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SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TherearemanyweddingtraditionsintheWest.Andsomeofthemdatebackseveralhundredsofyearsandmostoftheiroriginshavetheir1inancientsuperstitiousbeliefs.“Somethingold,new,borrowedandblue”isa2bridalattirerhyme.ItdatesbacktotheVictoriantimes.Somethingoldrefers3wearingsomethingthatrepresentsalinkwiththebride’sfamilyandher4life.Usually,thebridewearsapieceoffamilyjewelryormaybehermother’sorgrandmother’sweddingdress.Wearingsomethingnew5goodfortuneandsuccessinthebride’snewlife.Thebride’sweddingdressisusuallychosen,orpurchasednew,6itcanbeanyothernewitemofthebride’sweddingattire.Wearingsomethingborrowedismeantto7goodlucktothemarriage.Itcouldbeanitemofbridalclothing,ahandkerchieforanitemofjewelry.WearingsomethingbluedatesbacktoBiblicaltimes8thecolorbluewasconsideredtorepresentpurityandfidelity.Thecustomoftheweddingveilisthoughtto9theweddingdressbycenturies.Oneexnationforitisthatduringthetimesof10marriages,thebride’sfacewascovereduntilthegroomwascommitted11herattheceremony—soitwouldbetoolateforhimtorunoffifhedidn’tlikethe12ofher!Itisalsothoughtthattheveilwaswornto13thebridefromevilspiritsthatwouldbefloatingaroundonherweddingday.Thisis14theveilcoversthebride’sfacethroughouttheceremonyuntiltheminister15thecouplemanandAndtraditionallyabride’s16ringandweddingringarewornonthethirdfingerofthelefthand.17nopreciseevidenceexinstheoriginofthistradition,onebeliefisstronglyheldtoit.It18fromthe17thcentury.Duringaweddingthen,thepriestarrivedattheforthfinger19touchingthethreefingersonthelefthand“—inthe20oftheFather,theSonandtheHolyGhost.”1.[A][B][D]2.[A][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][D]5.[A][B][D]6.[A][B][D]7.[A][B][D]8.[A][B][D]9.[A][B][D]10.[B][D]11.[A][B][D]12.[A][B][D]13.[A][B][D]14.[A][B][D]15.[A][B][D]16.[A][B][D]17.[A][B][D]18.[A][B][D]19.[A][B][C]prior[D]20.[A][B][D]SectionIIReadingPartReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Whennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface:AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovostofYale,willeOxford’svicechancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversityintheUnitedStates,withresponsibilityfortheday-to-dayrunningoftheprestigiousinstitution.Hamilton,adistinguishedchemist,isn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingthepond.SchoolsinFrance,Singaporeandelsewherehavealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromHighereducationhas eabigandcompetitivebusinessthesedays,andlikesomanybusinessesit’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-level neltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromtheUnitedStates.ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsjustdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewtooverseeitsthreecampusesand52,000students,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestateernment,thesourceofaheftychunkoftheuniversity’sbudget.Theboardultimaypickedabusinessmanandpoliticalactivistwhoislikelytoexcelatthemaintaskofmodernuniversitys:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing.Thisstrengthislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyonphilanthropy.AtHarvardlastyear,philanthropymadeup40percentofthetotalbudget.ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentonernmentfunding.Butstatesupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumbers.InBritain,forexample,ernmentcontributionsdroppedfrom$14,000perstudentin1990to$9,000in2006.Thisdeclinehasmadefund-raisinganincreasinglynecessaryabilityamongadministrators,andhashiredcommitteesclamoringforAmericans.Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost，asitsvicechancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale’sfinancialposition.”Herhiringwaspartofalargerinitiative—in2005Cambridgelauncheda10-year,$2billiondevelopmentn,andthisyearOxfordfollowedsuitwithitsown$2.5billionn.BothschoolshaveopeneddevelopmentofficesintheUnitedStatesinordertotapwealthyalumniinacountryalreadyaccustomedtogiving.Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn’ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindtobolsterinternationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshonestablishedpractices.Inthisareaoftheglobaleconomy,atleast,U.S.exportsstillThereisauniversalphenomenonthatforeignuniversitiestend havefinancialhireanewbossreformtheireducationalThestatement“thetalentflowisn’tuniversal”(Lines2-3,Para.2)isusedtoshow onlyEuropeanuniversitiesencouragethetalenttopooruniversitiescan’taffordtoemployforeignAsianuniversitiestakeeffectivemeasurestoprohibitbrainWhichofthefollowingisanessentialabilityofAmericanuniversityRemainingactiveinbothbusinessandPractisingasaneducatorformorethantenRaisingmoneytoimprovethefinancialEstablishingagoodrelationshipwiththeItcanbeinferredfromPara.4 bothOxfordandCambridgeareseekinganewsourceofAlisonRichardhasalreadydCambridgefromfinancialOxfordandCambridgehavecalledontheiralumnitodonateOxfordandCambridgehaveopenedofficestoattractforeignThestateofourunionsisweak.Organizedlaborhasneverbeenlessinfluential,atatimewhencorporateAmericapossessesunprecedentedpoliticalpowerandoverwhelminginfluenceinbothpartiesandtheWhiteHouse.Afterfightingfordecadestoimprovethequalityoflivesofournation’sworkingmenandwomen,organizedlaborisnolongerthecountervailinginfluencetothedominantpowerofcorporateAmerica.UnionshaveundoubtedlyimprovedthelivesofallworkingAmericans,andweoftentakeforgrantedthechangesthey’vehelpedimplementintheworkce.Laborhasbeensuccessfulinestablishingthe40-hourworkweek,creatingminimum-wagestandardsandunemploymentinsurance,anddeveloovertimepayregulations,childlaborlaws,andworkersafetyandhealthcodes.Buttoday’sunionsarevirtuallyimpotentinthefaceofcorporateAmerica'spoliticalThereareabout15.5millionunionmembersintheUnitedStates,adeclineofmorethan5percentinthefouryearssinceBushfirsttookoffice.Only12.5percentofwageandsalaryworkerswereunionmembersin2004,markingasteadydeclinefrommorethan20percenttwodecadesago.Despitetheinstitutionallaborsafeguardsofcivilservice,ernmentworkersmakeupalmosthalfofallunionemployees.Today,36percentofernmentworkersareunionized,whileonly8percentofprivate-sectoremployeesbelongtoaunion,thelowestlevelinmorethanacentury.Decliningunionmembershipisnottheonlyreasonfororganizedlabor’srecentweakness,butitdoesexintheunions’diminishedbargainingpower.Clearly,failedunionleadershipandpoorunionmanagementyasignificantroleinorganizedlabor’sdecline.AtpreciselythemomentinhistorywhenAmericanworkingmenandwomenareunderthemostviciousassaultfromso-calledtrade,joboutsourcingtocheapforeignlabormarkets,risinghealthcarecosts,afailingeducationalsystem,massiveillegalimmigration,andstagnantwages,ourlaborunionscontinuetofollowfailedpracticesofthepastandareallbuthelplessinthefaceofcorporateAmerica’sdomination.UnionsrefusetothrowdownthegauntletinordertolighttheexportingofAmericanjobsandoftengetinbedwithcorporateAmericaonbasicissueslikeaminimum-wagehike.Atthesametime,organizedlaborflippeditspositiononopenborders,supportingaguest-workerprogramaswellasamnestyforillegalaliens,apracticethatdepresseswagesformanyofitsexistingunionmembersandcountlessotherworkersbyanestimated$200billionayear.Asmembershipdecreases,it’simportantforunionstofindnewworkersandexpand,butrecruitingillegalaliensattheexpenseofexistingmembersisnotonlycountertotheinterestsofunionmembershipnationwidebutalsofurtherevidenceofthehaplesspowerlessnessoforganizedAswhatmentionedinthefirsttwoparagraphs,theunionsinthe hadapowerfulinfluenceinAmerica[B]weremorepowerfulthantheWhiteHouse[C]weregreatlyappreciatedbytheAmericanworkers[D]haddonenothingfortheAmericanworkersWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheunion’smembership?[A]ThereisariseinnumberduringtheBushadministration.[B]Unionmembersgettheirwageandsalaryfromtheunion.[C]Theunionislosingitsattractiontotheworkersnow.[D]Membershipiseasier Whatcanwelearnfromthe [A]Memberlossisthemaincauseforthelaborunion’sdecline.[B]Joboutsourcingleadstotheunion’smemberloss.[C]Laborunion’sdeclinewastheresultofcorporateAmerica’sdomination.[D]LaborunionshaveignoredtheconditionswhichtheworkersareTheword“flipped”(Line3,Para.5)probably carried Itisbeneficialtotheunionitself cooperatewiththecorporateAmerica[B]holdonitsviewonopenborders[C]recruitillegalalienmembers[D]decreasethenumberofitsmembershipThankstoslummarkets,investmentbanksaresheddingmanyoftheirhighly-paidtraders.Whenmarketsrecover,thebanksmightbetemptedtorecethemwithrathercheapertalent.Onealternativehasbeenaroundforawhilebuthasyettocatchon:autonomoustradingagents—computersprogrammedtoactlikethehumanversionwithoutsuchpeskycostsasholidays,lunchbreaksorbonuses.Programtradinghas,ofcourse,beendonebefore;someblamedthe1987stockmarketcrashoncomputersinstructedwithsimpledecision-makingrules.Butrobotscanbesmarterthanthat.DaveCliff,aresearcheratHewlett-PackardLaboratoriesinBristol,England,hasbeencreatingtradingrobotsforsevenyears.Incomputersimulationsheletsthemevolve“genetically”,andsoallowsthemtoadaptandfitmodelsofreal-worldfinancialmarkets.Hisexperimentshavesuggestedthataredesignofsomemarketscouldleadtogreaterefficiency.Lastyear,aresearchgroupatIBMshowedthatMr.Cliff’sartificialtraderscouldconsistentlybeatthehumanvariety,invariouskindsofmarket.Nearlyalltaketheshapeofanauction.Onewell-knowntypeistheEnglishauction,familiartopatronsofthesalesroomsofChristie’sandSotheby’s,wheresellerskeepmumontheirofferprice,andbuyersincreasetheirbidsbystagesuntilonlyoneremains.AttheotherextremeistheDutchauction,familiarto17th-centurytulip-tradersintheNetherlandsaswellastobiddersforAmericanTreasurybonds.Here,buyersremainsilent,andasellerreduceshispriceuntilitisaccepted.Mostmarketsforshares,commodities,foreignexchangeandderivativesareahybridofthesetwotypes:buyersandsellerscanannouncetheirbidorofferpricesatanytime,anddealsareconstantlybeingclosed,aso-called“continuousdoubleauction”.Mr.Cliff’snovelideawastoapplyhisevolutionarycomputerprogramstomarketcesthemselves.Whynot,hethought,tryandseewhattypesofauctionwouldlettradersconvergemostquicklytowardsanequilibriumprice?Theresultsweresurprising.Inhismodels,auctionsthatletbuyersandsellersbidatanytimelikemostoftoday’sfinancialexchangeswerelessefficientthanonesthatrequiredrelativelymorebidsfromeitherbuyersorsellers.These“evolvedauctions”alsowithstoodbigmarketshocks,suchascrashesandpanics,betterthantoday'sreal-worldversions.Mr.Cliff’smostrecentresults,whichwillbepresentedinSydney,Australia,onDecember10th,showthatthebesttypeofauctionforanymarketdependscruciallyonevenslightdifferencesinthenumberofbuyersandsellers.BankofAmericahasbeeninvestigatingthesenewauctions,alongwithrobotictraders,forpossibleuseinelectronicexchanges.Thehopeisthattoday’sfinancialauctionsandonlinemarketcesmightworkbetterby ingmoreliketheirEnglishandDutchforebears.Butwhattocallsuchmulti-ethnichybrids?Here’sintroducingthe“Cliffhanger”.Thepassageis areviewoftwokindsofanintroductionoftradingasurveyofthetradingabouttradingWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheDave’srobottradershavenowbeenusedinreal-worldRobottraderscanevolvelikeTheEnglishauctionisthemostpopulartradingThereisroomforimprovementinefficiencyintradingIfyouweretradingAmericanTreasurybonds,youwouldmostlikelytakethetradingformof theDutchthecontinuousdoubletheEnglishtheevolvedWecaninferfromthetext existingauctionscannotwithstandmarketit’shardfortraderstoreachanequilibriumtheDutchauctionisbetterthanthecontinuousdoublethebesttypeofauctiontakescewhenthenumberofthebuyersisequaltothatofTowardrobottraders,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidto [D]CarmenAraceMiddleSchoolissituatedinthepastoraltownofBloomfield,Conn.,butfouryearsagoitfacedmanyofthesamechallengesasinner-cityschoolsinnearbyHartford:lowscoresonstandardizedtests,dropenrollmentandhighratesofdetention.Thentheschool’shard-drivingprincipal,DeloresBolton,persuadedherboardtoshakeupthecebybuyingalaptopcomputerforeachstudentandteachertouse,inschoolandathome.Forgoodmeasure,theboardprovidedwirelessInternetaccessatschool.Totalcost:$2.5million.Now,anhourbeforeclassesstart,everyseatinthelibraryistakenbystudentseagertogetonline.Fifth-gradeteacherJenFridaytalksaboutsedimentaryrocksasstudentsviewthematacolorfulwebsite.Afterschool,studentsonbusespulllaptopsfrombackpackstogetstarted.Sincethecomputersarrived,enrollmentisup20%.Disciplinarysuspensionsaredown80%.Scoresonstateachievementtestsareup35%.Bolton,whoisblack,isproudtorun“aschoolwith90%blackenrollmentthatisonthecuttingedge.”Indeed,schoolsystemsinruralMaineandNewYorkCityareeagertofollowAraceMiddleSchool’sexample.ernorAngusKinghasproposedusing$50millionfromanunexpectedbudgetsurplustobuyalaptopforallofMaine’s17,000seventh-graders—andfornewseventh-graderseachfall.Thefundswouldcreateapermanentendowmentwhoseinterestwouldhelpbuythecomputers.Then,scaledbackto$30millioninacompromisewiththelegislature,isscheduledtobevotedonthisweek.Inthesamespirit,theNewYorkCityboardofeducationvotedunanimouslyonApril12tocreateaschoolInternetportal,whichwouldmakemoneybysellingadsandlicensing sites.Theportalwillalsoprovidee-mailserviceforthecity’s1.1millionpublicschoolstudents.Profitswillbeusedtobuylaptopsforeachoftheschoolsystem’s87,000-graders.Withinnineyears,allstudentsingrades4andhigherwillhavetheirowncomputers.BackinBloomfield,theschoolboardisseekingfederalgrantmoneytoexpanditslaptopprogramtohighschoolstudents.Intheme ,mostofthekinkshavebeenworkedout.Somestudentswereusingtheircomputerstogoofofforvisitunauthorizedwebsites.ButteachershavetheabilitytotrackwherestudentshavebeenontheWebandtorestrictthem.“Thatistheworstwhentheydisableyou,”sayseighth-gradehonorsstudentJamieBassell.“Yougothroughlaptopwithdrawal.”Thehabitisrubbingoffonparents.“Itaughtmymomtousee-mail,”saysanothereighth-grader,KatherineHypolite.“Andnowshe’stakingcomputerclasses.I’msoproudofher!”TheexampleofCarmenAraceMiddleSchoolinthetextisused showthechallengesschoolsarefacedwithprovethataschoolwithhighblackenrollmentcandoemphasizetheimportanceofcomputersandtheInternetinmodernindicatethatlaptopscanhelpimprovestudents’schoolByintroducingthelaptopprogram,DeloresBolton shakenthebeliefsofbothteachers’andwitnessedaremarkableimprovementinenrollmentandstudents’testfoundherfollowersalloverthe allhavetheirownlaptopswithinnineemoreinterestedintheirclassactivitieswiththeapplicationofspendmoretimevisitingunauthorizedwebsiteswiththeexpansionofthelaptopenjoye-mailserviceprovidedbythecity’sschoolsysteminthenearTheword“kink”(line2,paragraph5)mostprobably [A] [D]Fromthepassagewelearn thelaptopprogramalsohasapositiveinfluenceonthelaptopprograminpublicschoolsissponsoredmainlybyaschoolInternetportalisthekeytoalaptopstudentsgenerallyliketheideaofhavingtheironlineactivitiesPartReadthefollowingtextandanswerquestionsbyfindingasubtitleforeachofthemarkedpartsorparagraphs.Therearetwoextraitemsinthesubtitles.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TakeaMakeaSitPrioritizeYourExerciseHoweverdifficultyoufindittoarrangeyourtime,itwillpayoffinthelongrunifyousetasideacertainpartofthedayforstudying—andsticktoit.Itisbesttomakeaweeklyallocationofyourtime,makingsurethatyouhaveenoughleftforrecreationalactivitiesorsimplytobe“with”yourself:readinganovelorwatchingaevisionprogramme.Aspartofyourweeklyschedule,itisalsoadvisabletoconsiderexactlywhatyouhavetodointhatweek,andmakesurethatyoutacklethemostsignificanttasksfirst,leavingtheeasierorlessurgentareasofyourworkuntillater.Onaphysicallevel,makesurethatyouhaveanareaorspaceforstudying.Don’tdoitjustanywhere.Ifyoualwaysstudyinthesamece,preferablyaroomofyourown,youwillfinditeasiertoadjustmentallytotheactivitywhenyouenterthatarea.YoushouldhaveeverythingthatyoumightneedatMakesurethatallthephysicalequipmentthatyouuse,suchasadesk,chairetc.,isatagoodheightforyou.Ifyouusea alcomputer,thereareplentyofguidelinesavailablefromtheernmentonposture,angles,lightingandthelike,consulttheseandavoidthetypicalstudentachesandIfyouarengalongessayorresearchpaperwhichinvolvestheuseoflibrarybooksorotherarticles,ithelpstokeepdetailsofthetitlesandauthorsonsmallcardsinacardbox.Itisalsoagoodideatologthesealphabeticallysothatyoucanfindthemeasily—ratherlikeephonenumbers.It’salltooeasytoreadsomethingandthenforgetwhereitcameMakeuseofequipmentthatisavailabletoyou.Ifyoufindausefularticleinthelibrary,itisbesttomakeacopyoftherelevantpagesbeforeyouleave.Then,whenyougetbacktoyourstudy,youcanmarkthearticleandmakeanycommentsthatyouhaveinthemargin.Ifyouareworkingonatopicyourteacherhasset,butfindingithardtoconcentrate,itmaybethatyouactuallyneedtotakeyourmindrightoffitforaperiodoftime.“Airingthemind”canworkwonderssometimes.Afteraperiodawayfromthetask