Taoism道家思想英文簡介ppt課件1OK…SothenwhatisTaoism?Taoismisbothaphilosophyandareligion.Lao-tzuHenanProvince.OK…SothenwhatisTaoism?Tao2TaoistApproachesPhilosophical/SchoolTaoismReligiousTaoismTheendofHanDynastyfurtherdevelopmentofSchoolTaoism;onthebasisofit.TaoistApproachesPhilosophica3Thereisdebateoverhow,andwhether,Taoismshouldbecategorized.Traditionally,itisdividedintotwocategories:[citationneeded]1.PhilosophicalTaoism(Daojia,

Chinese:

道家;

pinyin:

dàojiā;lit."schoolorfamilyofDao")–The

philosophy

basedonthetextsofthe

TaoTeChing

(orDaodejing,

Chinese:

道德經(jīng);

pinyin:

dàodéjīng)andthe

Zhuangzi

(Chinese:

莊子;

pinyin:

zhuāngzi).ThesetextswerelinkedtogetherunderthetermofDaojiaduringtheearly

HanDynasty,butnotablynotbefore.[5][6]

2.ReligiousTaoism(Daojiao,

Chinese:

道教;

pinyin:

dàojiào;lit."teachingsofDao")–AfamilyoforganizedreligiousmovementssharingconceptsderivedfromDaojiaThereisdebateoverhow,and4

Notsurewhenhe

died.

[604B.C.E.-?]

Hisnamemeans

“OldMaster”

LaoZi[Lao-Tzu]Notsurewhenhe

died.

[65ZhuangZhou

livedaroundthe4thcenturyBCduringtheWarringStatesperiod

MasterZhuang

ZhuangZhoulivedaroundthe46TextsTaoTeChingconsideredthemostinfluentialTaoisttextwrittenby

Laozi道可道非常道"TheTaothatcanbetoldisnottheeternalTao"名可名非常名"Thenamethatcanbenamedisnottheeternalname."[82]Texts7Zhuangziacollectionofstoriesandimaginaryconversations.asetofpracticesachieveunitywiththe

dao

andbecomea"trueperson"(zhenren).TheButterflyDream莊周夢蝶Zhuangzi8HerearethreeofthemajorTaoistconcepts:

TEmeanspower.Thepowerofathingisitsvirtue,itsidentity,itsintegrity.Sotheteofapersonistheirauthenticself,orgenuineness.Teisexpressedthroughhumilityandmeekness(溫順的;順從的gentleandquiet).

WU-WEIisaconceptinvolvingrelaxingtheconsciousmind.Itseeksthedenialofanythingpersonalandthedissolutionoftheconscious,individualself.Wu-weiisbestillustratedbywater;itissuppleyetstrong,itflowsoverandfillswhatitencounters.Itmeanstosimplyfollowthewayofnature.

P’Uisatermwhichliterallymeans“unpaintedwood”.P’Ustressestheimportanceofsimplicityandtheneedtoleavethingsintheirnaturalstate.Oh…SothenwhatdoTaoistsbelieve?HerearethreeofthemajorTa9TheThreeMeaningsofTaoTaoisthewayofultimatereality.Taoisthewayoftheuniverse:thenorm,therhythm,thedrivingpowerinallnature,theorderingprinciplebehindalllife.TaoreferstothewayofhumanlifewhenitmesheswiththeTaooftheuniverse.Ultimately,Taoisineffable(cannotbedescribedinwords)TheThreeMeaningsofTaoTaoi10TheultimaterealityinTaoismistheTao,orWay.Broadlydefined,theTaoisthemysteriousnaturalorderoftheuniverse.Butparadoxically,whatthesageshavemostoftensaidabouttheTaoisthatnothingcanbesaidaboutit.AstheTaoTeChingputsit:ThewaythatcanbespokenofIsnottheconstantWay;ThenamethatcanbenamedIsnottheconstantName.Thenamelesswasatthebeginningofheavenandearth;Thenamedwasthemotherofmyriadcreatures.Hencealwaysridyourselfofdesiresinordertoobserveitssecrets;Butalwaysallowyourselftohavedesiresinordertoobserveitsmanifestations.ThesetwoarethesameButdivergeinnameastheyissueforth.Beingthesametheyarecalledmysteries,Mysteryuponmystery-Thegatewayofthemanifoldsecrets.TheultimaterealityinTaoism11inChinesethinking,togivesomethinganame(ming)istoassignitaplaceintheuniverse.ThiscannotbedonewiththeTao,asitpervadesandencompassesall.TheTaohasnocharacteristics,yetitisnotnothingness.Infact,itisbetterunderstoodas"everythingness,"asitcontainswithinitselfallpotentialcharacteristics.ItencompassesbothBeing(yu)andNon-Being(wu)."InitsmodeofbeingUnseen,wewillseeitsmysteries;inthemodeoftheSeen,wewillseeitsboundaries."

inChinesethinking,togives12TheTaoencompassesalloppositeandcomplementaryforces,whicharecollectivelyreferredtoasyinandyang.AsrepresentedinthefamiliarGreatPolaritysymbol,yinandyangareinterdependentandcontainwithinthemselvestheseedoftheother.Yinisassociatedwithdarkness,femininity,passivityandwater,whileyangislight,masculinity,activityandair.YinandyangarealwaysinperfectbalancewithintheTao.ThegoaloftheTaoist,therefore,istokeeptheseoppositesinbalancewithinhisorherownlife.TheTaoisfurthercharacterizedbytzu-jan,whichisdifficulttotranslatedirectlybutisusuallyrendered"spontaneity"or"self-so."Theself-soisunconditionedanduninfluenced;itisnothingotherthanitself.This,inturn,istheidealofthesage-rulerintheTaoTeChing.Hedoesnotstrive,hedoesnotintervene,butactsinsuchawaythat"everyonethroughoutthecountrysays,'Ithappenedofitsownaccord'(tzu-jan)."道家思想英文簡介ppt課件13HerearethreeofthemajorTaoistconcepts:

TEmeanspower.Thepowerofathingisitsvirtue,itsidentity,itsintegrity.Sotheteofapersonistheirauthenticself,orgenuineness.Teisexpressedthroughhumilityandmeekness(溫順的;順從的gentleandquiet).

WU-WEIisaconceptinvolvingrelaxingtheconsciousmind.Itseeksthedenialofanythingpersonalandthedissolutionoftheconscious,individualself.Wu-weiisbestillustratedbywater;itissuppleyetstrong,itflowsoverandfillswhatitencounters.Itmeanstosimplyfollowthewayofnature.

P’Uisatermwhichliterallymeans“unpaintedwood”.P’Ustressestheimportanceofsimplicityandtheneedtoleavethingsintheirnaturalstate.Oh…SothenwhatdoTaoistsbelieve?HerearethreeofthemajorTa14TeVirtuePowerForTaoists...itisthemeansthroughwhichtheTaobecomesmanifest,actualized,andrealizedTeVirtue15WhatIsWuWei?WhatIsWuWei?OneofTaoism’smostimportantconceptsiswuwei,whichissometimestranslatedas“non-doing”or“non-action.”Abetterwaytothinkofit,however,isasaparadoxical“Actionofnon-action.”Wuweireferstothecultivationofastateofbeinginwhichouractionsarequiteeffortlesslyinalignmentwiththeebbandflowoftheelementalcyclesofthenaturalworld.Itisakindof“goingwiththeflow”thatischaracterizedbygreateaseandawake-ness,inwhich-withouteventrying-we’reabletorespondperfectlytowhateversituationsarise.WhatIsWuWei?WhatIsWuWei?16TheChoicetoRelateToorWithdrawfromSocietyHistorically,wuweihasbeenpracticedbothwithinandoutsideofexistingsocialandpoliticalstructures.IntheDaodeJing,Laoziintroducesustohisidealofthe“enlightenedleader”who,byembodyingtheprinciplesofwuwei,isabletoruleinawaythatcreateshappinessandprosperityforallofacountry’sinhabitants.WuweihasalsofoundexpressioninthechoicemadebysomeTaoistadeptstowithdrawfromsocietyinordertolivethelifeofahermit,wanderingfreelythroughmountainmeadows,meditatingforlongstretchesincaves,andsobeingnourishedinaverydirectwaybytheenergyofthenaturalworld.TheChoicetoRelateToorWit17TheHighestFormofVirtueThepracticeofwuweiistheexpressionofwhatinTaoismisconsideredtobethehighestformofvirtue–onethatisinnowaypremeditated,butratherarisesspontaneously.Inverse38oftheDaodeJing(translatedherebyJonathanStar),Laozitellsus:ThehighestvirtueistoactwithoutasenseofselfThehighestkindnessistogivewithoutaconditionThehighestjusticeistoseewithoutapreferenceWhenTaoislostonemustlearntherulesofvirtueWhenvirtueislost,therulesofkindnessWhenkindnessislost,therulesofjusticeWhenjusticeislost,therulesofconductTheHighestFormofVirtue18AswefindouralignmentwiththeTao–withtherhythmsoftheelementswithinandoutsideofourbodies–ouractionsarequitenaturallyofthehighestbenefittoallwhowecontact.Atthispointwehavegonebeyondtheneedforformalreligiousorsecularmoralpreceptsofanysort.Wehavebecometheembodimentofwuwei,theActionofnon-action;aswellasofwunien,theThoughtofnon-thought,andwuhsin,theMindofnon-mind.Wehaverealizedourplacewithinthewebofinter-being,withinthecosmos,and–knowingourconnectiontoall-that-is–canofferonlythoughts,wordsandactionsthatdonoharm,thatarespontaneouslyvirtuous.Aswefindouralignmentwith19Naturalness[edit]

Naturalness(Chinese:

自然;

pinyin:

zìrán;

Wade–Giles:

tzu-jan;lit."self-such")isregardedasacentralvalueinTaoism.[54]

Itdescribesthe"primordialstate"ofallthings[55]

aswellasabasiccharacteroftheTao,[56]

andisusuallyassociatedwithspontaneityandcreativity.[57][56]

Toattainnaturalness,onehastoidentifywiththeTao;[56]

thisinvolvesfreeingoneselffromselfishnessanddesire,andappreciatingsimplicity.[54]Anoftencitedmetaphorfornaturalnessis

pu

(simplifiedChinese:

樸;

traditionalChinese:

樸;

pinyin:

pǔ,pú;

Wade–Giles:

p'u;lit."uncutwood"),the"uncarvedblock",whichrepresentsthe"originalnature...priortotheimprintofculture"ofanindividual.[58]

Itisusuallyreferredtoasastateonereturns

to.[59]與美國超驗(yàn)主義有一些相似，returntonature,simplelife.Naturalness[edit]

20OtherTaoistValuesRejectionofself-assertivenessandcompetition“Standingontiptoeyouareunsteady”(24)Avoidanceofaggression“Ifyouwanttograbtheworldandrunit/Iseethatyouwillnotsucceed”(29)Naturalism,naturalness,simplicityRelativityOtherTaoistValuesRejectiono21SayWhat??InplainEnglish:TaoistsadvocateasimplehonestlifeandnoninterferencewiththecourseofnaturaleventsTaoistsdon’tlikepolitics,administration,orelaboraterituals.

Sothenhowwouldyouhavegovernment?Donotemphasizestatus,intelligence,orpossessions.Governwithleastvisibilityandwithaservingattitude.Reducelawsandgovernlightly.Takefewactionsthatinvolvethepeople.Treatothercountriesnon-aggressively.TaoistsbelievethatthepurposeoflifeistoliveaccordingtotheTao.Thatrequirescalmness,passiveness,andhumility.SayWhat??InplainEnglish:22TheDaoDeJing

ThebasictextofDaoism.

InChinese,itmeansTheClassicin

theWayandItsPower.

“Thosewhospeakknownothing:

Thosewhoknowaresilent.”

Thesewords,Iamtold,

WerespokenbyLaozi.

IfwearetobelievethatLaozi,

Washimselfonewhoknew,

Howisitthathewroteabook,

Offivethousandwords?TheDaoDeJingThebasictext23

1.

Dao[Tao]isthefirst-causeofthe

universe.Itisaforcethatflowsthrough

alllife.

2.Abeliever’sgoalistobecomeonewith

Dao;onewithnature.[“Thebutterflyor

theman?”story.]

3.

Wuwei-->“Letnaturetakeitscourse.”

-->“Theartofdoingnothing.”

-->“Gowiththeflow!”

4.Manisunhappybecausehelivesacc.to

man-madelaws,customs,&traditionsthat

arecontrarytothewaysofnature.MajorDaoistPrinciples1.Dao[Tao]isthefirst-cau24

1.Rejectingformalknowledgeand

learning.

2.Relyingonthesensesandinstincts.

3.Discoveringthenatureand

“rhythm”oftheuniverse.

4.Ignoringpoliticalandsociallaws.The"Dao"[Tao]To

escapethe“social,political,&culturaltraps”oflife,onemustescapeby:1.Rejectingformalknowledge25Yin

MasculineActiveLightWarmthStrongHeaven;

Sun

FemininePassiveDarknessColdWeakEarth;

MoonTheUniverseofOpposites:YangYinMasculineFeminineTheUniv26TheUniquenessofDaoism

Howisamantoliveinaworlddominatedbychaos,suffering,andabsurdity??

Confucianism

-->Moralorderinsociety.

Legalism

-->Rulebyharshlaw&order.

Daoism

-->Freedomforindividualsand

lessgovt.toavoid

uniformityandconformity.TheUniquenessofDaoismHow27SomeofthebeliefsthatareespeciallyfundamentaltoTaoism:Ch'i:Ch'iisafundamentalconceptinChinesephilosophyandculture.DeathandAfterlife:InTaoism,lifeanddeatharemerelytwoaspectsofreality,theunchangingTao.Deathissimplyatransformationfrombeingtonon-being;fromyangtoyinImmortals:ThespiritualbeingsofprimaryimportanceinreligiousTaoismaretheImmortals(XianinChinese).PurposeofLife:ThefocusofmostreligiousTaoismisattainingimmortality.TheTao:TheultimaterealityinTaoismistheTao,orWay.Someofthebeliefsthataree28Ch'i(氣)Ch'i(alsospelledChiorQi)isafundamentalconceptinChinesephilosophyandculture.FoundinChinesetraditionalreligionbutespeciallyTaoism,Ch'iliterallymeans"air"or"breath,"butasaconceptitreferstotheenergyfloworlifeforcethatissaidtopervadeallthings.Thenatureofch'ihasalwaysbeenamatterofdebateinChinesethinking.Somebelievech'iisaseparateforcefromthephysicalworld,whileothersthinkch'icomesfromphysicalmatter.Stillothers,especiallyChineseBuddhistsandTaoists,holdthatmatterarisesfromch'i.Thequality,quantityandbalanceofCh'iisbelievedtobeessentialtomaintaininghealthandachievingalonglife.Oneauthorexplainsitthisway:"Qiisthebasicmaterialofallthatexists.Itanimateslifeandfurnishesfunctionalpowerofevents.Qiistherootofthehumanbody;itsqualityandmovementdeterminehumanhealth.Thereisanormalorhealthyamountofqiineveryperson,andhealthmanifestsinitsbalanceandharmony,itsmoderationandsmoothnessofflow."--LiviaKohn,HealthandLongLife:TheChineseWayInadditiontolivingahealthylife(bothphysicallyandpsychologically),Ch'icanberegulatedthroughpracticeslikebreathcontrol,Ta'iChi,massageandacupuncture.NearlyalltechniquesintraditionalChinesemedicinearebasedontheconceptofCh'i.Ch'i(氣)Ch'i(alsospelledChi29BreathcontrolisconsideredespeciallyfundamentaltobalancingthelevelsofCh'iinone'sbody.Controlledandmeditativebreathing,calledhsing-ch'i,allowsch'itopermeatetheentirebodybyimaginingthebreathasavisiblecurrentmovingthroughthebody.Anothertypeofbreathingexercise,t'ai-hsi,attemptstorevertone'sbreathingtothatofanfetusinthewomb.Thisisconsideredespeciallypowerfulforlongevityandimmortality(especiallyinTaoism).ThetraditionalChineseartofplacementandarrangementofspacecalledFengShuiisalsobasedontheflowofch'i,aswellasthefiveelements,yinandyangandotherfactors.Theretentionordissipationofch'iisbelievedtoaffectthehealth,wealth,energylevel,luckandmanyotheraspectsoftheoccupantsofthespace.Color,shapeandthephysicallocationofeachiteminaspaceaffectstheflowofch'ibyslowingitdown,redirectingitoracceleratingit,whichdirectlyaffectsthech'ioftheoccupants.RegulatingtheflowofCh'iforhealthandlonglifeinChinatown,LosAngeles.Breathcontrolisconsiderede30TaoistImmortals(仙)ThespiritualbeingsofprimaryimportanceinreligiousTaoismaretheImmortals(XianinChinese).FirstintroducedintheChuang-Tzuandperhapsintendedbytheauthortobeallegorical,thesesuper-humansor"perfectedpersons"(chenjen)cametobeworshippedandemulatedbyTaoists.Someevenseektolocatethem,inthehopeofaskingthemtheirsecretofimmortality.IntheChuang-Tzu,theseperfectbeingsdwellfarawayinanuntroubledplace,wheretheyexperienceaneffortlessexistenceofphysicalfreedom.Theyareageless,eatnothingbutair,drinknothingbutdew,andenjoythepowerofflight.TheyexemplifytheTaoistvirtueofspontaneity-theyarenothingotherthantheiressentialnature.TaoistImmortals(仙)Thespirit31TheEightImmortalsThesepowerfulbeingsareespeciallyknownandreveredinthegroupofEightImmortals,whoaresaidtohavebeenbornintheTangDynasty(618-907)orSongDynasty(960-1279).TheEightImmortalsfrequentlyappearinChineseliterature,mythologyandartandtheyeachhaveasymbolandspecialpower.Asagroup,theyareassociatedsymbolicallywithgoodfortuneaswellasthe"eightconditionsoflife"(youth,age,poverty,wealth,highrank,commonpeople,feminineandmasculine).TheEightImmortals32ThePurposeofLifeTheidealpersoninphilosophicalTaoismisthesagewhounderstandsandlivesinaccordancewiththeTao.Knowingthatalloppositesarerelativeandinterdependent,andthatthebestwaytoliveisinharmonywiththenaturalcourseofthings(theTao),aTaoistdoesnotstruggle,oppose,orstriInstead,thesagepracticeswu-wei,or"non-action."IntheTaoTeChing,thisisthecentralvirtueofthewiseruler.Wu-weidoesnotmeandoingnothingordoingthingsonlyinmoderation.Topracticewu-weiistosoorientoneselfwiththeTaothatone'sactionsgounnoticed."Perfectactivityleavesnotrackbehindit;perfectspeechislikeajadeworkerwhosetoolleavesnomark."Inyetanotherparadox,wu-wei"neveracts,yetthereisnothingitdoesnotdo."ThefocusofmostreligiousTaoismisattainingimmortality.Thiscanhavevariousmeanings:eternallife,longevityoflife,orattainmentofsuperhumanphysicalabilities.Taoistshavesoughtlongevitybyavarietyofmethods,suchas:ThePurposeofLifeTheidealp33Focusingattentiononthebodythroughdiet,exercises,andmindfulnessRegulatingthebreath(ch'i),circulatingitspowerdeliberatelytoallpartsofthebodyHarnessingsexualenergy,especiallybyretainingsemenandsendingitspowerthroughoutthebodyExploringalchemywiththegoaloffindingtheelixirofimmortalityBehavinginamoralwaythatisinharmonywiththeTaoSearchingfortheIslesoftheBlessed,wheretheImmortalsdwellandmaybepersuadedtosharetheirsecretsofimmortalityFocusingattentiononthebody34DEITIES[?di:?ti:z]WhenTaoismwasfirstdeveloping,therewerenodeities,onlytheTao.Astimewentby,however,manygodsbecamepresentinthereligion.Twotypesofdeitiesdeveloped.Thefirsttypeconsistsofthenaturalgods,thehighestgodswhoarebelievedtohaveemergedfromprimordialenergyatthebeginningoftheworld.ThesegodsdevelopedaspartofTaoismbetweenthesecondandsixthcenturiesC.E.Wewillbegivingexamplesofthistypeofgod.

ThesecondtypeofTaoistdeityconsistofhumanbeingswho,throughlearning,self-discipline,alchemy,orsomeothermeans,havepurifiedthemselvesofmortalimperfectionsandbecomegods.

DEITIES[?di:?ti:z]WhenTaoism35THETHREEPURITIES

(THETHREECLARITIES)TheThreePuritiesarethehighestdeitiesinTaoism,theyruleoverthethreegreatestheavenlyrealms.TheThreePuritiesarestillworshipedinChinatoday;themostimportanthallintheWhiteCloudMonasteryisdevotedtothem.WhiteCloudMonastery,BeijingTHETHREEPURITIES

(THETHREE36CelestialWorthyofPrimordialBeginning

ThisisthecentraldeityoftheThreePurities,heisbelievedtohavespontaneouslyformedfrompureenergyatthebeginningoftheworld,whichiswhyheiscalledtheCelestialWorthyofPrimordialBeginning.Hecreatedthefirstwritingsystembywritingpatternsingoldontojadetablets;thereforeheisthegodofalllearning.CelestialWorthyofPrimordial37CelestialWorthyofNuminousTreasur