復合句ThecomplexsentenceThecomplexsentenceThecomplexsentence:nounclauses：Howtoidentifyanounclause：CompareHetoldmeaboutthecancellationofthematchHetoldmethatthematchhadbeencancelledCancellationisanoun,thatthematchhadbeencancelledisaclauseThecomplexsentence(ithasafiniteverb)Theclauseisdoingthesameworkasthenoun,soitiscalledanounclauseLikeanynoun,anounclausecanbethesubjector(farmoreusually)objectofaverb,orthecomplementofthe

verbbeorsomeoftheverbsrelatedtobe,suchasseemandappearIknowthatthematchwillbecancelled(object)Thatthematchwillbecancelledisnowcertain(subjectofbe)ThecomplexsentenceNounclausesderivedfromstatements：Nounclausesderivedfromstatementsareusuallythat-clauses(sometimeswhat-clauses),thoughtheconjunctionthatisoftenomitted由陳述句衍生的名詞從句:由陳述句衍生出來的名詞從句通常是that從句(有時是what-從句)，盡管連詞that經(jīng)常被省略Lookatthefollowingstatement：MoneydoesntgrowontreesThecomplexsentenceByputtingthatinfrontofastatement,weturnitintoasubordinatenounclausewhichcanbejoinedtoanotherclauseAssuch,itwilldothesameworkasanounandcanbeusedasfollows把that放在陳述句前面，我們就把它變成了一個從屬名詞從句，可以與另一個從句連接。因此，它的作用與名詞相同，可以這樣使用NounclauseasthesubjectofaverbMoneydoesntgrowontreesThisshouldbeobviousThatmoneydoesn'tgrowontreesshouldbeobviousThecomplexsentenceWetendtoavoidthisconstruction,preferringtobeginwithIt,followedbybeseem,etcItisobvious(that)moneydoesn'tgrowontreesSuchclausesarenotobjects,butare'inapposition'tothe'preparatorysubject'itThatcannotbeomittedatthebeginningofasentence,butcanbeleftoutaftermanyadjectives

andafewnounssuchas(it's)apityashame這樣的分句不是對象，而是與“預備”相對立的That不能省略在句首，但可以省略在許多形容詞和一些名詞之后，如(it's)apityashameThecomplexsentenceNounclauseastheobjectofaverbThatisoftenomittedbeforeanounclausewhichistheobjectofaverb,especiallyininformalstyleEverybodyknows(that)moneydoesn'tgrowontreesAftermanyverbs(egbelieveknowthink)theuseofthatisoptionalAftersomeverbs(eganswerimply)thatisgenerallyrequiredThatisalsousualafter'reportingverbs',suchasassureinform,whichrequireanindirectobjectThatisusuallyobligatoryinlongersentences,especiallywhenthef/iaf-clauseisseparatedfromtheverbThecomplexsentenceThedealertoldmehowmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar

andthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay車商告訴我他準備出多少錢買我的車，說我可以馬上拿到錢Athat-clausecannotfollowaprepositionHeboastedabouthissuccess=HeboastedthathewassuccessfulHowever,aprepositionisnotdroppedbeforeanounclausethatbeginswithaquestion-word然而，介詞不能在以疑問詞開頭的名詞從句前省略HeboastedabouthowsuccessfulhewasThecomplexsentenceNounclausesafter'thefactthat',etc.Byusingexpressionslikethefactthatandtheideathatwecanavoidtheawkwardnessofbeginningasentencewiththat通過使用factthat和theidea這樣的表達，我們可以避免以that開頭的尷尬ThefactthathisproposalmakessenseshouldberecognizedTheideathateveryoneshouldberequiredtovotebylawissomethingIdontagreewithHisproposalmakessenseThisshouldberecognizedTheseexpressionscanbeusedafterverbssuchastofaceWemustfacethefactthatwemightloseourdepositThecomplexsentenceThefactthatalsofollowsprepositionsandprepositionalphraseslikebecauseofinviewofonaccountofowingtoduetoinspiteofdespiteandnotwithstanding(formal)HisloveofliteraturewasduetothefactthathismotherreadpoetrytohimwhenhewasachildInspiteof/DespitethefactthathotelpriceshaverisensharplythenumberoftouristsisasgreataseverThecomplexsentenceNounclausesafteradjectivesdescribingfeelingsManyadjectivesdescribingpersonalfeelings(egafraidgladhappypleasedsorry)orcertainty(egcertainsure)canbefollowedby

that(optional)I'mafraid(that)we'vesoldoutofticketsThecomplexsentenceTransferrednegativesafterverbsofthinkingandfeeling思維和感覺動詞后的轉(zhuǎn)移否定Afterverbslikebelieveimaginesupposethink,wecantransferthenegativefromtheverbtothethat-clausewithoutreallychangingthemeaning[compare'contrastingnegatives'So,forexample,thesepairsofsentenceshavealmostthesamemeaningThecomplexsentence例如：Idon'tbelievesheIIarrivebefore7Ibelieveshewon'tarrivebefore7Idon'tsupposeyoucanhelpusIsupposeyoucan'thelpusThecomplexsentenceNounclausesderivedfromquestionsNounclausescanbederivedfromYes/Noquestionsandquestion-wordquestionsNounclausesderivedfromYes/NoquestionsHereisadirectYes/NoquestionHashesignedthecontract?ThecomplexsentenceByputtingiforwhetherinfrontofitandbychangingthewordordertosubject-predicate,weturnitintoasubordinatenoun-clausethatcanbeused-asasubjectWhetherhehassignedthecontract(ornot)doesntmatter{ifisnotpossible)Thecomplexsentence-asacomplementafterbeThequestioniswhetherhehassignedthecontract(ifisnotpossible)-asanobjectafterverbs,especiallyinindirectquestionsIwanttoknowwhether/ifhehassignedthecontract(ornot)-asanobjectafteraprepositionImconcernedaboutwhetherhehassignedthecontract(ornot){ifisnotpossible)ThecomplexsentenceNounclausesderivedfromquestion-wordquestionsHereisadirectquestion-wordquestionHowsoonwillweknowtheresults?Question-wordquestions(beginningwithwho(m)whatwhichwhenwherewhyandhowplusachangeinwordorder)canfunctionasnounclausesandcanbeused疑詞疑問句(以who(m)what、which、which、when、where、why和how開頭，加上詞序的變化)可以作為名詞從句使用Thecomplexsentence-asasubject:Whenhedidit