2023高一英語上學(xué)期必修1語法總結(jié)干脆英語和間接英語一、句型的變更（一）假如干脆引語是陳述句，間接引語一般是用that來引導(dǎo)?？谡Z中that常可以省略?！癐liketolistentorockmusicJsaidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.【留意】假如干脆引語中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的陳述句并列時，第一個that可以省略，后面一個不能省略，以免引起歧義。如：Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid（that）thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.（二）假如干脆引語是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句時，間接引語常變?yōu)橛蓋hether/if引導(dǎo)，而且要用陳述句語序。如：Theboyaskedhismother,"CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday.（三）假如干脆引語是特殊問句，間接引語用特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)，而且用陳述句語序。如：?"Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.?HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.（四）假如間接引語是表示請求、提議、建議、勸告等意義的問句，要借助其他句型結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。如：?"Whydon'tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.?Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.【留意】表示請求、勸告時，通常用“ask/advise/want等+賓語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。（五）假如干脆引語是祈使句，間接引語要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)改，即改為：tell（ask,order,warn,advise等）sb.（not）todosth.如:?”Listentomecarefully,please."theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.【留意】假如祈使句中出現(xiàn)了please,在間接引語中必需省略。（六）假如干脆引語是感嘆句，變間接引語時，用what,how或that來引述。如：?"Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.?Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.?Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.二、時態(tài)的變更（一）假如主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，則間接引語中的時態(tài)不變。如；? HesaysJTmtootired.”?Hesays（that）heistootired.（二）假如主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，則間接引語中的時態(tài)相應(yīng)地變?yōu)榕c過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)。具體變更如下：一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時 一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時 一般將來時 過去將來時Theoldmansaid,"GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.“WangLiniswaitingfbryououtsideoftheschoolgate."LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.【留意1】當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實、科學(xué)真理、格言或諺語；重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動作時，間接引語的時態(tài)不變更。如：.?"Failureisthemotherofsuccess."Theteachersaidtous.?Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.【留意2】當(dāng)干脆引語中的謂語動詞含有情態(tài)動詞must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等，變間接引語時，間接引語中謂語動詞的形式不變。如：?Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskfbrhelpwhenyouareintrouble/9?HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人稱代詞的變更干脆引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中作主語的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應(yīng)的變更。一般狀況下要遵循以下幾條原則：（一）干脆引語的主語是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時,要和主句的主語保持一樣。如：? ”CanIuseyourbikefbramoment?”theboysaidtome.? Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.（二）干脆引語的主語是其次人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句的賓語保持一樣。如：?TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”?TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.（三）干脆引語的主語是第三人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中的主語人稱不變。如：? Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”? HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinChina.四、主句謂語動詞的變更（一）干脆引語是陳述句，謂語動詞是say（said）的不變，是saidtosb.常變?yōu)閠oldsb.如：? Hesaidtohisfriend,"Iamgladtoseeyou.”? Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.（二）干脆引語是特殊疑問句、一般疑問句或選擇疑問句，said變?yōu)閍sked;saidtosb.變?yōu)閍skedsb.如:?"Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.?MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.（三）干脆引語是祈使句，變間接引語時，謂語動詞可依據(jù)語氣強弱選則beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。假如祈使句是否定句，還需在不定式符號to前加not.如：? Isaidtoher,"Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”? Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.（四）干脆引語是感嘆句，變間接引語時,引述動詞常用ten,exclaim或say等。如：?"Howwellhelooks!"Lucysaid.?Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.?Lucysaidthathelookedwell.五、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和方向性動詞的變更（一）指示代詞的變更this that thesethose（二）時間狀語的變更nowthen agobefore/earliertodaythatday yesterdaythedaybeforethismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodays'timethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earliernextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore【留意】假如在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，時間狀語也可不變。如：?Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear."?Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.（三）地點和方向性動詞的變更herethere comego【留意】假如在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，地點狀語也可不變。如：Hesaid,"Iwillcomeherethisevening.”Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.（同時同地引述）鞏固練習(xí)：將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語或干脆引語1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”Hemethatalettertoparents*"ThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewestJmothersaidtoherdaughter.Motherherdaughterthatthesunuptheeastandinthewest.3?“Don'tbelateagain,Jim,"saidtheteacher.Theteacherbelateagain."HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?"heasked.HeaskedmethefilmHarryPotter. 5.MrWangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.“improvespokenEnglish?"MrWangsaidtothestudents.toldhehadwrittenhistheweekbefore2.toldrisessetstoldJimnotto4.ifIhadseen5.Howcanyouyour定語從句一.定語從句的定義.定語從句在從句中起定語作用，修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞，被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后面.（定語從句有時候還可以修飾一個句子，通常指代一件事情）.引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞叫關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，他們的作用:⑴引導(dǎo)作用⑵替代（先行詞）作用（3）在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個成分的作用關(guān)系代詞：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、賓、定等成分）關(guān)系副詞：where,when,why在從句中作狀語e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.Who引導(dǎo)定語從句并代替先行詞theboy在定語從句中充當(dāng)broke的主語a.關(guān)系代詞（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代關(guān)系及其選擇定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞（被修飾詞）在定語從句中的位置、成分。指人指物在定語從句中的作用Who主語賓語Whom賓語Which4主語賓語that主語賓語whose定語（whose和它所修飾的名詞在從句中可以充當(dāng)主語或賓語）b.關(guān)系副詞why 先行詞是表示緣由的名詞（reason）,關(guān)系詞在從句中做緣由狀語表示緣由where先行詞是表示地點的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點狀語表示地點when 先行詞是表示時間的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做時間狀語表示時間e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.3.定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不行缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，它對主句起到限制作用。非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它對主句起進行補充說明，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。假如先行詞是專出名詞或獨一無二的事物，我們一般要用非限制定語從句。e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.（非限制性）二.留意事項：.只能用Which不能用that的狀況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句②先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置，即當(dāng)關(guān)系詞緊跟在介詞后面時，e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin..只能用whom不能用who的狀況：①先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置，如e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith..關(guān)系代詞必需用that的情形：①當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級所修飾e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾e.g.ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.③當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery等修飾e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatFmlookingfor.④先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little（少量,一些），much等修飾時：e.g.I'vereadallthebooks（that）yougaveme.⑤當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little（少量，一些）,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時，或者是在therebe句型中,e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.⑥當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時：e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl（that）sheusedtobe..定語從句中假如先行詞是theway,關(guān)系詞常用inwhich,that或省略.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞及其簡潔混用的狀況ThisisthefactoryIonceworked,whereThisisthefactoryI'vevisited,that/whichThedayIalwaysrememberisOct.l.that/whichThedayNanjingwasliberatedisSep.l1.whenThereasonhehasn'tcomeisthathehasbeenill.whyDon'tbelievethereasonhegiveyou.that【留意】當(dāng)表示時間,地點，緣由的名詞,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行詞，在定語從句中作狀語時，用when,where,why;在從句中作主語或賓語時，就用that或which.三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的狀況當(dāng)我們在用帶有介詞的定語從句時，我們有兩種選擇，介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前或者是放在定語從句中。如：Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.那么如何選擇介詞呢：.介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.ThefarmIonceworkedhastakenonanewlook,onwhich.介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.Whoisthemanourteacherisshakinghands?withwhom.介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構(gòu)成一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,wearegreatlyproud,ofwhich.表示“全部格”或“整體中的部分”時，用介詞of.e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percentarewomen.ofwhom練習(xí)1：關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersonshecouldturnforhelp.Whenyoureadthebook,you'dbettermakeamarkyouhaveanyquestions.Barcelonaisthecitythe25thSummerOlympicwereheld.towhom(turntosb.forhelp向某人求助) 2.where3.where/inwhich練習(xí)2:用介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空Doyoulikethebook shespent$10?Doyoulikethebookshepaid$10?Doyoulikethebook shelearnedalot?Doyoulikethebook sheoftentalks?Hebuiltatelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡) hecouldstudytheskies.Thereisatalltreeoutside,standsourteacher.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongestistheYellowRiver.Thetowerpeoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.ThemanIspokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mosthadn,tbeencleanedforatleastayear..onwhich2.forwhich3.fromwhich4.aboutwhich5.throughwhich6.underwhich7.ofwhich8.fromwhich9.towhom10.ofwhich四.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較并發(fā)覺：Theearthisround.isknowntoall.ItTheearthisround,isknowntoall.which/asisknowntoall,theearthisroundoAsisknowntoallthattheearthisround.It【留意】as具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected比較并發(fā)覺：ThisisthesamepenasIlost.這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.這本書就是我丟的那本?！玖粢狻縯hesame…as表示相像事物，thesame...that表示同一事物比較并發(fā)覺：Thisissuchaninterestingbookwealllike,asThisissointerestingabookwealllike,as這是大家都寵愛的如此好玩的一本書。（定語從句）Thisissuchaninterestingbookwealllikeit.thatThisissointerestingabookwealllikeit.that這本書如此好玩，大家都寵愛。（結(jié)果狀語從句）【留意】such（so）…as…引導(dǎo)定語從句,such（so）…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)一.語態(tài)概述英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。e.g.Heopenedthedoor.他開了門。（主動句）Thedoorwasopened.門被開了。（被動句）二.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變更是通過be的變更表現(xiàn)出來的。.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)has/havebeendone.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)be+beingdone歌訣是：被動語態(tài)be字變，過去分詞跟后面。三、被動語態(tài)的用法（1）不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.⑵強調(diào)動作的承受者，而不強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。e.g.ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗戶是邁克打破的。四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法(1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。(2)把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)(be+過去分詞)(依據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來確定be的形式)。(3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework..Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.歌訣是：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。一.單項選擇：( )Ifthework,youcangoandplaygames.A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremadeintheclassroom.A.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayed()Katetheletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswriting()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn'tbethrownB.mustn'tbethrownC.can'tthrowD.maynotthrow()Ilikemybike.Itverywell.A.ridesB.isriding