AsimplecomputertestthathasthepotentialtospotchildrenwhoareatriskofdevelodepressionoranxietydisordershasbeencreatedbyBritishpsychiatrists.The20-minutetestcouldbeusedtoscreenchildreninthefirsttwoyearsofsecondaryschool,alertingdoctorstothosemostlikelytosuccumbtothedebilitatingillnesses,researcherssay.TheCambridgeUniversityteambelievesthatscreening11-and12-year-oldscouldhelppreventscoresofcasesofdepressionandanxiety,orcatchthemearlyon,whentreatmentscanbemoresuccessful.Apreliminarystudyfoundthatchildrenwhoperformedpoorlyonthetestwerweentwoandeighttimesmorelikelytobedepressedayearlaterthanthosewhoscoredwell.“Themoreerrorsmade,thegreatertherisk,”saidIanGoodyer,professorofchildandadolescentpsychiatry,wholedtheresearch.Thetest,describedinthejournalPlosOne,exposesdifficultiesthatsomepeoplehaveinprocessingemotionalinformation,whichareassociatedwithasusceptibilitytomentalillness.Theteamhasseembarkedonafollow-upstudytoassesshowusefulthetestcouldbe.“Wedonotknowhowgoodapredictor ,butthisstudyprovidesvaliditytotestitinthefield,”saidfourpeopleinBritainwillhaveamentalhealthproblem,withthemajoritydiagnosedwithdepressionoranxiety.AccordingtotheKing’sFund,depressioncostEngland￡7.5bnintreatment,servicesandlostemploymentin2007alone.“Effective,earlytreatmentmaypreventthecourseofdepressionfrom ingchronicandrelapsing,”saidBarbaraSahakian,professorofclinicalneuropsychology,andseniormemberoftheteam.“Thiswillbeofgreatbenefittotheindividual’swellbeing,andtheabilitytofunctionatschool,workandhome.”Threequartersoflifetimecasesofmentalillnessemergebeforeof24.Forthestudy,theresearchersdrewon238boysandgirlsaged15to18,fromschoolsinCambridgeandSuffolk.Eachhadagictesttodetermheformsofacertaingheyserotonin,andcomesinshortandlongversions.Peoplewhoinherittwoshortversionsofthegene(onefromeachparent)seemmoresensitivetotheworldaroundthem,whilethosewhoinherittwolongversionsappearlesssensitivetotheirenvironment.Thosebornwithoneofeachliesomewhereinbetween.Theformofthegeneisimportantbecausepreviousstudiesshowthatpeoplewithtwoshortvariantsaremorelikelyto theyalsoseemtoflourishmoreinasupportiveenvironment.Throughinterviewswiththepupils’carers,mostoftentheirmothers,theresearchersnextassessedthechildren’searlyhomelives,andnotedwhoamongthemwitnessedintermittentargumentsformorethansixmonths,andverbal,emotionalorphysicalbetweentheirparents,beforeofsix.Thecomputertestgaugedeachchild’sabilitytoprocessemotionalinformation.Inonetest,thechildrenwereaskedtomakequickdecisionsonwhethertheemotionalcontentofwords,suchas“joyful”and“failure”waspositive,negativeorneutral.Theresultsshowedthatchildrenwithtwoshortversionsofthegene,whogrewupwithfightingparentsandfrequenthouseholdarguments,scoredworseontheteststhantheotherchildren,andweremorelikelytosuccumbtodepressionwithinthenextyear.Inthestudy,18.5%ofchildrenhadtwoshortformsofthegene,and36%ofthesehadcopedwithahardfamilylifeinearlychildhood.Whileitistoocostlyandimpracticaltogivegicteststoallchildren,andtakedetailedhistoriesoftheirhomelives,poorperformanceonthetestmightserveasa“biomarker”foryoungpeoplewhoaremostatriskofsuccumbingtodepressionoranxietydisorders,thescientistssay.Ifthetestproveseffectiveatspottingvulnerablechildren,theycouldbehelpedwithorthroughfamilysessionsthataimtoresolvethedamagingsthatariseinthehome.“Thewayweperceiveandrespondtoemotionsaffectsourresilienceandwhetherwesuccumbtodepressionandothermaladaptivewaysofthinking.Usingthebiomarkeridentifiedinthisstudy,itispossibletodevelopascreeningprogrammetoidentifythoseatgreatestrisk,”saidProfSahakian. 1.causes（theformofthegene）2.preventionandearlytreatmentInthepantheonofAmericaninnovators,nobodycomesclosetothedefininglegacyofSteveJobs.Itiscommonlymisrepresented.HewasnotanEdison.Hewasnotequippedtomakeabreakthroughinpuretechnologyinthesenseofcircuitsandfrequencies.ThatisnotwhatmakesAppleunique.Hisgifttohumanitywasanimaginativeapogeeofformandfunction.Hehadthevisionofaseer.①Hetookthetechnologyasitwasandimposedonithissublimetaste,whiillionsjoyouslyembracedastheirowninalcomputers,theiPod,,andiPad.Fullytoappreciatethecrowningnatureofhis“insanelygreat”creations,onehastolookbackatthejaggedroutestohissummitsofbeautifulutility.Theoweslittletothemanroutinelydescribedasthefatheroftheephone.AlexanderGrahamBellwentoffonaprolongedhoneymoononcehe’dprovedthatsoundwavescouldbeconvertedintoundulatingelectriccurrent.HedidnothingmoreafterthemarvelousmomentontheeveningofMarch,10,1876,whenhisyoungassistant,ThomasWatson,heardBell’svoicecomedownthewire.“Mr.Watson,comehere,Iwanttoseeyou!”butasWatsonlaterremarked,theBellphonewascalculatedmoretodevelopthevoiceandlungthantoenableconversation.Theeurekamomentoffolkloreovershadowswhatmustfollowifthebrainwaveistoreachthebustleofthemarketce.ItwaslefttoThomasEdisonandhisassociateCharlesBatchelortomaketheBellphoneaudiblebyinventingacarbon-buttontransmitterfortherivalWesternUnion.Butthentheworldhadtowaitforsomeotacklethemyriadobstaclestoanationallong-distancesystem.AnOhioanwhostartedasarailwaymailclerkdidthat.ThreVailmergedWesternUnionandBell,pooledpatents,andfoundedtheAmericanephoneandegraphCo.,the Jobschoseforhislaunchpartnerin2007.AndApple’sproductsdependonthemicrochip,whoseoriginslieinthetransistorinventedin1947attheBelllabsfoundedbyVail.AnAmericaninnovatorwhomJobsadmired,andinmanywaysresembled,wasEdwinLand(1909–91),thewillfuloptimistandbrilliantscientist,bestknownforhisinstantself-develoPolaroidcamera,thoughhehad533patents.HeprecededJobsingivingtothepublicwhattheydidn’tknowtheywanted.Bothmeninsistedontheimpossible.Bothweresecretive.Bothdrovetheirteamsferociously;Land’sassociateswereforbiddenevertouttertheword“problem.”Landinspired,butitwasanother(andsorelyneglected)innovatorwhoseinventionsmadeJobs’sdreamsEdwinHowardArmstrong(1890–1954),wasanenabler.AsaboyradiohamrecoveringinYonkersfromSt.Vitus’sdance(chorea),hebuiltawoodentowertofixanantenna125feetabovethegroundsohecouldsignalsonhisheadphones.Allhislifehewasintoxicatedbyheightandspeed.HerodearednmotorcycletohisstudiesatColumbiaUniversity.Then,stepbyinspiredstep,herevolutionizedcommunication.Hetaughttheworldhowtoamplifysignals,advancingtheformofradioknownasamplitudemodulation(AM).HehadsomeofJobs’stheatricalflair.②OnthenightofNov.5,1935,intheclubhouseoftheInstituteofRadioEngineersonandpresentedwhathecalled“alittleHeturnedonaradioreceiver.Thelisteners’earswereattunedforthecrackleofstatic.Therewasnone.Theyheard,crystalclear,apalofArmstrong’sannouncinghewasspeakingfromW2AGinYonkers,whichwasjustanameforhisparlorandbackyardantenna.Theaudienceedatrick.ItwasmerelyapreludetothedramaconceivedbyArmstrong:Hearwaterpouredintoaglass!Listentothecrumplingofapieceofpaper!Hearthestrikingofamatch!TherefollowedaMozartpianopiece,thenataponanOrientalgongwithrapiddissonanceintheupperregisters.“Theshimmeringafterglow,alistenersaid,hangsintheroomwithanuncannylambentclarity.”Itwasthefirstpublicdemonstrationoftransmissiononabroadbandcarrierwavebythemodulationofveryhighfrequencies—frequencymodulation,orFMasweknowittoday.Alltheexpertshadsaiditwasimpossible.DavidSarnoff,headofRCA,colludedwithFCCofficialstoblockandcrippleFMforyearsbecausehesoldAMradios,thensimplystoleArmstrong’spatentedFMideasforRCA.WhenArmstrongsued,Sarnoffdrovehimtodespairandnearbankruptcybydraggingoutlitigationforyears.Armstrong’swife,Marion,urgedhimtogiveup.Theyhadsuchafuriousrowthatshelefthimtostaywithhersister.ArmstrongwasaloneovertheweekendintheirgrandapartmentintheRiverHouseon52ndStreet.TogotocourtonMonday,heputonhisovercoat,withscarfandgloves,climbedoutsidehis13th-floorbedroom,andjumpedtohisdeath.Armstrongextendedthep