新年快樂美國文學(xué)簡史（常耀信版）教師：滑彥立ASurveyofAmericanLiteratureTableofContentsIntroductionBriefOutlineofAmericanLiteratureChapterIColonialPeriod

IntroductionI.Introductionofthecourse1.Status:survey;history2.Target:literaryknowledge;methodandabilityofappreciationII.HowtodefineAmericanLiterature1.AmericanliteratureistheliteratureproducedinAmericanEnglishbyAmericancitizens.2.BasicqualitiesofAmericanWriters:

independentindividualisticcriticalinnovative[‘in?uveitiv]

humorous

BriefOutlineofAmericanliterature1.Colonialperiod(1607-1775)

AnneBradstreet

EdwardTaylor2.Revolutionaryperiod(1775-1783)

BenjaminFranklin

ThomasPainePhilipFreneau3.Romanticism(1820-1861)

WashingtonIrving

EdgarAllanPoe

NathanielHawthorne

WilliamWhitman

*Transcendentalism

*(NewEnglandRenaissance)

RalphWaldoEmerson

FillipThoreau4.TheAgeofRealism(1861-1914)

MarkTwain

HenryJames5.AmericanNaturalism(1900-1914)

StephenCrane

TheodoreDreiser6.The1920s

T.S.Eliot

WilliamFaulkner

ErnestHemingway

(LostGeneration)

Imagism:

EzraPoundBriefOutlineofAmericanliterature7.The1930s

Steinbeck

HarlemRenaissance

(BlackAmericanliterature)

Hughes

Wright

Ellison8.AmericanDrama

EugeneO’Neill9.ThePost-warScene

SaulBellow

Salinger

Poetry:

ConfessionalPoetry

BlackMountainPoets

SanFranciscoRenaissance

TheBeatGeneration

TheNewYorkPoetsThePartI

ColonialandRevolutionaryperiod

第一部分殖民時(shí)期和革命時(shí)期（第一章——第二章）ThePartII

Romanticism第二部分美國的浪漫主義文學(xué)（第三章）ThePartIIITranscendentalism(NewEnglandRenaissance)第三部分超驗(yàn)主義（第四章——第七章）ThePartIVTheAgeofRealism第四部分現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期（第八章——第十章）ThePartV1920s第五部分20世紀(jì)20年代美國文學(xué)（第十一章——第十六章）ThePartVIAfter1930s第六部分20世紀(jì)三十年代以來的美國文學(xué)（第十七章——第十九章）ThePartVIIPostwar

二戰(zhàn)后的當(dāng)代文學(xué)第七部分現(xiàn)當(dāng)代美國文學(xué)（第二十章——第二十六章）ColonialPeriod(1607-1775)ChapterOneI.HistoricalIntroduction1.people:Indianswerenativeinhabitants.NowAmericansaremainlyimmigrantsmostlyfromEurope,esp.fromEngland.2.earlyhistory:1)AmericawasfirstdiscoveredbyColumbusattheendofthe15thcentury.2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean(Jamestown,Virginia)3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledonthenewcontinent“NewEngland”.(Plymouth,Massachusetts)3.

WhatisthePuritan?(p7-9)

Puritans（清教徒）:TheyareonedivisionofEnglishProtestant.TheyregardedthereformationofthechurchunderElizabethasincomplete,andcalledforfurtherpurification.The17thcenturyAmericanPuritansincludedtwoparts:SeparatistsandMassachusettsBayGroup.Theirreligiousdoctrinesareoriginalsin,totaldepravity,predestinationandlimitedatonement(orthesalvationofaselectedfew)throughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.TheyregardedthemselvesaschosenpeopleofGod.TheyweremeanttoreestablishacommonwealthbasedontheteachingsoftheBible,restorethelostparadise,andbuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Theyopposedartsandpleasure.Theysuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin.TheyareopposedtomysticismandpantheismbecausethesetendedtodestroythetranscendenceofGod.

WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

(1)

toreformtheChurchofEngland

(2)tohaveanentirelynewchurch

(3)toescapereligiouspersecution

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”PuritanscametoAmericaoutofvariousreasons,butitshouldberememberedthattheywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Itistruethattheywishedtoescapereligiouspersecution—andtheEnglishgovernmentregardeditsAmericancolonyasanidealdumpinggroundfortheundesirables,buttheywerealsodeterminedtofindaplacewheretheycouldworshipinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.

They

regarded

themselvesasGod'schosenpeople,theyweremeanttoreestablishacommonwealthbasedontheteachingsoftheBible,restorethelostparadise,andbuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.5.

WhatisthePuritanism?PuritanismisareligiousandpoliticalmovementthatdevelopedinEnglandaboutthemiddleofthe16thcenturyandlaterspreadinfluenceintotheNewEnglandinAmerica.PuritanismwasalogicalaftermathoftheRenaissance,theReformation,theestablishmentoftheChurchofEngland,andthegrowthofPresbyterianism(a.[宗]長老會(huì)(制)的).Throughthesemovements,oneseesemergingtherightoftheindividualtopoliticalandreligiousindependence.

AmericanPuritanismPuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.Itisareligiousandpoliticalmovement.Throughit,oneseesemergingtherightoftheindividualtopoliticalandreligiousindependence.Asacultureheritage(n.遺產(chǎn)，繼承物，傳統(tǒng)),Puritanismdidhaveaprofound(a.深度的深遠(yuǎn)的；見解深刻的；深?yuàn)W的)influenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduring(持久的)influenceonAmericanliterature.

Ithasbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,ratherthanasetoftenets,apartofthenationalculturalatmospherethattheAmericansbreathe,thatwemaystatewithadegreeofsafetythat,withoutsomeunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenorealunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.

AmericanPuritanismhasbeen,byandlarge,ahealthylegacytotheAmericans.6.PuritanisminAmerica

Doctrines:

-Predestination(注定)-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)

-Limitedatonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)（贖罪，彌補(bǔ)）(2)Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hardwork,thrift(節(jié)儉),piety(虔誠),sobriety（節(jié)制,清醒),simpletastes.

Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.7.Influence(1)AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluences

inAmerican

thoughtandAmericanliterature.(2)Americanliterature

isbasedon

amyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.(3)PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism[k?n'fju:??nizm]

.4.Theyheldextremeopinions.5.TheAmericanPuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschiefinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.6.ThesimplicitycharacterizesthePuritanstyleifwriting.II.EarlyAmericanWritersandPoets1.Historicalnarratives

:

1)CaptainJohnSmith---firstAmericanwriter;OneofthefoundersofthefirstcolonyJamestown;“ATrueRelationofVirginia”《關(guān)于弗吉尼亞的真實(shí)敘述》：thedescriptionofNewEngland

Hiscontributions:TherewasthefamousJohnSmith'sdescriptionofNewEnglandasapromisingvirginland,whichcametotheattentionofmanypeopleinEnglandandEuropeanddrewmanyofthemovertotheNewWorld.2)WilliamBradford:firstgovernorofPlymouth,

TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation《普利茅斯殖民史》simplicity,earnestness,directreporting,readable,moving.2.Sermonsandspeeches,PuritanWritersJohnWinthrop:thefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBayColony,AModelofChristianCharity《基督教仁愛的典范》TwoPoets:

1)AnneBradstreet:“TenthMuse”inAmerica;

“Contemplations”《沉思》

;“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”《致我親愛的丈夫》and“InReferencetoHerChildren,”“TheFleshandtheSpirit”《靈魂和肉體》

2)EdwardTaylor:“Huswifery,”《家務(wù)》JohnSmith(1580-1631)IntroductiontotheauthorHewasanEnglish

soldier,sailor,andauthorHeisrememberedforhisroleinestablishingthefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginia.HewasaleaderoftheVirginia佛吉尼亞州

Colony(basedatJamestown)betweenSeptember1608andAugust1609,andledanexplorationalongtheriversofVirginiaandtheChesapeakeBay.切薩皮克灣[ChesapeakeBay]

美國東部大西洋沿岸的海灣。南段在弗吉尼亞，北段在馬里蘭，長311千米，寬5～40千米面積約8,365平方千米。有多條河流注入，其中包括薩斯奎漢納河、帕塔克森特河、波托馬克河和詹姆斯河。詹姆斯敦是海灣區(qū)的第一個(gè)歐洲人居住區(qū)，建于1607年。一年后，J.史密斯船長探測并繪制了海灣及其各河口的地圖。切薩皮克灣的水域有豐富的海洋生物，但到20世紀(jì)70年代，周圍地區(qū)的開發(fā)使得海灣的污染嚴(yán)重，捕魚量急遽下降。為了彌補(bǔ)損失政府已采取了各種措施。2.HisliteraryachievementsHeisthefirstAmericanWriter.Hisfirstliteraryworkcomesfrompartofaletterwith