學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精2021高三統(tǒng)考人教英語一輪（經(jīng)典版）學(xué)案：第一部分Book8Unit2Cloning含解析Unit2Cloning基礎(chǔ)自主檢測閱讀識記Ⅰ.英譯漢1。proceduren.程序；步驟；手續(xù)2。arbitraryadj。任意的3.attainvt。獲得；到達（水平、年齡、狀況等）4。constitutionn。憲法；章程5。initialadj。最初的；開始的6.adorevt。崇拜；愛慕；喜愛Ⅱ.漢譯英1.straightforwardadj。簡單的；直接的；坦率的2。castvt。扔；投；擲3。moraladj。道德(上）的；倫理的4。vainadj。虛榮的；自負(fù)的；徒勞的高頻應(yīng)用1。breakthroughn。突破2。altogetheradv.總共;完全地3.obtainvt.獲得；贏得4.forbidvt。禁止;不準(zhǔn)5.compulsoryadj.必須做的；義務(wù)的；強迫的；強制的6。owevt.欠(賬、錢、人情等）;歸功于……7。shortlyadv.立刻；不久8。bothervt.打擾vi。操心n。煩擾9。strikevt。＆vi。打；撞擊;罷工n10。drawbackn.缺點；不利條件拓展變形1.differ(vi。）不同；相異→difference（n.）不同；差異→different（adj.)不同的2。exact(adj.）精確的；準(zhǔn)確的→exactly（adv.）精確地;準(zhǔn)確地3。undertake（vt。)著手；從事;承擔(dān)→undertaking（n4。correction(n。）改正；糾正；修正→correct（vt.5。object（vi。）反對；不贊成→objection(n.)不贊成;反對；異議6.accumulate(vt。＆vi。）積累；聚積→accumulation(n.）積累;聚積7。retire（vi.)退休;離開→retirement（n。)退休，退職；退役→retired(adj。)退休的;離職的8.assumption(n.)假定；設(shè)想→assume（vt。9。regulation（n.）規(guī)則；規(guī)章；法規(guī)→regular(adj.)規(guī)則的；有規(guī)律的→regulate(vt。10。resist（vt.)抵抗；對抗→resistance(n。）抵抗力;反抗→resistant(adj11.merely(adv.)僅；只；不過→mere（adj。)僅僅；小的12。decoration(n。）裝飾→decorate(v。）裝飾；布置13。fairly(adv。）公平地；相當(dāng)?shù)亍鷉airness(n.)公平→fair(adj.)公平的；適當(dāng)?shù)模缓侠淼?4。reasonable(adj.）合情理的；講道理的；公道的→unreasonable（反義詞)（adj。)不合情理的→reason（n。）理由；原因1.“動詞＋副詞”構(gòu)成的合成名詞①drawback缺點②breakdown崩潰；故障③farewell告別④feedback反饋⑤set.up計劃；組織⑥break。up分手；中斷2.含詞根。sist的詞①resistv。抵抗②insistv。堅持③persistv。堅持④assistv.協(xié)助⑤consistvi。由……組成一動詞＋介/副詞1。payoff得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清2。castdown使失望；使沮喪3。strike。.。intoone'sheart使某人對……刻骨銘心4。bringbacktolife使復(fù)生;使復(fù)活5.owe。.。to把……歸功于……二其他6。infavo（u)rof贊成;支持7.（be）boundto(do）.。。一定或注定（做)……8.fromtimetotime不時；偶爾9.invain白費力氣；枉費心機10。ingood/poorcondition狀況很好/壞；情況很好/壞1.“in＋名詞＋of”短語①infavourof贊成;支持②insearchof尋找③inviewof鑒于；由于④inmemoryof為了紀(jì)念⑤inhonourof為了紀(jì)念⑥intermsof就……而言2.“v.＋off”短語①payoff償清②cutoff切斷③takeoff起飛④turnoff關(guān)閉⑤putoff推遲⑥giveoff發(fā)出光/熱/氣體等3。“in＋名詞”短語①invain白費力氣；枉費心機②inrelief如釋重負(fù)地③inshort總之；簡言之④introuble陷入麻煩⑤inneed在困難中⑥indanger在危險中________________________________________________1.while表對比關(guān)系，“然而；可是”Cloningplantsisstraightforwardwhile（然而)cloninganimalsisverycomplicated。（教材P11)2.當(dāng)now，then位于句首，謂語是come，appear等且主語為名詞時，句子完全倒裝Thencame(傳來)thedisturbingnewsthatDollyhadbecomeseriouslyill.（教材P11～P12）3。Theadvantageisthat。。?！捌鋬?yōu)點是……”，that引導(dǎo)表語從句The_advantage_is_that（優(yōu)點是）ifthereisanewillnesssomeoftheseanimalsmaydie，butotherswillsurviveandpassontheabilitytoresistthatdiseasetothenextgeneration.（教材P15)4.basedon.。?！敖⒃凇幕A(chǔ)之上”,過去分詞短語作狀語Based_on(建立在……基礎(chǔ)之上）whatweknownow，youcannotcloneanimalsthathavebeenextinctlongerthan10，000years。（教材P15）單句語法填空1.Itisawayof________(make）anexactcopyofanotheranimalorplant.答案:making2。Thefactis________thesearebothexamplesofnaturalclones.答案:that3。Butatlastthedeterminationandpatienceofthescientistspaid________in1996withabreakthrough.答案：off4。Thefact________sheseemedtodevelopnormallywasveryencouraging.答案：that5.Cloningscientistswerecast________tofind________Dolly’sillnessesweremoreappropriatetoamucholderanimal。答案：down；that6.Newspaperswroteofevilleadershopingtoclonethemselves________（attain)theirambitions.答案：toattain7.Dolly'sdeath,likeherbirth，wasbound________（raise）worries。答案:toraise8.Theinitialrequirementis________youneedperfectDNA。答案：that9。Alleffortsofcloningananimalwillbe________vainifthereisnotenoughdiversityinthegrouptoovercomeillnesses。答案：in10.Diversityinagroupmeanshavinganimalswiththeirgenes________(arrange)indifferentways.答案：arranged考點步步?jīng)_關(guān)1undertakevt。著手;從事；承擔(dān)；保證;答應(yīng)Itisadifficulttasktoundertake。(P11）它是一項很難完成的任務(wù)。undertakesth。著手/從事/承擔(dān)某事undertaketodosth.保證/答應(yīng)做某事undertakethat。。。保證……undertakeresponsibility/atask承擔(dān)責(zé)任/任務(wù)即時練1單句語法填空①Thepolicearesaid________(undertake）detailedinvestigationsintothecaseatpresent.②Cooking,traditionally________(undertake)bymothers,hasbeenoftentakenoverbyfathersnowadays.③Whetherornottheconstructionofthebridge________（undertake)byourcompanyremainstobeseen。答案：①tobeundertaking②undertaken③willbeundertaken2objectionn．不贊成；反對；異議Ontheotherhand，Dolly’sappearanceraisedastormofobjectionsandhadagreatimpactonthemediaandpublicimagination.（P12）另一方面，多莉的出現(xiàn)引起了一陣強烈的反對，對媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了極大的影響.(1）raiseanobjectiontosth。對某事提出異議make/take/haveanobjectionto（doing）sth。反對（做)某事(2)objectn。物體;目標(biāo)vi。反對；不贊成objecttosb。/sth.反對某人/某事objecttodoingsth.反對做某事objectthat..。反對……（3)objectiveadj.真實的；客觀的；無偏見的[名師點津］（1)objectto中的to為介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動名詞.（2)object表示“反對"，為不及物動詞，接賓語需加介詞to；oppose表示“反對”，為及物動詞，接賓語不需加介詞to。beopposedto。。。表示“反對……,和……相反"。即時練2單句語法填空①Ihavenoobjection________yourgoing,butyoumustpromisetocomebackbeforeten。②Aslongasyoucanguaranteesafetyandlowcost,wehaven'tanyslightest________(object)．③Doyouhaveanyobjectionto________（change)yourworkinghours？④Thejournalisthadmanypicturesofthewomansecretlytakeneventhoughsheobjectedto________(photograph）．⑤Ifinditdifficulttobe________（object）whereyou’reconcerned.答案：①to②objection③changing④beingphotographed⑤objective3forbidvt。(forbade/forbad,forbidden)禁止；不準(zhǔn)Somebegantoreformtheirlegalsystemsandforbaderesearchintohumancloning.。。(P12）有些政府開始改革司法制度，明令禁止進行克隆人類的研究……eq\b\lc\\rc\}（\a\vs4\al\co1（forbidsb.todosth。,forbidsb。fromdoingsth.)）禁止某人做某事forbiddoingsth。禁止做某事forbidthat.。.禁止……（從句中常用“（should)＋動詞原形”）forbiddenadj。禁止的Itisforbiddentodosth.做某事是禁止的。即時練3單句語法填空①Thefactoryforbidstheworkers________smokingintheworkshops.②Theguardforbadeus________（look）outofthewindowwhenthetrainwasmoving。③Lackofspaceforbids________（list）thenamesofallthosewhocontributed。④Forthiswriterthereisnosuchathingasa________（forbid)topic.答案：①from②tolook③listing④forbidden4owevt。欠(錢、賬、人情等)；歸功于；應(yīng)感謝Youowetheladyanapology。(P13)你必須向這位女士道歉。（1)owesb.sth。/owesth.tosb.欠某人某物owesb.anapology該向某人道歉owesb。afavour欠某人一個人情owe.。.to.。.把……歸功于……；應(yīng)感激……(2）owingadj.欠著的；未付的owingto＝becauseof＝onaccountof＝dueto因為;由于[名師點津］如果owe的賓語是動詞不定式或名詞性從句，可使用it作形式賓語，將充當(dāng)真正賓語的動詞不定式或名詞性從句放在句尾。如：Heowesittohisdoctor'scarethatheisquitewellagain.他恢復(fù)得很好，他把這歸功于醫(yī)生的照顧。即時練4單句語法填空①Heowed________tohisfirstEnglishteacherthathehadagoodpronunciation。②Shehadaheadache，________（owe)totheweatherhere,butsheisnowaccustomedtoit.答案:①it②owing一句多譯多虧她幫忙，我們才成功啟動了引擎。③____________________，wesucceededinstartingtheengine.(介詞短語)④____________________wesucceededinstartingtheengine。(強調(diào)句型)答案:③Owingtoherassistance④Itwasowingtoherassistancethat1payoff得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清教材原句Butatlastthedeterminationandpatienceofthescientistspaidoffin1996withabreakthrough—thecloningofDollythesheep.(P11）但是,科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報,這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的誕生。paysth.off付清;償清(債務(wù))paysb.off(結(jié)工資后)解雇；用錢封某人的口payforsth。付錢(買)；支付;為某事吃苦頭或受懲罰paysb.forsth.付錢給某人買某物payback還錢,償還；報復(fù)payout付款；支付；回報即時練1寫出下列句中payoff的含義①Itwouldtakehimtherestofhislifetopayoffthatloan.________②Twohundredworkershavebeenpaidoff.________③Allthoseweeksofstudyingwillpayoffwhenyoutaketheexam.________答案：①償清②（結(jié)工資后）解雇；打發(fā)走③取得成功；奏效用pay相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空④Ithasbeenrathercostlytoinstallthemachine,butitshould________________inthelongrun.⑤Lossofhealthistoohighapriceto________________successinyourstudies.⑥Iamsurethathewill____________________everycentheowesyou.答案：④payoff⑤payfor⑥payback2ingood/poorcondition狀況很好/壞；情況很好/壞教材原句ThedodobecameextinctfairlyrecentlysoitsDNAisstillingoodcondition.（P17)渡渡鳥是近期才滅絕的動物，因此它的DNA仍保存完好。（1)working/living/studyingconditions工作/生活/學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境oncondition（that）。。.在……條件下；條件是……；倘若；只要incondition＝fit/healthy健康；狀況好outofcondition狀況欠佳oncondition(that）。。.在……條件下；倘若……onnocondition一點兒也不；決不（放在句首時，用部分倒裝語序）(2）conditionaladj.有條件的;以……為條件的［名師點津]condition指人或物自身的狀況時，常用作不可數(shù)名詞；指周圍的環(huán)境、境況、條件時，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式.onnocondition置于句首時句子用部分倒裝。即時練2用condition相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空①Youmust________________tellhimwhathappened.②I’llletyouhavethebook________________youshouldreturnittomenextweek.③Heknewthathewas________________fromsittingforsolongintheoffice。答案:①onnocondition②oncondition(that)③outofcondition一句多譯你可以使用這臺電腦，條件是你能合理使用并且不弄壞。④Youmayusethiscomputer,______________youareabletouseitproperlysoasnottodamageit.⑤Youmayusethiscomputer______________youareabletouseitproperlysoasnottodamageit。答案:④aslongas⑤onconditionthat1The_fact_thatsheseemedtodevelopnormallywasveryencouraging。（P11)翻譯她看來是在正常地成長著，這很令人鼓舞.thefactthat.。?！氖聦?that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。本句是由that引導(dǎo)的一個同位語從句，用于解釋和說明fact的內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。經(jīng)常跟同位語從句的名詞有fact，news，message,doubt，possibility,idea,reason,belief,hope,thought，promise,suggestion，question等。引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞that,whether；連接代詞who，which，what;連接副詞where，when,why，how等。［名師點津]使用同位語從句要注意以下兩點:（1)同位語從句在句中的位置。一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞(如news,idea，fact,promise,hope,message等）的后面，用于說明該詞所表達的具體內(nèi)容.有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，這在語法上叫作分隔式同位語從句。如：Thethoughtcametoherthatmaybeshehadleftthedooropenwhenshelefthome。她想起她可能在離開家時沒把門關(guān)上。（2)同位語從句的語氣。在suggestion，advice，request，order等意為“建議,要求，命令”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動詞通常用“should＋動詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。如：Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewrule（should）beadopted。主席提出建議，應(yīng)采納新規(guī)則.即時練1單句語法填空①Theidea________computerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesmanypeople。②Wearenotinvestigatingthequestion________heistrustworthy。③Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestion________wearegoingtospendoursummervacation.④Hemadeasuggestionthatthey________（hold）anEnglishspeechcontest。答案：①that②whether③where④（should)hold2The_advantage_is_thatifthereisanewillnesssomeoftheseanimalsmaydie,butotherswillsurviveandpassontheabilitytoresistthatdiseasetothenextgeneration.（P15）翻譯其優(yōu)點是,如果發(fā)生了某種新的疾病，這類動物中的一些可能會死去，而另外一些卻能存活下來，并且把這種抗疫力傳給下一代。Theadvantageisthat...“優(yōu)勢是……"。that在此引導(dǎo)表語從句.Theadvantage/strengthof...isthat...……的優(yōu)勢是……Thedisadvantageof。.。isthat..?！牟蛔闶恰璗hedrawbackof。.。isthat。..……的缺點是……Theproblemof。。。isthat..?！膯栴}是……Chances/Thechancesarethat。..有可能……Thenewsisthat.。。消息是……即時練2單句寫作①優(yōu)勢是我們很好地掌握了英語.__________________wehaveagoodcommandofEnglish。②汽車普及的缺點是它帶來了嚴(yán)重的空氣污染。______________thepopularityofcars______________itbringsaboutsomuchairpollution。③他們很有可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)你是誰。______________________theymightfindoutwhoyouare.答案：①Theadvantageisthat②Thedrawbackof;isthat③Chances/Thechancesarethat3Based_onwhatweknownow,youcannotcloneanimalsthathavebeenextinctlongerthan10，000years.(P15)翻譯就我們現(xiàn)在所知,你不可能克隆那些絕種了一萬年以上的動物.basedon是過去分詞短語作狀語。worried/concernedabout對……感到擔(dān)憂satisfiedwith對……感到滿意surroundedby被……包圍facedwith面對……comparedwith與……比較即時練3單句語法填空①________（satisfy)withwhathedid,theteacherpraisedhiminclass.②________（compare）withhisroom，myroomisevensmaller。③________(face)withalltheseglobalproblems,wecannotstandwhereweare。答案：①Satisfied②Compared③Faced同位語概念同位語是句子成分的一種,位于名詞或代詞后面，對其進行解釋和補充說明，它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞性短語或從句充當(dāng).①Theprogramisattractive。TheprogramisWhereAreWeGoing,Dad?！鶷heprogram,WhereAreWeGoing，Dad，isattractive?！栋职秩ツ膬骸愤@個節(jié)目很吸引人。同位語的表現(xiàn)形式同位語除可以直接位于所修飾的名詞、代詞后外，也可以用“forexample,suchas,thatis，or”等詞引導(dǎo)。②Thefreezingtemperatureisthetemperatureatwhichwaterfreezesunderordinarypressure.Freezingpointisthattoo.→Thefreezingtemperature，orfreezingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichwaterfreezesunderordinarypressure。結(jié)冰的溫度或冰點是在常壓下水結(jié)冰的溫度.同位語從句1．概念：一個句子在復(fù)合句中起到同位語的作用，對前面的名詞進行解釋說明。這個句子被稱為同位語從句。③Hetoldmethenews—hewouldcomehomefromabroadsoon.→Hetoldmethenewsthathewouldcomehomefromabroadsoon.他告訴我他很快從國外回家的消息.2．用法：同位語從句一般位于“fact,news,idea,truth,hope，belief,thought,doubt,question,promise,information"等抽象名詞后，解釋前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。④Whenwillhecomeback?Ihavenoidea?！鶬'venoideawhenhewillcomeback.我不知道他什么時候會回來。3．同位語從句連接詞有“that,whether，who,which,what,when，where，why，how”等。⑤Shouldwecontinuetodotheexperiment？Theproblemhasnotbeensolved?！鶷heproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuetodotheexperimenthasnotbeensolved.我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)做這個實驗這個問題還沒有得到解決.4．同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：同位語從句與其所修飾的名詞在內(nèi)容上是等同（同位)關(guān)系，在句中的語法作用處于同等地位;而定語從句是用來對其前面的名詞(亦即先行詞)起修飾，限定作用,相當(dāng)于一個形容詞。⑥Thenheraisedthequestion.Whereweretheytogetthemachineneeded?→Thenheraisedthequestionwheretheyweretogetthemachineneeded.(同位語從句）然后他提出他們要從哪得到所需要的機器這一問題。⑦Doyouknowtheplace?Hewasbornintheplace.→Doyouknowtheplacewherehewasborn？（定語從句)你知道他出生的地方嗎?即時練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbelief________youarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.答案：that2．—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea________hedidit;that'soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.答案:why3．Thequestion________willtakehisplaceisstillnotclear.答案：who4．Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestion________wearegoingtospendoursummervacation。答案：whereⅡ.單句改錯1．Jimgottoknowthenewswhichthewholevillagewasingreatdanger。________________________________________________答案：which→that2．Thereisnodoubtwhetherhewillkeephispromise.________________________________________________答案:whether→that3．Ihavenoideawheredotheylive.________________________________________________答案：去掉do4．Whenthenewscamebecausethewarbrokeout,hedecidedtoserveinthearmy。________________________________________________答案：because→that基礎(chǔ)達標(biāo)演練Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Iowe________tohimthatthiscollectioncanbemadeknowntothepublic。答案：it2．Theinformation________（obtain)fromtheInternetisnotalwaystrue，soweshouldbecarefultocheckthefactswefindonwebsites。答案：obtained3．ThenewclothesinthatshoparesobeautifulthatAnnacannotresist________(take)acloselookatthem，althoughshecannotaffordthematpresent.答案：taking4．Ithinkitisherpersonalityratherthanherlooksthat__________(strike）me.Askinghertomarrymeismydream。答案：hasstruck5．Thestudentsareforbidden,unlesstheyhavespecialpasses,________(stay）outafter11pm.答案：tostay6．Thatcompanywantstoreducepricestoincreaseitsmarketshare,andthisis________wediffer。答案：where7．Iamsurethenewtrafficregulationwillmeetwithastrong________(object)fromthepublic.答案：objection8．Youcan'tcomparethem—thereisafundamental________(differ)inkind.答案:difference9．Aslongaswepersistinspreadingscientificknowledgeamongthemasses,allthestrangebeliefsarebound________(go）outofourlife。答案:togo10．Iwasn'tblaminganyone；I________（mere）saiderrorslikethiscouldbeavoided.答案：merelyⅡ。單句改錯1．Owetohisabsence,wehadtoputofftheclassmeetingtillnextweek。________________________________________________答案:Owe→Owing2．Ibelievethatyoureffortswillpaybacksoonerorlater.________________________________________________答案：back→off3．Thenewswhichourteamwonthematchwasencouraging。________________________________________________答案：which→that4．Minettawasinthepoorconditionlastweekinhospital；therefore,herparentswereinfavourofperforminganoperation.________________________________________________答案：去掉poor前的the5．Itsuddenlystrucktometh