconsciousabouttheserviceyou,reproviding—48andpersonally.How?Onestrategyistoconstantlyremindyourselfofyourorganization,smain49.LifeIsGoodisaclothingcompanybestknownforcolorfulT-shirtswithstick-figuredesigns,butitsmissionis to spread50andhopethroughouttheworld,andthat,ssomethingevenstoreroomemployeesunderstand.Ifyouworkforanaccountingfirm,you,rehelpingpeopleorcompanieswiththe51taskofdoingtheirtaxes.Eachjobservesapurposeintheworld.Evenifyoucan,tgetexcitedaboutyourcompany,smissionorcustomers,youcanstilladoptaserviceattitudebythinkingabouthowyourwork52thoseyoulove.ConsiderastudyofwomenworkinginashoefactoryinMexico.Researchersfoundthatthosewhodescribedtheworkasdullweregenerallylessproductivethanthosewhosaiditwas53.Buttheeffectswentawayforthoseintheformergroupwhosawthework(howeverboring)asawaytosupporttheirfamilies.Withthatattitude,theywerejustasproductiveand54astheworkerswhodidn,tmindthetask.Noteveryonefindstheironetruecalling.Butthatdoesn,tmeanwe,refatedtoworkmeaninglessjobs.Ifwe55ourtasksasopportunitiestohelpothers,anyoccupationcanfeelmoresignificant.41.A.progressB.troubleC.senseD.difference42.A.carveoutB.turnoverC.pileupD.keepoff43.A.frustratedB.shockedC.inspiredD.excited44.A.meaningfulB.demandingC.repetitiveD.challenging45.A.distinguishedfromB.exposedtoC.associatedwithD.definedas46.A.understandingB.existingC.producingD.giving47.A.InconclusionB.AfterallC.BycomparisonD.Inaddition48.A.asawholeB.inthiswayC.inpublicD.onaverage49.A.advantageB.businessC.objectiveD.construction50.A.optimismB.informationC.designsD.strategies51.A.unpleasantB.dangerousC.productiveD.urgent52.A.gathersB.benefitsC.worriesD.entertains53.A.embarrassingB.rewardingC.roughD.temporary54.A.relaxedB.surprisedC.confusedD.energized55.A.assignB.abandonC.neglectD.reframe41-45CBAAC46-50DBACA 51-55ABBDD.楊浦區(qū)It’sAlarming:WhatWakesYouupEachMorning?Ifyourphoneorclockalarmissetlikethis:Beep!Beep!Thathard,annoyingsoundmaymakeithardto(41)thesleepyfeelinthemorningknownasgrogginess(昏昏沉沉).So,isthereabetterwaytowakeup?Yes,theanswerismusic.Researcherssayalarmswithamelodycanbethesolutionforpeopleinthemorning.Thestudy,carriedoutbyresearchersinAustralia,(42)50people.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhowakeuptomusicalalarmsreportedfeelingmoreawakeand(43).StuartMcFarlane,aleadwriterofthestudy,said“Weareverysurprisedbythesefindingsasonemight(44)asharpbeepingsoundtobemoresuccessfulatwakingupaperson.”Sleepinertia,anothertermforgrogginess,meansapersonhasaheavyfeelingwhenwakingup,andhastroublegettingmovingagainaftersleeping.McFarlanesaidpeopleneedtobetterunderstandsleepinertia's(45)effectsonhumanperformancelaterintheday.Thegrogginesswemayfeelinthemorningusuallylastsforupto30

minutes.Butithasbeenreportedtolastfromtwotofourhours.Noteveryonewill(46)thefulleffect.Butforthosewhodo,“careshouldbetaken”whenperformingdutiesthatrequireatop(47)withinthisperiod,hesaid.Thisincludes“dangeroustaskslikeflyingaplaneandperforminganoperation”shortlyafterwakingup.Theresearchersthinkthemusicmaybemoresuccessfulin(48)sleepinertiabecauseithasseveraltones,(49)thesingletoneofa“beeping”alarm.The(50)overtimebetweenthemusictonesmayhelpincreaseaperson,sattentionwhenwakingfromsleep.ButMcFarlaneadded,“itisearlydays(51)andmoreworkisneeded”tofullyknowtheanswer.Asforwhatkindofmusicthatisbesttowakeupto,McFarlanesaid:“Wecouldsuggestalarmsoundsthataretunefulandeasytosingalongwith.However,theamountofsleepyougetalso(52) alot.”Dr.StuartF.Quan,theclinicaldirectoroftheDivisionofSleepandCircadianRhythmDisorders,offeredsomesuggestionsforhowpeoplecangetbettersleepandfeelfresheachmorning.First,(53)regularhours.Gotobedandwakeupatthesametimeeverydaywithatleastsevenhoursofsleepanight.Second,createasleep-friendlyroom.Itshouldbecompletelydarkwhilesleeping.Placeyourbedawayfromwindowsandtryto(54)itisquietandcool.Third,trynottouseelectronicsinbed.Turnofformuteyourcellphonebeforebed.Lastbutnotleast,bemore(55)duringtheday,whichcanhelpyoufallasleepmorequicklyandeasilyatnight.A.putoffB.holdoutA.claimed B.involvedA.putoffB.holdoutA.claimed B.involvedC.shakeoff D.showupC.contained D.evaluated43.A.alertB.creativeC.depressedD.annoyed44.A.reviewB.mentionC.expectD.eliminate45.A.simpleB.harmfulC.positiveD.evident46.A.produceB.identifyC.conquerD.experience47.A.performanceB.significanceC.observanceD.resistance48.A.overcomingB.promotingC.transferringD.activatingA.contrarytoB.comparedtoA.similarityA.thereforeA.countsA.confirmA.turnoutA.contrarytoB.comparedtoA.similarityA.thereforeA.countsA.confirmA.turnoutA.active41-55CBACBB.flexibilityB.insteadB.worksB.establishmakeclearB.enthusiasticDAABDCABDAwithregardtoD.inrelationtoC.complexity D.variationC.thoughC.affectsC.balanceC.setoutC.seriousotherwiseD.existsD.extendD.makesureD.attentive7.虹口區(qū)Foryears,lifewentsomethinglikethis:We,dgrowupinoneplace,headofftocollege,thenfindacitytoliveinforafewyearstopursueajoborhighereducation.Theendgoalwastofindsomewhereto__41__forthelongtrip,buyahouse,makeafewfriends,startafamily,andbeginthewhole__42__alloveragain.Butanewmodelforlivingisemerging:Somepeopleareincreasinglychoosingtomovefromcitytocitythroughouttheirentirelives,sometimesas__43__aseverymonth.JustaskAlexChatzielefteriou,whohashadafront-rowseatwatchingthisevolution__44__andbelievesinthehugeimpactitismakingorwillmakeontheindustryconcerned.Sixyearsago,he__45__astartupwhichisnowcalledBluegroundthatrentsoutbeautifully-designed,__46__apartmentsforamonthatatime,atratesthatarecheaperthanhotels.Today,thecompanyhas3,000__47__insixU.S.cities,alongwithDubai,Istanbul,London,Paris,andAlex,snativeAthens,andastaffof400.Thecompanyjust__48_$50millioninSeriesBfunding,bringingitstotalinvestmentto$78million,tocontinueitsrapid_49_.Ithopestohave50,000estatesin50citiesoverthenextthreeyears,andthegoalistomakeeachonefeeluniqueandcomfortable,ratherthan_50_,likewhatyoumightfindinatraditionalhotel.AlexfirstcameupwiththeideaforBluegroundwhilehewasworkingasamanagementconsultantforMcKinsey.“The_51_ofchoiceforconsultantsisthehotel,”hesays.“Ihadtospendfiveyearsinahotelroom,_52_intwelvedifferentcities.Ilovedseeingtheworld,butIdidn,tlovefeelinglikeIdidn,thaveahome.”Ashespoketohisfriendsandcoworkers,herealizedthatmanypeopleburiedthemselvesin_53_duetothisdriftinglifestylethatmeantlivingoutofasuitcaseinthesamefewnon-descripthotelchainsthatallbegantomixtogetherratherthaninthe“home”fulloftheirownmemories._54_,Alexfoundthathotelsaren,taparticularlycost-effectivesolutionforcompanies,either._55_,McKinseysometimespaid$10,000ormoreforhimtostayinamajorcityforamonth,whichwasfarmoreexpensivethanlocalrents.Isthisnewlivingmodelsomethingthatwillreallytakeoff?Orisitjustanotherflashinthepan?Let'swaitandsee.41.A.moveoutB.settledownC.lookaroundD.showup42.A.styleB.rhythmC.cycleD.trend43.A.rarelyB.frequentlyC.occasionallyD.unusually44.A.unfoldB.recoverC.improveD.shrink45.A.completedB.involvedC.launchedD.overtook46.A.fully-furnishedB.poorly-equippedC.ideally-suitedD.newly-decorated47.A.landmarksB.vacanciesC.propertiesD.terminals48.A.depositedB.reservedC.owedD.obtained49.A.distributionB.expansionC.combinationD.stimulation50.A.casualB.specialC.normalD.irregular51.A.attendanceB.residenceC.destinationD.accommodation52.A.wanderingB.touringC.observingD.exploring53.A.threatB.guiltC.dangerD.frustration54.A.MoreoverB.NeverthelessC.BrieflyD.Consequently55.A.InasenseB.InhiscaseC.OnthesceneD.Onthisoccasion41-45: BCBAC 46-50:ACDBC 51-55:DADAB.徐匯區(qū)Thetruepurposeofabusiness,PeterDruckersaid,istocreateandkeepcustomers.“Customervalue”hasseveraldefinitions.Iusethe41tomeanthetotallifetimevalueofacompany'scustomerbase.Companiescanincreasethisvalueby42morecustomers,earningmorebusinessfromexistingones,keepingthemlonger,makingtheirexperiencesimplerthroughdigitalimprovementsandsoon.43leadershavelongunderstoodtheimportanceofconcentratingoncustomervalueratherthanpursuingshort-termprofitsorquarterlyearnings,andthey,vebecomeenduringcustomerloyaltyleadersintheprocess.It,sworthnotingthatanumberofloyalty -leadingcompaniesareableto44shareholderpressure,oravoiditaltogether,becausetheyarefounder-led,customer-owned,ornotpubliclytraded.Companiescan45customervalueinavarietyofways:Toincrease46,enterprisesoftwarecompaniessometimeschargecorporatecustomerschangefeesthatcanraisethetotalcostofownershiptoasmuchasthreetimestheoriginalprice.Toreduceoperatingcosts,restaurantchainssometimes47frozenandprecookedingredientsinplaceoffreshandmade-to-orderfood.Theresultingprofitsmaylookgoodontheincomestatement.Suchstrategiesmayevenleadtoshort-termearningsgrowth.Buttheyalso48potentialcustomersandencouragedisloyalty.Giventheimportanceofcustomervalue,leadersshouldtrackitasmuchastheytrackotherkeyassets（資產(chǎn)）,suchasbuildings,machinery,andmarketablesecurities.Theyalsoshouldrevealitintheirquarterlyandannualearningsreleasessothatinvestorscanmake49judgmentsaboutcompanyperformanceandhowitcompareswiththatofindustrypeers.Butmostcompanies50believethatmeasuringcustomervalueistoodifficultorcostly.Theycontinuetorelyonacenturies-oldaccountingtraditionthatemphasizesphysicalandfinancialassets,andneitherincomestatementsnorbalancesheetsoffermuch 51intothevalueofacompany,scustomers.Asinvestorswakeuptotheimportanceofcustomervalue,however,manygrowth-stagecompaniesnowdirectinvestors,attentionto52ingrowingthevalueoftheircustomerbase.Somepubliccompaniesincreasinglyreportvarioustypesofcustomervaluemetrics（指標(biāo)）.OneoftheUK,stopenergysuppliersE.ON,53,reportsyear-over-yearcustomercountsinitsfinancialreport.“Asacustomer-focusedcompany,”E.ONnoted,“weseecustomervalueascrucialtooursuccess.”Thisisastart,butbecausetherearenocustomer-valuereportingstandardsorrequirements,investorsstillhavea（n）54picture.Theminorityofcompaniesthatdoprovidecustomervalueinformationdecideforthemselveswhattodisclose.55,firmsmaycalculatecustomermetricsdifferentlyorchangethemtotelladesiredstory,orsimplystopreportingthemiftheyfailtogowiththecompany'spreferrednarrative.41.A.itemB.versionC.termD.definition42.A.persuadingB.consultingC.acquiringD.inspecting43.A.ConsiderateB.VisionaryC.DeterminedD.Powerful44.A.resistB.relieveC.intensifyD.maintain45.A.raiseB.adoptC.calculateD.destroy46.A.incomeB.experienceC.productivityD.demand47.A.separateB.substituteC.forbidD.combine48.A.appealtoB.relyonC.putdownD.scareoff49.A.informedB.subjectiveC.definitiveD.independent50.A.fullyB.hardlyC.readilyD.wrongly51.A.suspicion