TraditionalChinesefestivalTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1stonlunarcalendarhasbeendesignatedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeothersignificantChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-seventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首稱為春節(jié)，俗稱“過年”，有祈年等多種習(xí)俗，是中國人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象征團(tuán)結(jié)興旺。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、中秋節(jié)、重陽節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。各個(gè)節(jié)日都有其來源講究和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日與農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現(xiàn)。ChineseteacultureAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauceandvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandthehumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.茶是中華民族的舉國之飲，發(fā)端于神農(nóng)，興盛于唐宋（618—1279）。開門七件事，柴米油鹽醬醋茶，是中國人日常生活的寫照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。中國的茶道精神將儒釋道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術(shù)來修煉身心，體悟大道，提升人生境界。TraditionalChinesepaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdoneChinesegrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.中國石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號(hào)稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動(dòng)自然，將崇高美與世俗情融為一體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機(jī)結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。ChineseclassicalliteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureare“RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,”“WaterMargin,”“JourneytotheWest,”and“DreamofRedMansions,”whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceofthetraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.中國古典文學(xué)包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說中的《三國演義》、《水滸傳》、《西游記》、《紅樓夢(mèng)》則被稱為中國四大古典文學(xué)名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會(huì)、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChina’soutstandingcontributionstotheworld’scivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.Proto-porcelainwasinventedinthemid-ShangDynasty(1600BC-1046BC).CeladonwasmouldedinthelateHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Fromthenon,porcelainwasintroducedbyChinatotherestoftheworld.Chinawasthereforedubbedthe“porcelaincountry.”InEnglish,theword“china”hasbecomeawordthatrepresents“China.”瓷器是中華民族對(duì)世界文明的偉大貢獻(xiàn)。早在八千年前的新石器時(shí)代，中國的先民就發(fā)明使用了陶器。商代（前1600—前1046）中期創(chuàng)造出了原始瓷器。漢代（前206—公元220）末期燒制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中國傳播到世界各地，中國也博得了“瓷之國”的稱號(hào)。英文中“瓷器（china）”一詞已成為“中國”的代名詞。Unit6Book3中國古典文學(xué)名著中國古典文學(xué)包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說中的《三國演義》、《水滸傳》、《西游記》、《紅樓夢(mèng)》則被稱為中國四大古典文學(xué)名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會(huì)、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。ChineseClassicalLiteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprosepoetry),qu(afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreekingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamoftheRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreadig“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumancultureandfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceofthetraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.Unit1Book4剪紙剪紙又叫刻紙、窗花或剪畫。剪紙?jiān)诩埖陌l(fā)明之前就已流行，當(dāng)時(shí)人們運(yùn)用金箔、絹帛、皮革等片狀材料，通過鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代（前206—公元220），紙張的發(fā)明促使了剪紙的發(fā)展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多來源于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題，表達(dá)對(duì)美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Paper-cuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,sick,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC~220AD),theinventionofpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,fillingwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.Unit2book4儒家思想Confuciusthought,alsocalledConfucianism,wasestablishedbyConfucius,agreatthinkerandeducatorwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).SomerepresentativesofConfucianismthroughoutChinesehistoryincludeMencius,DongZhongshu,Zhuxi,andWangYangming.ThemainclassicsofConfucianismareFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andMencius)andTheFiveClassics(Zhouyi,Shangshu(CollectionofAncientTexts),TheBookofSongs,TheRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals).TheConfucianschoolregards“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity”asbeingatthecoreofitsethicalsystem.Confucianismwasthemainideologyofthefeudalsocietyformorethan2,000yearsinChina.儒家思想也稱為儒學(xué)，由春秋（前770年—前476年）末期偉大的思想家、教育家孔子所創(chuàng)立。歷代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王陽明等。主要經(jīng)典有：四書（《大學(xué)》、《中庸》、《論語》、《孟子》），五經(jīng)（《周易》、《尚書》、《詩經(jīng)》、《禮記》、《春秋》）等。儒家學(xué)派以“仁、義、禮、智、信”為核心內(nèi)容，構(gòu)成了其倫理思想體系，是中國古代長達(dá)兩千余年封建社會(huì)的主流意識(shí)。Unit3Book4中國象棋中國象棋早在戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期（前475—前221）就有記載，最初稱為六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960—1127）末期定型為近代模式。棋盤為九豎十橫線畫成的長方形平面，是中國封建社會(huì)制度和文化的縮影-----有中軍帳（九宮）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武將（車、馬、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋類（中國圍棋、中國象棋、國際象棋、日本將棋）之一。ChineseChessTheearliestrecordsofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC~221BC).Theearly-stageChinesechesswascomposedofsixpiecescarvedoutofivory,andwasthereforecalled“SixBoxing”.ItsfinalformofplaywasfixedattheendofNorthernSongDynasty(960AD~1127AD)afteralongperiodofdevelopment.Thechessboardisarectangularboardthatis9lineswideby10lineslong.Composedofmarshalorgeneral,advisors(scholarorofficial),civilofficials(elephantorminister),militaryofficers(chariots,horses,andcannons),andsoldiers(soldiersorpawns),ChinesechessisChinesesocialinstitutionandcultureinminiature.Itisalsooneofthefourmostpopularchessgamesintheworld,theotherthreebeingtheChineseWeiqi,thegameofchess,andshogi(orgeneral’schess).二十四節(jié)氣中國古代的先民們，根據(jù)太陽在黃道（即地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)的軌道）上的位置，將一年均分為二十四個(gè)等分，并分別賦予具有特定含義的專有名稱，如春分、清明等，這便是二十四節(jié)氣。二十四節(jié)氣以黃河流域氣候?yàn)楸尘埃炎匀患竟?jié)現(xiàn)象與農(nóng)事活動(dòng)的相互聯(lián)系作為內(nèi)容列入歷法，用以指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。它是中國古代先民們獨(dú)特而偉大的歷法。TheancientChinesedividedayearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(OccursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5or6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesofYellowRiver,the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendartogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakesintoaccountofthechangesinclimatesandthepracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.中國書法中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“書”特指書法。它是用毛筆書寫篆、隸、楷、行、草等各體漢字的藝術(shù)。中國書法在技法上講究筆法、墨法、章法等，其藝術(shù)的和諧之美體現(xiàn)在字里行間。隸書的蠶頭燕尾，楷書的中規(guī)中矩，草書的龍飛鳳舞，行書的瀟灑飄逸，可謂異彩紛呈，千姿百態(tài)。中國書法體現(xiàn)了中華民族豪爽大氣、端莊含蓄的特點(diǎn)。ThefourancientChineseartisticformsarecalledguqin,chess,penmanshipandpainting;andpenmanshipparticularlyreferstoChinesecalligraphy.Chinesecalligraphyisakindofartusingabrushtowritesealscript,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,grassscriptandothervariouswritingstylesofChinesecharacters.ThewritingtechniquesofChinesecalligraphyarehighlightedbythemannerofusingabrush,thewayinkisused,theartofcomposition,andsoon.Itsharmoniousbeautyofartisreflectedinbetweenthelines.Chinesecalligraphyexhibitsitsbeautyindifferentposes,suchastheuniquenessofofficialscript’s“silkwormheadandswallowtail,”theregularscript’srequirementto“sticktothenormandrules,”thecharacteristicofgrassscript’s“flyingdragonsanddancingphoenixes,”andthedistinctive“naturalgrace”ofthecursivescript.Indeed,ChinesecalligraphyreflectsthepersonalityofChinesepeople’sstraightforwardness,dignity,andreticence.中國古琴中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“琴”特指古琴，亦稱瑤琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中國古老的一種彈撥樂器。據(jù)《史記》記載，琴的出現(xiàn)不晚于堯舜時(shí)期。為區(qū)分于西方樂器，現(xiàn)被稱作“古琴”。古琴依鳳之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的禮樂思想及中國人所重視的和合性。Asoneofthefourartforms(namelyguqin,chess,penmanshipandpainting)inancientChina,guqinisakindofpluckedstringinstrumentwhichisalsoknownasyaoqin,yuqinandqixianqin.AccordingtotheChinesehistorybookShihChi,qinappearednolaterthantheYaoandSuneras.InordertobedistinguisheditfromsimilarmusicalinstrumentsoftheWest,itwascalledguqin.Theguqin’sdesignimitatestheshapeofaphoenix.Peoplealsonameddifferentpartsofguqinafterthenamesofvariousbodypartsofthephoenix.ThisnamingmethodreflectsConfucius’sthoughtsonmusicandtheideologyofharmonythatChinesepeoplevalue.十二生肖十二生肖是中國用十二種動(dòng)物所組成的記年方法。我國自古就有“干支記年法”，而我國西北地區(qū)游牧的少數(shù)民族則以動(dòng)物記年，兩種記年法相互融合，形成了現(xiàn)在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。屬相的基本意義在于使人們圓融通達(dá)、和衷共濟(jì)。TheChineseZodiacistheChinesewayofnumberingtheyears.Itattributesananimaltoeachyear,accordingtoa12-yearcycle.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplebegantouseHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchestorecordthepassingofyears.Atthesametime,ChinesenomadicpeoplewholivedinthenorthwestChinainsteadusedanimalstonumbertheyears.Thetwowaysofnumberingtheyearsweresmoothlyintegrated,andtheChineseZodiactookshape.The12animalsintheChineseZodiacare:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dogandpig.Themeaningofthesymbolicanimalofthebirthyearisthatitcan