Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.AgricultureandLinkagesbetweentheAgri-FoodSectorandTourismoffersignificantopportunitiesforthedevelopmentofbothsectorswithintheregion.Theselinkagescouldleadtoensuringthesustainabilityoftheregion’stourismproductthusensuringitpreservation.AgricultureandtourismtwoofWisconsin’smostindustries--areteamingupinsouthwesternWisconsin.Apilotprojecthasfoundthattourists,ruralcommunities,andsomefarmerscouldbenefitfromstrongereffortstopromoteandmarketagriculturaltourismthere.In1990,agriculturaltourismprojectmemberssurveyed290visitorstotheannualMonroeFestivaland164visitorstotheicontheFarm,aone-timeeventheldinttevilleinconjunctionwiththeChicagoBearssummertrainingcamp.Morethanonehalfofthosesurveyedrespondedfavorablytoaproposedtour,sayingtheywouldbeinterestedinparticipatinginsometypeofagriculturaltourinsouthwesternWisconsin.Surveyrespondentsreportedthattheywouldprefertovisitfactories,sausageprocessingnts,dairyfarms,andhistoricalfarmsites,aswellasenjoyanold-fashionedicdinner.ThestudyalsofoundthatCheeseDayvisitorsshowedstronginterestinvisitingspecialtyfarms(strawberries,cranberries,poultry,etc.)Morethan75percentoftheCheeseDayvisitorsnnedaheadforthetrip,with37percentnningatleasttwomonthsinadvance.Morethan40percentofthevisitorscametoMonroefortwo-orthree-dayvisits.ManystoppedatothercommunitiesontheirwaytoCheeseDays.Visitorsatbotheventindicatedthattheyweretheretoenjoythemselvesandwerewillingtospendmoneyonfoodandartsandcrafts.Theyalsowantedtheopportunitytoexperiencethe“country”whilethere.Thestudyfoundthatnningaroundexistingeventsshouldtakeintoaccountwhatbroughtvisitorstotheareaandprovideadditionalattractionsthatwillappealtothem.Forexample,visitorstoCheeseDayssaidtheywereonaholidayandappearedtobemoreopentovarioustourproposals.icvisitorscamespeciallytoseetheChicagoBearspractice.TheyshowedlessinterestinaproposedagriculturaltourthanCheeseDayvisitors,butmoreinterestin icdinnerandviewingsportsThestudyidentifiedthreeprimaryaudiencesforagriculturaltourism:1)elderlypeoplewhotakebustourstoseethecountry;2)familiesinterestedintoursthatcouldbeenjoyedbybothparentsandchildren;and3) alreadyinvolvedinagriculture,includinginternationalvisitors.Agriculturaltourismcanservetoeducateurbantouristsabouttheproblemsandchallengesfacingfarmers,saysAndyLewis,Grantcountrycommunitydevelopmentagent.WhileagricultureisvitaltoWisconsin,moreandmoreurbanfolkare ingisolatedfromtheindustry.Infact,Lewisnotes,farmersarejustasinterestedintheeducationalaspectsofagriculturaltoursastheyareinanyfinancialreturns.“Farmersfeelthaturbanconsumersareoutoftouchwithfarming,”Lewissays.“Iftouristscanbeeducatedonissuesthatconcernfarmers,thosevisitscouldleadtopoliciesmorefavorabletoagriculture.”Animalrightsandtheenvironmentareexamplesoftwoissuesthatconcernbothurbanconsumersandfarmers.Farmtourscouldhelpconsumersgetthefarmer’sontheseissues,Lewisnotes.SeveralWisconsinfarmsalreadyoffersometypeoflearningexperiencefortourists.However,mostagriculturaltourismenterprisescurrentlymarkettheirbusinessesindependently,leadingtoalackofacooperationtopromoteagriculturaltourismasanindustry.LewisisconductingthestudywithnMurphy,assistantcommunitydevelopmentagent.OtherparticipantsincludeUW-ttevilleAgriculturalEconomistBobActon,theCenterforIntegratedAgriculturalSystems,UW-ExtensionRecreationResourcesCenter,theWisconsinRuralDevelopmentCenter,andHiddenValleys,aSouthwesternWisconsinregionaltourismorganization.Thispastfall,MurphyorganizedseveralworkshopswithsomeGreenandGrantCountryfarmers,localbusinessleaders,andmotorcoachtouroperatorstodiscusshowbesttoorganizeandputonfarmtours.Committeeswereformedtolookatthefollowing;toursiteevaluations,inventoryofthearea’sresources,tourmarketing,andfamiliarizationoftours.Thecommitteeisresources,tourmarketing,andfamiliarizationoftours.Thecommitteeisorganizingtoursforpeoplesuchastourbusguidesandlocalreporterstohelpbettereducatethemaboutagriculturaltourism.GreenCountyfarmersalreadyhaveexperiencehostingvisitorsduringtheannualMonroeCheeseDays.GreenCountyTourismDirectorLarryLindgrensaysthesefarmersaresettogoaheadwithmoreformalagriculturaltoursnextyear.Thetourwillcombineafarmvisitwithavisittoalocalcheesefactoryandaiclunch.AnotherfarminterestedinhostinganorganizedtourisSinsinawa,aacreGrantCountyFarmdevotedtosustainableagricultureandrunbytheDominicanSister,Educationysamajorroleatthefarm,whichhasanorchard,diaryandbeefcows,andhogs.FarmtourscouldbecombinedwithotheractivitiesintheareasuchastripstotheMississippiRiverand/orvisitstohistoricaltownsorlandmarks,Lewissay.Theprojectwillhelpexposefarmerstothetourismindustryandfarmvacationasawaytopossiblysupplement es,headds.Whilefarmfamiliesprobablywouldn’tmakealotofmoneythroughfarmtours,theywouldbecompensatedfortheirtime,saysLewis.Farmerscouldearnadditionalethroughthesaleoffarmproducts,crafts,andrecreationalactivities.ClassifythefollowingvisitorsaccordingtothepassageCheesefestivalicWritethecorrectletterA,BorCinboxes1-5onyouranswerWhowouldpreparethetripseveralweeksinwhoarekeenedtowatchsportswhowouldspendtwotothreedaysontheirwhowouldliketostayinruralwhoarewillingtoacceptavarietyof Questions6-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes6-7onyouranswerwhoshouldbetaughttotakecareofanimalWisconsinfarmersandlocalWhatwouldfarmersdotomake einexpandtheirfarmingapplyernment’sorganizetourinforDominicanMarketinglocalgoodsandQuestions8-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthePassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8--13onyouranswersheet.AApilotprojectfoundacombinationoftargetedgroupandindividuals8themall.Thenin1990,a9conductedinvisitorstotheannualfestival.Afterfoundseriesoffindings,thisstudyclassified10typesoftouristsforagriculturaltourism.However，majorityoflocalcompaniesareshortof11 todevelopagriculturaltourismasawhole.Inspiringly,FarmersinGreenCountyhavegained12ofreceivingtouristsinMonroeCheeseDay,thereforetheyarereadytoholdnextagriculturaltourconfidently.InSinsinawa,similarprojectallowsfarmerstoachieveextra13throughrelatedReadingpassage1418s1AgricultureandABACABDYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion14-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages. Malariain Everybodynowknowsthatmalariaiscarriedbymosquitoes.Butinthe19thcentury,mostexpertsbelievedthatthediseasewasproducedby"miasma"or"uncleanair".Othersmadealinkbetweenswamps,waterandmalaria,butdidnotmakethefurtherleaptowardsinsects.Theconsequencesofthesetheorieswerethatlittlewasdonetocombatthediseasebeforetheendofthecentury.Thingsbecamesobadthat11mItalians(fromatotalpopulationof25m)were"permanentlyatrisk".Inmalarialzonesthelifeexpectancyoflandworkerswasaterrifying22.5years.Thosewhoescapeddeathwereweakenedorsufferedfromsplenomegaly-a"painfulenlargementofthespleen'"and"alifelessstare".Theeconomicimpactofthediseasewasimmense.EpidemicswereblamedonsouthernItalians,giventhewidespreadbeliefthatmalariawashereditary.Inthe1880s,suchtheoriesbegantocollapseasthedreadedmosquitowasidentifiedastherealculprit.Italianscientists,drawingonthepioneeringworkofFrenchdoctorAlphonseLaveran,wereabletopredictthecyclesoffeverbutitwasinRomethatfurtherkeydiscoveriesweremade.GiovanniBattistaGrassi,anaturalist,foundthataparticulartypeofmosquitowasthecarrierofmalaria.Byexperimentingonhealthyvolunteers(mosquitoeswerereleasedintoroomswheretheydrankthebloodofthehumanguineapigs),Grassiwasabletomakethedirectlinkbetweentheinsects(allfemalesofacertainkind)andthedisease.Soon,doctorsandscientistsmadeanotherstartlingdiscovery:themosquitoesthemselveswerealsoinfectedandnotmerecarriers.Everyyear,duringthemosquitoseason,malarialbloodwasmovedaroundthepopulationbytheinsects.DefinitiveproofofthesenewtheorieswasobtainedafteranextraordinaryseriesofexperimentsinItaly,wherehealthypeoplewereintroducedintomalarialzonesbutkeptofmosquitobites-andremainedwell.ThenewItalianstatehadthenecessaryinformationtotackletheAcomplicatedapproachwasadopted,whichmadeuseofquinine-adrugobtainedfromtreebarkwhichhadlongbeenusedtocombatfever,butwasnowseenasacrucialpartofthewaronmalaria.Italyintroducedaquininelawandaquininetaxin1904,andthedrugwasadministeredtolargenumbersofruralworkers.Despiteitsoftenterribleside-effects(theheadachesproducedwereknownasthe"quinine-buzz")thedrugwassuccessfulinlimitingthespreadofthedisease,andinbreakingcyclesofinfection.Inaddition,Italysetupruralhealthcentresandinvestedheavilyineducationprogrammes.Malaria,asSnowdenshows,wasnotjustamedicalproblem,butasocialandregionalissue,andcouldonlybedefeatedthroughmulti-layeredstrategies.Politicswasitselftransformedbytheanti-malarialns.Itwasoriginallydecidedtogivequininetoallthoseincertainregions-evenhealthypeople;peasantswereoftensuspiciousofmedicinebeingduponthem.Doctorsweresometimesmetwithhostilityandrefusal,andmanyweredubbed"poisoners".Despitetheseproblems,thestrategywashugelysuccessful.Deathsfrommalariafellbysome80%inthefirstdecadeofthe20thcenturyandsomeareasescapedaltogetherfromthescourgeofthedisease.Shamefully,theItalianmalariaexpertAlbertoMissirolihadaroletoyinthedisaster:hedidnotdistributequinine,despitebeingwellawareoftheepidemictocome.SnowdenclaimsthatMissiroliwasalreadypreparinganewstrategy-withthesupportoftheUSRockefellerFoundation-usinganewpesticide,DDT.Missiroliallowedtheepidemictospread,inordertocreatetheidealconditionsforamassive,andlucrative,humanexperiment.Fifty-fivethousandcasesofmalariawererecordedintheprovinceofLittoriaalonein1944.Itisestimatedthatmorethanathirdofthoseintheaffectedareacontractedthedisease.Thousands,nobodyknowshowmany,died.Withthewarover,theUSernmentandtheRockefellerFoundationweretoexperiment.DDTwassprayedfromtheairand3mItalianshadtheirbodiescoveredwiththechemical.Theeffectsweredramatic,andnobodyreallycaredaboutthetoxiceffectsofthechemical.By1962,malariawasmoreorlessgonefromthewholepeninsula.ThelastcaseswerenotedinapoorregionofSicily.OneofthefinalvictimstodieofthediseaseinItalywasthepopularcyclist,FaustoCoppi.HehadcontractedmalariainAfricain1960,andthefailureofdoctorsinthenorthofItalytospotthediseasewasasignofthetimes.Afewdecadesearlier,theywouldhaveimmediaynoticedthel-talesigns;itwaslaterclaimedthatasmalldoseofquininewouldhavesavedhislife.Astherearestillmorethan1mdeathseveryyearfrommalariaworldwide,Snowden'sbookalsohascontemporaryrelevance.Thisisadiseasethataffectseverylevelofthesocietieswhereitisrampant.AsSnowdenwrites:"InItalymalariaunderminedagriculturalproductivity,decimatedthearmy,destroyedcommunitiesandleftfamiliesimpoverished."Theeconomicmiracleofthe50sand60swhichmadeItalyintoamodernindustrialnationwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheeradicationofmalaria.Moreover,thisbookconvincinglyarguesthatthediseasewas"anintegralpartofthebigpictureofmodernItalianhistory".Thismagnificentstudy,beautifullywrittenandimpeccablyed,deservesanaudiencebeyondspecialistsinhistory,orinItaly.Italsoprovidesuswith"amessageofhopeforaworldstrugglingwiththegreatpresent-daymedicalemergency".Questions14-CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage.UsingNOMORETHANTWOwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachWriteyouranswerinboxes14-17onyouranswerMalariaMalariawasakeyissueformedicalexpertinthepast.itiswell-acknowledgedthattherearepotentiallinkwithmosquitoesand14 .In19centurymajorityofexpertdidnotrealizethat15 wasn’ttherealcause.InItaly,the16 ofpeoplefrominfectedzonewasaslowas22.5years.ItwasevenonceattributedtothesouthernItalians,claimedthatmalariawas17 .AllabovehypothesisweredeniedfinallyandrealcauseQuestions18-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingInboxes18-21onyouranswersheet ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementcontradictstheNOT ifthereisnoinformationonWrongsslowedthedevelopmentoffightingmalariaintheendof19century.VolunteersinGrassiexperimentswerefromallpartsoftheMosquitoeswerejustcarriersofMalariainsteadofbeinginfectedQuestions22-Readingpassage2has7paragraphs,A-WhichparagraphcontainthefollowingWritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes,22-27onyouranswerAscientistintentionallyfailedtodistributeThisimplicationofthestoryfortoday’sAbreakthroughunveiledthesecreteofFinalcasereportedtodieofmalariainTheside-effectoftheahighlyeffectivedrug.27Hypothesisofcausesinhistorywerecited.Readingpassage1429s2MalariainUncleanLifeEGBFCAREADINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion28-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onthefollowingpages.MultitaskingCanyoudothematthesameTalkingonthephonewhiledrivingisn’ttheonlysituationwherewe’reworseatmultitaskingthanwemightliketothinkweare.NewstudieshaveidentifiedabottleneckinourbrainsthatsomesaymeanswearefundamentallyincapableoftruemultitaskingIfexperimentalfindingsreflectreal-worldperformance,Practicemightimproveyourperformance,butyouwillneverbeasgoodaswhenfocusingononetaskatatime.Theproblem,accordingtoRenéMarois,apsychologistatVanderbiltinNashville,Tennessee,isthatthere’sastickingpointinthebrain.Todemonstratethis,Maroisdevisedanexperimenttolocateit.Volunteerswatchascreenandwhenaparticularimageappears,aredcircle,say,theyhavetopressakeywiththeirindexfinger.Differentcolouredcirclesrequirepressesfromdifferentfingers.Typicalresponsetimeisabouthalfasecond,andthevolunteersquicklyreachtheirpeakperformance.Thentheylearntolistentodifferentrecordingsandrespondbymakingaspecificsound.ThetroublecomeswhenMaroisshowsthevolunteersanimage,thenalmostimmediayysthemasound.Nowthey’reflummoxed.“Ifyoushowanimageandyasoundatthesametime,onetaskispostponed,”hesays.Infact,ifthesecondtaskisintroducedwithinthehalf-secondorsoittakestoprocessandreacttothefirst,itwillsimplybedelayeduntilthefirstoneisdone.Thelargestdual-taskdelaysoccurwhenthetwotasksarepresentedsimultaneously;delaysprogressivelyshortenastheintervalbetweenpresentingthetaskslengthens.Thereareatleastthreepointswhereweseemtogetstuck,saysMarois.Thefirstisinsimplyidentifyingwhatwe’relookingat.Thiscantakeafewtenthsofasecond,duringwhichtimewearenotabletoseeandrecogniseaseconditem.Thislimitationisknownasthe“attentionalblink”:experimentshaveshownthatifyou’rewatchingoutforaparticulareventandasecondoneshowsupunexpectedlyanytimewithinthiscrucialwindowofconcentration,itmayregisterinyourvisualcortexbutyouwillbeunabletoactuponit.Interestingly,ifyoudon’texpectthefirstevent,youhavenotroublerespondingtothesecond.Whatexactlycausestheattentionalblinkisstillamatterfordebate.Asecondlimitationisinourshort-termvisualmemory.It’sestimatedthatwecankeeptrackofaboutfouritemsatatime,feweriftheyarecomplex.Thiscapacityshortageisthoughttoexin,inpart,ourastonishinginabilitytodetectevenhugechangesinscenesthatareotherwiseidentical,so-called“changeblindness”.Showpeoplepairsofnear-identicalphotos–say,aircraftenginesinonepicturehavedisappearedintheother–andtheywillfailtospotthedifferences.Hereagain,though,thereisdisagreementaboutwhattheessentiallimitingfactorreallyis.Doesitcomedowntoadearthofstoragecapacity,orisitabouthowmuchattentionaviewerispaying?Athirdlimitationisthatchoosingaresponsetoastimulus–brakingwhenyouseeachildintheroad,forinstance,orreplyingwhenyourmotherlsyouoverthephonethatshe’sthinkingofleavingyourdad–alsotakesbrainpower.Selectingaresponsetooneofthesethingswilldelaybysometenthsofasecondyourabilitytorespondtotheother.Thisiscalledthe“responseselectionbottleneck”theory,firstproposedin1952.ButDavidMeyer,apsychologistattheUniversityofMichigan,Anndoesn’tbuythebottleneckidea.Hethinksdual-taskinterferenceisjustevidenceofastrategyusedbythebraintoprioritisemultipleactivities.Meyerisknownassomethingofanoptimistbyhispeers.Hehaswrittenpaperswithtitleslike“Virtuallyperfecttime-sharingindualtaskperformance:Uncorkingthecentralcognitivebottleneck”.Hisexperimentshaveshownthatwithenoughpractice–atleast2000tries–somepeoplecanexecutetwotaskssimultaneouslyascompetentlyasiftheywerengthemoneaftertheother.Hesuggeststhatthereisacentralcognitiveprocessorthatcoordinatesallthisand,what’smore,hethinksitusesdiscretion:sometimesitchoosestodelayonetaskwhilecompletingMaroisagreesthatpracticecansometimeseraseinterferenceeffects.Hehasfoundthatwithjust1hourofpracticeeachdayfortwoweeks,volunteersshowahugeimprovementatmanagingbothhistasksatonce.WherehedisagreeswithMeyerisinwhatthebrainisngtoachievethis.Maroisspeculatesthatpracticemightgiveusthechancetofindlesscongestedcircuitstoexecuteatask–ratherlikefindingtrustybackstreetstoavoidheavytrafficonmainroads–effectivelymakingourresponsetothetasksubconscious.Itprobablycomesasnosurprisethat,generallyspeaking,wegetworseatmultitaskingasweage.AccordingtoArtKramerattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,whostudieshowagingaffectsourcognitiveabilities,wepeakinour20s.Inonestudy,heandhiscolleagueshadbothyoungandoldparticipantsdoasimulateddrivingtaskwhilecarryingonaconversation.Hefoundthatwhileyoungdriverstendedtomissbackgroundchanges,olderdriversfailedtonoticethingsthatwerehighlyrelevant.Likewise,oldersubjectshadmoretroublepayingattentiontothemoreimportantpartsofascenethanyoungdrivers.It’snotallbadnewsforover-55s,though.Krameralsofoundthatolderpeoplecanbenefitfrompractice.Notonlydidtheylearntoperformbetter,brainscansshowedthatunderlyingthatimprovementwasachangeinthewaytheirbrainseactive.Whileit’sclearthatpracticecanoftenmakeadifference,especiallyasweage,thebasicfactsremainsobering.“Wehavethisimpressionofanalmightycomplexbrain,”saysMarois,“andyetwehaveveryhumblingandcripplinglimits.”Formostofourhistory,weprobablyneverneededtodomorethanonethingatatime,hesays,andsowehaven’tevolvedtobeableto.Perhapswewillinfuture,though.WemightyetlookbackonedayonpeoplelikeDebbieandAlunasancestorsofanewbreedoftruemultitaskers.Questions28-ThereadingPassagehastenparagraphsA-WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingWritethecorrectletterA-J,inboxes28-32onyouranswerAtheoryexineddelayhappenswhenselectingoneDifferentagegrouprespondstoimportantthings shappenedwhenvisualandaudioelementemergeAnexperimentdesignedtodemonstrateblocksforAviewpointfavorsoptimisticsideofmultitaskQuestions33-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWriteyouranswersinboxes33-35onyouranswerWhichoneiscorrectaboutexperimentconductedbyRenéParticipantsperformedpoorlyonlisteningtaskVolunteerspressdifferentkeyondifferentParticipantsneedtousedifferentfingersondifferentcoloredTheydidabetterjobonMixedimageandsoundWhichstatementiscorrectaboutthefirstlimitationofMarois's“Attentionalblink”takesabouttenLagoccursifweconcentrateononeobjectwhilesecondoneWealwayshavetroubleinreactingthesecondFirstlimitationcanbeavoidbycertainWhichoneisNOTcorrectaboutMeyer'sexperimentsandPeoplecanexecutedual-taskjustafterseveralPractice edual-taskMeyerholdsadifferentopiniononMarois'sAnexistingprocessordecideswhetherdelayanothertaskorQuestions36-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage3?Inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementis ifthestatementisNOT ifthein