2007年上海海事大學外國語學院621綜合英語考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Completeeachofthefollowingstatementwiththebestappropriateword(s)orphrase(s)chosenfromthe4alternativesattached.(40/150):1.“Theshowmustgoon”istheoldest_____ofshowbusiness;everytrueperformerlivesbythatcreed.A.euphemismB.allegoryC.precursorD.tenet【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：“演出繼續(xù)進行”是表演界最古老的原則；每位表演者都要遵循這一宗旨。tenet原則，宗旨。euphemism委婉語。allegory寓言。precursor先驅(qū)，前導。2.ANewWorldlizardthebasilisk,occasionallydoessomethingthatseemsto_____physics:itrunsacrossthesurfaceofwaterfordistancesofuptothirtyfeet.A.defyB.quantifyC.assessD.corroborate【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在新大陸上有一種蜥蜴，它們有時能做出一些看似違背物理定律的行動：這種蜥蜴能夠在水面上奔跑，最遠距離甚至達到三十英尺。defy藐視；公然反抗。quantify量化。assess評定。corroborate證實。3.Acodeofethicsgoverningthebehaviorofphysiciansduringepidemicsdidnotexistuntil1846whenitwas_____bytheAmericanMedicalAssociation.A.rescindedB.promulgatedC.presupposedD.depreciated【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：直到1846年，美國醫(yī)師協(xié)會才頒布了在傳染病蔓延時醫(yī)生需要遵守的倫理準則。promulgate公布，發(fā)表；傳播。rescind解除，廢除。presuppose假定；預料。depreciate使……貶值；貶低，輕視。4.Adiligentscholar,shedevotedherself_____tothecompletionofthebook.A.assiduouslyB.ingenuouslyC.voluminouslyD.sporadically【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：她是一位勤奮的學者，她勤勉地進行了完成這本書的工作。assiduously刻苦地，勤勉地。ingenuously率直地，正直地。voluminously龐大地；很多地。sporadically零星地，偶發(fā)地。5.DonaldTrumplatestcasinoinAtlanticCityisthemost_____gamblingpalaceintheEast,easilyoutglitteringitscompetitor.A.professionalB.speculativeC.ostentatiousD.lucrative【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：唐納德·特朗普在大西洋城最新的賭場是東部最招搖的賭博場所，它輕易地從競爭者中脫穎而出。ostentatious招搖的，賣弄的。professional專業(yè)的。speculative猜測性的；投機性的。lucrative獲利豐厚的。6.Dr.Smithcautionedthatthedatasofararenotsufficiently_____towarrantdogmaticassertionsbyeitherinthedebate.A.hypotheticalB.tentativeC.controversialD.unequivocal【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：史密斯先生提醒道：目前的數(shù)據(jù)還不足以為辯論中任何一方的假設提供充分的支持。hypothetical假設的。tentative實驗性的；暫時的。controversial有爭議的。unequivocal明確的。7.IfAmeliaEarhart’sacceptancewasbynomeans_____,herfamewasunusuallywidespreadandherpopularitylong-lived.A.universalB.ambiguousC.expedientD.genuine【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：如果阿米莉亞的名聲不是普遍接受的話，那她的名聲傳播得如此之廣之久遠也非常罕見了。universal普遍的，通用的。ambiguous模糊不清的。expedient權宜的。genuine真正的。8.Themuseumadministrationappearstobesingularly_____thecomfortsofitsemployee,providinganemployeehealthclub,alendinglibrary,andapart-timesocialworkertohelpstaffmemberswithfinancialordomesticproblems.A.ignorantofB.indifferenttoC.attentivetoD.uninvolvedin【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：看起來博物館的管理部門非常重視員工的舒適環(huán)境。他們?yōu)閱T工提供了一處健身俱樂部、一所租賃圖書館和一位兼職人員幫助他們解決財政或家中的問題。beattentiveto留意。be……ignorantof對……一無所知。beindifferentto對……不關心。beuninvolvedin不參與……。9.Theomniscientnarratorstandsabovethestoryheistelling,_____hisknowledgeofwhatwilloccur.A.disheartenedbyB.unlimitedinC.ostracizedforD.vindicatedby【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：全知敘述者處于整個故事之上，也因為他對將要發(fā)生事件的了解而不受限制。beunlimitedin因……不受限制。bedisheartenedby為……感到喪氣。beostracizedfor因……被排斥。bevindicatedby被……維護。10.Wemustovercomehis_____socialchangeifwewishtowinhissupportforthisinnovativeprogramofhomehealthcarefortheelderly.A.tendencytoB.endorsementofC.antipathytoD.respectfor【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：如果我們想要在老年人家庭健康服務的創(chuàng)新計劃中獲得他的支持，就必須克服他對社會變化的抵觸情緒。antipathyto對……的反感。tendencyto對……的傾向。endorsementof對……的認可。respectfor對……的尊敬。11.OnlyafterIfinishedreadingthisessaydiditdawnonmethatthewholestoryaboutgrebe’sdietwasnota_____ofherimagination.A.figmentB.fantasyC.fabricationD.figure【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：讀完這篇文章我才恍然大悟，鸊鷉的飲食的故事不是她憑空想象出來的。figment虛構的事。fantasy幻想。fabrication捏造。figure人物，數(shù)字。因此答案選A。12.Cooperwasdelightedtolearnthataluminumisthemostplentifulmetalintheearth’s_____.A.surfaceB.exteriorC.crustD.core【答案】C查看答案【解析】庫珀很高興地了解到鋁是地殼中含量最豐富的金屬。earthcrust地殼。13.Adetectivestory_____intheAfricanjungleorAustralianbushappealtoourinterestinremoteplaces.A.setdownB.setC.setoutD.setto【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：一本故事發(fā)生在非洲或澳洲叢林中的偵探小說能夠吸引我們對于偏僻地區(qū)的興趣。set設置。setdown制定，寫下。setout出發(fā)；擺出；陳述。setto開始做某事。14.Theyoung,self-assuredprince_____poweruponthedeathoftheking.A.assumedB.consumedC.resumedD.presumed【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：國王逝世后，那位年輕自信的王子掌管了大權。assumepower接過權力。15.Thegoodnewsthathisbookwasatlastpublishedlefthimwitha_____ofsatisfactioninhisheart.A.blazeB.scorchC.flameD.glow【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：他的書終于成功出版的消息讓他心里得意洋洋。aglowofsatisfaction得意洋洋。16.TheunfaircriticismleftNormanquite_____withanger.A.spellboundB.speechlessC.silentD.mute【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：不公的指責讓諾曼火冒三丈，甚至說不出話。speechless（常因震驚而）說不出話的。spellbound對……入迷的。silent沉默的。mute啞的，緘默的。17.Thewriternotusedtospeakinginpublic,butwhentheopportunitypresenteditself,herosetothe_____.A.chanceB.circumstanceC.eventD.occasion【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：那位作家不常在公眾面前發(fā)言，但當機會出現(xiàn)時，他也能應對自如。risetotheoccasion應付自如。18.Thenewemployeewouldbemorepopularintheofficeifhedidn’ttrysohardto_____himselfwiththeboss.A.regardB.identityC.ingratiateD.appreciate【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：如果那位新員工不那么賣力去迎合上級的話，他會在辦公室里更受歡迎。ingratiate使……迎合，使……討好。regard注意；尊重；問候。identity身份。appreciate感謝，欣賞。19.TheU.S.Governmentmadeavery_____excuseforconductingtheexperimentwiththehydrogenbombintheSouthPacific.A.feebleB.faintC.frailD.fragile【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：關于在南太平洋進行氫彈試驗的問題，美國政府給出的理由十分脆弱。feeble虛弱的；站不住腳的。faint微弱的。frail脆弱的；虛弱的。fragile脆弱的；易碎的。20.Thetwinbrothersshowedgreat_____totheireldersister,whohadactedassoleparenttothemsincetheirparentsdiedduringtheAmericanCivilWar.A.allegianceB.devotionC.complianceD.subjection【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：那對雙胞胎兄弟非常愛他們的姐姐，他們的父母在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中去世后，是她在家中扮演了家長的角色。devotion熱愛，獻身。compliance順從，服從。allegiance擁護，效忠。subjection絕對服從，隸屬。21.ThenovelUncleTom’sCabin,whicheffectively_____theunfairnesstowardblackpeople,wasamajorinfluencein_____theanti-slaverymovement.A.portrayed;strengtheningB.attacked;pacifyingC.glamorized;launchingD.exposed;condemning【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：小說《湯姆叔叔的小屋》深刻地描繪了黑人所遭受的不公，也極大地加強了廢奴運動的開展。portray描繪，描寫。attack攻擊。glamorize美化。expose揭發(fā)，暴露。strengthen加強。pacify使……平靜。launch發(fā)射，發(fā)起。condemn譴責。22.Theopossumis_____thevenomofsnakesintherattlesnakesubfamilyandthusviewsthereptilesnotas_____enemiesbutasafoodsource.A.vulnerableto;naturalB.consciousof;mortalC.imperviousto;lethalD.sensitiveto;deadly【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：負鼠不受響尾蛇科的毒液影響，因此它們把爬行類看作食物，而不是致命的敵人。vulnerable易受攻擊的。conscious神志清醒的。impervious不受影響的。sensitive敏感的。natural自然的。mortal凡人的；致死的。lethal致命的。deadly致命的。23.Therewassomestagecraftbehindthesupposedly_____momentsphotographedbyDoisneau;inalegaldisputelastyear,Doisneau_____thathehadpaidtwomodelstoposeforhisfamousTheKissattheHoteldeVille.A.innocent;disprovedB.candid;acknowledgedC.theatrical;regrettedD.affected;intimated【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：事實上，那些本應是由杜瓦諾偷拍下的照片中包含著一些創(chuàng)作成分；在去年的一起法律糾紛中，杜瓦諾承認了自己曾雇傭兩名模特拍攝名作《市政廳之吻》。candid公正的，坦白的；偷拍的。acknowledge承認，認可。innocent無辜的，無罪的。theatrical戲劇性的。affected受到影響的；做作的。disprove反駁。regret后悔，惋惜。intimate暗示，通知。24.ThebestEskimocarvingofallagesseemtopossessapowerfulabilityto_____thegreatbarriersoflanguageandtimeandcommunicate_____withus.A.reachacross;directlyB.leapover;temporarilyC.riseabove;verballyD.passthrough;infrequently【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：那些歷史上最出色的愛斯基摩雕刻似乎有著強大的力量，足以越過語言和時間的巨大隔閡，直接同我們溝通。reachacross和leapover都有越過（障礙）的含義。riseabove指克服（困難）。passthrough穿過。temporarily暫時地。verbally口頭地。infrequently不頻繁地。25.T.S.Eliot,famousforhis_____,neverthelessacceptedposterity’sinterestinhislife,_____thathiscorrespondencewithhisladyfriendseventuallywouldberead.A.reticence;assumingB.modesty;prohibitingC.boastfulness;rememberingD.vanity;intimating【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：T·S艾略特以他的謙遜而聞名，而他從沒有過生育后代的打算，這是為了防止有朝一日有人讀到他和女性朋友間的通信。modesty謙遜。reticence沉默寡言。boastfulness自負。vanity虛榮心。assume猜測。intimate暗示；通知。26.Rebuffedbyhiscolleagues,theinitially_____youngresearcherbecameincreasingly_____.A.tedious;polishedB.outgoing;withdrawnC.diligent;tolerantD.boisterous;excitable【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：在被同事斷然拒絕后，這位最初性格外向的年輕研究員變得越來越沉默寡言。outgoing外向的。withdrawn沉默寡言的；孤僻的。tedious沉悶的。polished優(yōu)雅的，有教養(yǎng)的。diligent勤勞的。tolerant寬容的。boisterous喧囂的；狂暴的。excitable易激動的。27.Nowadayslifemodels—menandwomenwhoposeinthenudeforartists—seemcuriously_____,relicsofabygoneagewhenartstudent_____laboredamidskeletonsandanatomicalcharts,learningtodrawthehumanbodyaspainstakinglyasmedicalstudentslearntoit.A.daring;cureB.stereotyped;diagnoseC.archaic;dissectD.anachronistic;sketch【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：現(xiàn)如今，美術生們都把骨架和解剖圖當做素描對象，像醫(yī)科生一樣煞費苦心地學習如何繪制人體，而那些在藝術家面前裸露的模特們似乎已經(jīng)脫離了時代。daring大膽的。cure治療。stereotyped千篇一律的。diagnose診斷。archaic古代的；陳舊的。dissert論述。anachronistic過時的；時代錯誤的。sketch畫素描。28.LikeMachiavellibeforehim,HenryKissingerhasakeenappreciationforthehead-headed,even_____,useofpower,tothepointofadmiringsometraitsinleaderswhowereotherwise_____.A.cynical;benevolentB.gentle;insignificantC.resentful;charismaticD.ruthless;detestable【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：就像前人馬基雅弗利一樣，亨利·基辛格對領袖主導權力的主張甚至到了無情的程度，他甚至欣賞著那些在其他方面被認為可憎的領袖身上的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。ruthless無情的。detestable可憎的。cynical憤世嫉俗的。benevolent仁慈的。gentle溫和的。insignificant不重要的。resentful充滿忿恨的。charismatic有魅力的。29.Itisrelieftoseepeoplewhocanbeinterestedintheartswithoutbeing“arty”—collectorswhocollectfortheirown_____ratherthanfor_____.A.delight;showB.interest;pleasureC.reputation;amusementD.enjoyment;satisfaction【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：看到那些對藝術感興趣而不是“附庸風雅”的人們——為自己的樂趣而不是為了展示去收藏作品的人，是一件令人欣慰的事。delight高興。show展覽。interest利益，興趣。pleasure快樂。reputation名聲。amusement消遣。enjoyment享受。satisfaction滿足。30.Hewashabituallysodocileand_____thathisfriendscouldnotunderstandhissudden_____hisemployers.A.incorrigible;suspicionofB.accommodating;outburstagainstC.erratic;envyofD.hasty;cordialitytoward【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：他平時是一個溫順隨和的人，因此他的朋友們不能理解為什么他對雇主突然發(fā)怒。accommodating隨和的。outburst（情感的）爆發(fā)。incorrigible不可救藥的。suspicion懷疑。erratic不穩(wěn)定的。envy嫉妒。hasty輕率的，匆忙的。cordiality熱誠，真摯。31._____wasthepresidentwhentheUnitedStatesjoinedtheAlliedforceagainsttheAxisPowerduringtheWordWarII.A.AbrahamLincolnB.AndrewJacksonC.FranklinDelanoRooseveltD.TheodoreRoosevelt【答案】C查看答案【解析】在美國加入同盟國時，富蘭克林·羅斯福是時任美國總統(tǒng)。32.U.S.presidentsnormallyservea(n)_____term.A.two-yearB.four-yearC.six-yearD.eight-year【答案】B查看答案【解析】美國總統(tǒng)的任期通常為四年。33.WhichofthefollowingcitiesisNOTlocatedintheNortheast,U.S.?_____.A.HoustonB.BostonC.BaltimoreD.Philadelphia【答案】A查看答案【解析】休斯頓位于美國南部。34.ThoseonboardoftheMayflowerweretheearlierBritishrulerswhobuiltupthe_____Colony.A.PennsylvaniaB.VirginiaC.MassachusettsD.NorthCaronia【答案】C查看答案【解析】五月花號的移民者首先在馬薩諸塞州建立了殖民地。35.ThePrimeMinisterinBritainisheadof_____.A.theShadowCabinetB.theParliamentC.theOppositionD.theCabinet【答案】D查看答案【解析】英國首相是內(nèi)閣的首腦。36.CommonSensewrittenby_____playedaveryimportantroleinarousingtheawarenessoftheAmericancoloniststogetindependencefromtheBritishgovernance.A.ThomasJeffersonB.ThomasPaineC.JohnJayD.BenjaminFranklin【答案】B查看答案【解析】《常識》的作者是托馬斯·潘恩。37._____isthestatechurchinEngland.A.TheRomanCatholicChurchB.TheBaptistChurchC.TheProtestantChurchD.TheChurchofEngland【答案】D查看答案【解析】英國國教是英國的國家教會。38.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftedby_____.A.ThomasJeffersonB.ThomasPaineC.JohnJayD.BenjaminFranklin【答案】A查看答案【解析】通常認為托馬斯·杰斐遜是《獨立宣言》最主要的起草人。39.TheMoriwerenativesof_____beforethearrivalofwhitesettlers.A.AustraliaB.NewZealandC.AmericasD.SouthAfrica【答案】B查看答案【解析】在白人殖民者到達新西蘭之前，毛利人一直是新西蘭的原住民。40.TherearetheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesundertheCongressintheUnitedStates,whileintheUnitedKingdom,thereare_____undertheParliament.A.theLordsandHouseofCommonsB.theHouseofLordsandCommonsC.theLordsandCommonsD.theHouseofLordsandHouseofCommons【答案】D查看答案【解析】英國議會制度中分為上議院（HouseofLords）和下議院（HouseofCommons）。Ⅱ.Fillineachoftheblanks(30/150):A.withanappropriateprepositionoraparticle(15)(1)______thetimetheAmericancoloniststook(2)______arms(3)______GreatBritaininordertosecuretheirindependence,theinstitutionofBlackslaverywasdeeplyentrenched.Butthecontradictioninherent(4)______thissituationwas,(5)______many,asourceofconstantembarrassment.“Italwaysappearedamostiniquitousscheme(6)______me,”AbigailAdamswroteherhusbandin1774,“tofightourselvesforwhatwearedailyrobbingandplundering(7)______thosewhohaveasgoodaright(8)______freedomaswehave.”ManyAmericans(9)______AbigailAdamswerestruck(10)______theinconsistencyoftheirstand(11)______theWarofIndependence,andtheywerenotaverse(12)______makingmovestoemancipatetheslaves.Quakersandotherreligiousgroupsorganizedantislaverysocieties,whilenumerousindividualsmanumittedtheirslaves.(13)______fact,(14)______severalyearsoftheendoftheWarofIndependence,mostoftheEasternstateshadmadeprovisions(15)______thegradualemancipationofslaves.【答案與解析】1.By（bythetime在……時。）2.up（takeuparms拿起武器。）3.against（against在此處表示反抗某人或某物。）4.in（inherentin在……中存在。）5.for（formany在此處表示“對很多人來說”。）6.to（appearto似乎，好像。）7.from（plunderfrom從某處搶奪。）8.to（righttosth享有某物的權力。）9.besides（此處表示的是除阿比蓋爾·亞當斯之外的其他美國人，因此填“besides”。）10.by（bestruckby被……觸動。）11.during（句意：除了阿比蓋爾，很多其他的美國人也收到了他們在獨立戰(zhàn)爭中搖擺不定立場的影響。）12.to（beaverseto反對……）13.In（infact事實上。）14.within（withinseveralyears在幾年之內(nèi)。）15.for（句意：事實上，在獨立戰(zhàn)爭的最后幾年里，東部的大多數(shù)州都已經(jīng)為奴隸的逐漸解放制定了相應的規(guī)定。）B.withanappropriatewordTwoofthemajor(16)______oftheworldareChristianityand(17)______.Althoughseemingly(18)______,thetwofaiths(19)______severalfundamentalbeliefsandpractices.Bothworshipthesamedeity,whomthe(20)______termGodandtheMuslimscall(21)______.Forknowledgeofhisfaithandforinspiration,theChristian(22)______toitsholybook,the(23)______.TheMuslin,(24)______,hasaholybook,theKoranwhichguideshisprayersandgivesthemeaningtohis(25)______.TheTenCommandmentsandSermonontheMountprovidea(26)______ofethicsforthelivesoftheChristians.(27)______,allMuslimssubscribetotheHadithandtheFivePillarsofFaithfordaily(28)______.Suchbasic(29)______incodeandconductillustratethesharedheritageof(30)______andIslam.【答案與解析】16.religions（根據(jù)全文的內(nèi)容可以看出本篇文章在對基督教和伊斯蘭教進行比較，因此此處應該是“religions”。）17.Islam（由“twoofthemajorreligions”可得出此處應填Islam。）18.different（句意：盡管看起來不同，兩種信仰之間還是有幾處共同的基礎和行為。）19.share（share在此處表示“共同擁有”。）20.Christians（句意：兩種宗教都信仰共同的神，基督教徒將其稱為上帝而穆斯林將其稱為安拉。）21.Allah（Allah安拉。）22.turns（turnto尋求……的幫助。）23.Bible（根據(jù)前文“theChristianturnstoitsholybook”可以看出此處所指的是《圣經(jīng)》。）24.too（句意：穆斯林同樣擁有一本神圣經(jīng)典。）25.life（句意：《古蘭經(jīng)》指引著信徒，并賦予他們?nèi)松囊饬x。）26.code（句意：十誡和山上寶訓給了基督徒們道德上的戒律。）27.Similarly（句意：同樣地，所有的穆斯林都遵循圣訓和五個支柱信仰，以作為日常生活的指引。）28.guidance（同上一題。）29.similarities（句意：這些戒律和行為上的基本共同點體現(xiàn)了基督教和伊斯蘭教傳統(tǒng)上的相似性。）30.Christianity（同上一題。）Ⅲ.AnswerthefollowingQuestions(10/150):1.Whatarethedifferenceamongadjuncts,conjunctsanddisjuncts?Pleaseclarifythemwithexamples.(6)【答案】Anadjunctisapartofsentencewhichisdispensablebutalsocanaddadditionalinformationtothesentence.Forexample:Herunsonthestreet.“onthestreet”isconsideredasadjunct.Conjunctsareusedtoprovidelogicalrelationsbetweensentences.Forexample:Hetriedveryhard.However,hestillfailedtheexam.“However”isconsideredasconjunct.Disjunctsareusedtoindicatethespeaker’sorwriter’sattitudeordescriptivestatementofthepropositionalcontentofthesentence.Forexample:Luckily,Iwasnotlateforschool.“Luckily”isconsideredasdisjunct.2.Isthereanydifferencebetweencohesionandcoherence?Whatifany?(4)【答案】Cohesionandcoherencedohavedifferentmeanings.Cohesionreferstoallgrammaticalandlexicallinksbetweendifferentpartsoftexts;Coherencereferstotherelationbetweenmeaningsandsequencesofideas.Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension:PassageAAsschoolstartsthisfallinTununak,atinyEskimocommunityonthewindsweptcoastofAlaska,TeacherBenOrrisplanningtoinviteelderlystorytellerintotheclassroomsohisyoungstudentscanlearnandthenwritedowntraditionallegendsandloreoftheirvanishingculture.ForDonnaMaxim’sthird-gradersinBoothbay,Me.,writingwillbecomeatoolinscienceandsocialstudiesasstudentsrecordobservations,questionsandreactionsaboutwhattheydiscovereachday.InEagleButte,S.D.,GeriGutweinhasdesignedawritingprojectinwhichherninth-gradestudentsexchangedletterswiththird-gradersaboutstoriestheyhavereadtogether.ThisyearafewofherstudentswillsitwithCheyennewomenwhotelltalesastheyknittogether,theirheritagebecominggristfortoday’syoungwriters.Althoughtheseteachersareseparatedbythousandsofmiles,theirmethodsoftryingtoencouragechildrentowritespringfromacommonsource:theBreadLoafSchoolofEnglish.There,nearVermont’sMiddleburyCollege,gradeschoolandhighschoolteachersgiveuppartoftheirvacationseachsummertospendsixweeksbrainstorming,studyingandtradingexperiencesastheytrytodevisenewmethodsofgettingtheirpupilstowrite.SaysDixieGoswami,aClemsonUniversityEnglishprofessorwhoheadsBreadLoaf’sprograminwriting:“Wehavenothingagainst‘skill-and-drill’writingcurricula,excepttheydon’twork.”Instead,BreadLoafgraduateshavequietlycreatedoneofthenation’smostinventiveprogramstoencouragestudentwriters.TheBreadLoafliteratureandwritingprogrambeganin1920asasummerretreatwhereEnglishteachersstudiedforadvanceddegrees.Untilthelate1970smostwereteachersfromeliteEasternprepschools.BreadLoaf“wasfailinginitssocialresponsibility,”saysPaulCubeta,aMiddleburyhumanitiesprofessorwhohasdirectedtheprogramsince1965.“SowewentlookinginruralAmericaforpotentialeducationalleaders.”Foundationfundswereraisedtohelpdefraythe$2,500costsfortuitionandboard.Overthepasttenyearsnearly500ruralinstructorshavestudiedintheshadowofthedistinctlyflattenedmountainthatgivestheschoolitsname.Thissummer73cametoBreadLoaffromsmalltownsin32states.BreadLoafersareconvincedthatchildrenareinspiredtowritewellwhentheyhaveinformationtocommunicate.InGilbert,S.C.,forinstance,studentsinterviewedold-timerstodiscoverwhatlifeintheirsmalltownswaslikemanydecadesago.Thestudents’narrativeaccounts,vividlydescribingeverythingfrombuttermakingtocourtshipandmarriage,werepublishedinamagazinetheynamedSparkleberry.ThissummeratGilbert’sFourthofJulyPeachFestival,thehomemademagazinessoldlikehotcobblers.ManyofthenewideasthatteacherstookawayfromBreadLoafseemedindangerofwitheringbackhome,remembersCubeta.“Weneededtodeviseawayforthemtogobackwithsupportfortheirprojectsandforeachother.”O(jiān)neresultwasanideacalledBreadNet:bysettingupanetworkofwordprocessors,BreadLoaf-trainedteacherscouldinstantaneouslyconnecttheirclassrooms.Lastyeartheprojectliftedoffwhenacharitabletrustdonated$1.5millionforthatandotherprograms.ThenewnationalhookupprovidedevidenceforanotherBreadLoafbelief:childrenwillwritefreshlywhengivenanewaudience.StudentsinthetinyranchingcommunityofWilsall,Mont.,beganwritingtochildreninPittsburghaboutlifeinwinter.“Cowsaren’tsmartenoughtopawthroughthesnowlikehorses,soyouhavetofeedthem,”onechildexplained.ASiouxstudentonareservationinSouthDakotawrotecandidlyaboutwhatishappeningtoonebranchofthetribe:“LifefortheLakotapeopleisgoinginadownwarddirection…Tocontrolitwouldtakegreathumanpowerormagic.”Thisfall68teachersin33stateswillbeabletosendtheirstudents’writingelectronicallyintodistantclassrooms.Laterintheyear,thefourtheditionofVoicesAcrosstheWires,astudent-editedcollectionofBreadNetwriting,willbepublished.“Havingrealsituationstowriteabouthasreallychangedtheirattitude,”saysJoanneTulonen,whoseWilsallstudentswereamongthefirsttouseBreadNet.“Before,theirwritingwasartificial.Nowtheyseethemselvesaspeoplewithinformationworthsharing.”1.ThereasonwhytheschoolwasnamedBreadLoafis_____.A.theschoolismadeupofagroupofidlepeopleB.theschool’sheadnameisBreadLoafC.theschoolliesinaflattenedmountainD.theschoolwasnamedbynationalhookup2.BreadLoafersareconvincedthat_____.A.childrenwillbeinspiredwhentheyhaveinformationtocommunicateB.childrenwillwritefreshlywhengivenanewaudienceC.bothAandBD.childrenwillbemorecreative3.Whatkindofwayisdevisedforteacherstogobackwithsupportforeachother?A.Interviewold-timers.B.SetupBreadNet.C.Exchangelettersaboutstories.D.Adopttheskill-and-drillproject.4.TeacherstrainedinBreadLoafwillnot_____.A.inviteelderstorytellerstoclassroomB.havesummervacationinBreadLoafSchoolC.deviseinnovativewritingprogramD.workagainstskillanddrill5.ThewritingprojectdevisedbytheteachersinBreadLoafis_____tothestudents’writing.A.effectiveB.insipidC.worthlessD.noneoftheabove【答案與解析】1.C 根據(jù)文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句“overthepasttenyearsnearly500ruralinstructorshavestudiedintheshadowofthedistinctlyflattenedmountainthatgivestheschoolitsname.”可以看出學校因其所在的地點而得名。2.C 根據(jù)文章第四段第一句“BreadLoafersareconvincedthatchildrenareinspiredtowritewellwhentheyhaveinformationtocommunicate.”和文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句“ThenewnationalhookupprovidedevidenceforanotherBreadLoafbelief:childrenwillwritefreshlywhengivenanewaudience.”可以看出A和B選項都是正確的。3.A 根據(jù)文章第二段第二句“There…teachersgiveuppartoftheirvacationseachsummertospendsixweeksbrainstorming,studyingandtradingexperiencesastheytrytodevisenewmethodsofgettingtheirpupilstowrite.”可以看出這些老師相互支持的主要手段是交流過去的經(jīng)驗。4.D 根據(jù)文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句話“Wehavenothingagainst‘skill-and-drill’writingcurricula…”可以看出項目中的老師并不反對“技能與訓練”這一模式。5.A 根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句話“Before,theirwritingwasartificial.Nowtheyseethemselvesaspeoplewithinformationworthsharing.”可以看出該項目對于學生寫作的態(tài)度有了很大的改善。PassageBCampaigningontheIndianfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscrawlthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalitiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvest-time,whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsun-bakedclay,butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,plete.Everyvillagehasitsdefense.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan,itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposeofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonorhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however,befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest,andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelaborthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:therifleandtheBritishGovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing,thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.TheconvenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbornearlyamileaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag,andathithertounheard-ofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.Rifle-thievesscouredallIndiantoreinforcetheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.TheactionoftheBritishGovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing,advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheplains,notonlyweretheydrivenback(whichafterallwasnomorethanfair),butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookplace,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightandthengoneawayagain.Inmanycasesthiswastheirpracticeunderwhatwascalledthe“butcherandboltpolicy”towhichtheGovernmentofIndialongadhere.ButtowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleysandinparticularthegreatroadtoChitral.Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.Therewasnoobjectiontothelastmethodsofarasitwent.Butthewholeofthistendencytoroad-makingwasregardedbythePathanswithprofounddistaste.Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,andaboveallnottoshootattravelersalongtheroad.Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.6.Theworddebtsin“veryfewdebtsareleftunpaid”inthefirstparagraphmeans_____.A.loansB.accountsC.killingsD.bargains7.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthegeographicalfactsabouttheIndianfrontier?A.MeltingsnowB.LargepopulationC.SteephillsidesD.Fertilevalleys8.Accordingtothepassage,thePathanswelcomed_____.A.theintroductionoftherifleB.thespreadofBritishruleC.theextensionofluxuriesD.thespreadoftrade9.BuildingroadsbytheBritish_____.A.putanendtoawholeseriesofquarrelsB.preventedthePathansfromcarryingonfeudsC.lessenedthesubsidiespaidtothePathansD.gavethePathansamuchquieterlife10.Asuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbe_____.A.CampaigningontheI