法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析Syllabus1.Briefintroductionoflaw2.CasesforConstitution/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/PropertyLaw/LawofMarriage/3.Fourdebateordiscussionovermoives.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析NoticeNohomeworkbutdoreviewthelecture.Attendenceisveryimportant.(Absence:3times).法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析ContactsE-mailaddress:fiona-法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析LadyJusticeisthesymbolofthejudiciary.Justiceisdepictedasagoddessequippedwiththreesymbolsoftheruleoflaw:aswordsymbolizingthecourt'scoercivepower;scalesrepresentingtheweighingofcompetingclaims;andablindfoldindicatingimpartiality.KingHammurabiisrevealedthecodeoflawsbytheMesopotamiansungodShamash,alsoreveredasthegodofjustice法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析IntroductiontolawLawisasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorinrelationsbetweenpeople.Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonderivativesmarkets.Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonal(oftenreferredtoaschattel)andrealproperty.Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancialsecurity,whiletortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifaperson'srightsorpropertyareharmed(oftenconsideredcivilcaseiffiledunderanissueoftortlawvs.criminal).Iftheharmiscriminalisedinpenalcode,criminallawoffersmeansbywhichthestatecanprosecutetheperpetrator.Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw,theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives.Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecisionsofgovernmentagencies,whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignnationstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentalregulationormilitaryaction.Writingin350

BC,theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared,"Theruleoflawisbetterthantheruleofanyindividual."法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析Legalsystemselaboraterightsandresponsibilitiesinavarietyofways.Ageneraldistinctioncanbemadebetweencivillaw

jurisdictions,whichcodifytheirlaws,andcommonlawsystems,wherejudgemadelawisnotconsolidated.Insomecountries,religionstillinformsthelaw.Lawprovidesarichsourceofscholarlyinquiry,intolegalhistory,philosophy,economicanalysisorsociology.Lawalsoraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality,fairnessandjustice."Initsmajesticequality",saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894,"thelawforbidsrichandpooraliketosleepunderbridges,beginthestreetsandstealloavesofbread."Inatypicaldemocracy,thecentralinstitutionsforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment,namelyanimpartialjudiciary,ademocraticlegislature,andanaccountableexecutive.Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicestothepublic,agovernment'sbureaucracy,themilitaryandpolicearevital.Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw,anindependentlegalprofessionandavibrantcivilsocietyinformandsupporttheirprogress.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析DifferentCategoriessubstantivelawandprocedurallaw;civillawsystemandcommonlawsystem;departmentsoflaw:Constitution/Administrativelaw/TortLaw/CriminalLaw/CivilLaw/InternationalLaw/ContractLaw/CompanyLaw/CopyrightLaw/EnvironmentProtectionLaw/ConsumerLaw/PropertyLaw/LawofMarriage,etc.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析SubstantivelawandprocedurallawSubstantivelawisthestatutoryorwrittenlawthatgovernsrightsandobligationsofthosewhoaresubjecttoit.Substantivelawdefinesthelegalrelationshipofpeoplewithotherpeopleorbetweenthemandthestate.Substantivelawstandsincontrasttoprocedurallaw.Procedurallawcomprisestherulebywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivil

lawsuit,criminaloradministrativeproceedings.Therulesaredesignedtoensureafairandconsistentapplicationofdueprocess(intheU.S.)orfundamentaljustice(inothercommonlawcountries)toallcasesthatcomebeforeacourt.whichcomprisestherulesbywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivilorcriminalproceedings.Procedurallawdealswiththemethodandmeansbywhichsubstantivelawismadeandadministered.Thetimeallowedforonepartytosueanotherandtherulesoflawgoverningtheprocessofthelawsuitareexamplesofprocedurallaws.Substantivelawdefinescrimesandpunishments(inthecriminallaw)aswellascivilrightsandresponsibilitiesincivillaw.Itiscodifiedinlegislatedstatutesorcanbeenactedthroughtheinitiativeprocess.procedurallaw法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析DifferenceAnotherwayofsummarizingthedifferencebetweensubstantiveandproceduralisasfollows:Substantiverulesoflawdefinerightsandduties,whileproceduralrulesoflawprovidethemachineryforenforcingthoserightsandduties.However,thewaytothiscleardifferentiationbetweensubstantivelawand,servingthesubstantivelaw,procedurallawhasbeenlong,sinceintheRomancivilproceduretheactioincludedbothsubstantiveandproceduralelements.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析CivillawsystemCivillawisthelegalsystemusedinmostcountriesaroundtheworldtoday.Incivillawthesourcesrecognisedasauthoritativeare,primarily,legislation—especiallycodificationsinconstitutionsorstatutespassedbygovernment—andcustom.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析CommonlawsystemCommonlawandequityarelegalsystemswheredecisionsbycourtsareexplicitlyacknowledgedtobelegalsources.The"doctrineofprecedent",orstaredecisis(Latinfor"tostandbydecisions")meansthatdecisionsbyhighercourtsbindlowercourts.Commonlawsystemsalsorelyonstatutes,passedbythelegislature,butmaymakelessofasystematicattempttocodifytheirlawsthanina"civillaw"system.CommonlaworiginatedfromEnglandandhasbeeninheritedbyalmosteverycountryoncetiedtotheBritishEmpire

法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析DepartmentsoflawTheFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen(人權(quán)宣言),whoseprinciplesstillhaveconstitutionalvalue.ThejudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeintheHague

法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析LegalinstitutionsLawislessabodyofstaticrulesthana"dynamicprocessbywhichrulesareconstantlychanged,created,andmoldedtofitparticularsituations."Changesarecontinuouslymadebyvariousinstitutionsinasociety.Law'smaininstitutionsinliberaldemocraciesaretheindependentjudiciaries,thejusticesystems,therepresentativelegislaturesorparliaments,anaccountableexecutive,acompetentandnon-corruptbureaucracy,apoliceforce,aciviliancontrolofthemilitaryandarobustlegalprofessionensuringpeople'saccesstojusticeandapluralisticcivilsociety—atermusedtorefertothesocialinstitutions,communitiesandpartnershipsthatformlaw'spoliticalbasis.[法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析JudiciaryAjudiciaryisanumberofjudgesmediatingdisputestodetermineoutcome.Mostcountrieshavesystemsofappealcourts,answeringuptoasupremelegalauthority.IntheUnitedStates,thisistheSupremeCourt;inAustralia,theHighCourt;intheUK,theHouseofLords.InChina,最高法院。Somecountriesallowtheirhighestjudicialauthoritytoover-rulelegislationtheydeterminedasunconstitutional

法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析Ajudiciaryistheoreticallyboundbytheconstitution,muchaslegislativebodiesare.Inmostcountriesjudgesmayonlyinterprettheconstitutionandallotherlaws.Butincommonlawcountries,wheremattersarenotconstitutional,thejudiciarymayalsocreatelawunderthedoctrineofprecedent.Incommuniststates,suchasChina,thecourtsareoftenregardedaspartsoftheexecutive,orsubservienttothelegislature;governmentalinstitutionsandofficersexertthusvariousformsofinfluenceonthejudiciary.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析Legislature

ProminentexamplesoflegislaturesaretheHousesofParliamentinLondon,theCongressinWashingtonD.CTopasslegislation,amajorityofMembersofParliamentmustvoteforabill(proposedlaw)ineachhouse.Normallytherewillbeseveralreadingsandamendmentsproposedbythedifferentpoliticalfactions.Ifacountryhasanentrenchedconstitution,aspecialmajorityforchangestotheconstitutionwillberequired,makingchangestothelawmoredifficult.Agovernmentusuallyleadstheprocess,whichcanbeformedfromMembersofParliament(e.g.theUKorGermany).Butinapresidentialsystem,anexecutiveappointsacabinettogovernfromhisorherpoliticalallieswhetherornottheyareelected(e.g.theUnitedStatesorBrazil),andthelegislature'sroleisreducedtoeitherratificationorveto

法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析ThedebatingchamberoftheEuropeanParliament

法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析ExecutiveTheexecutiveinalegalsystemserveasagovernment'scentreofpoliticalauthority.Inaparliamentarysystem,aswithBritain,Italy,Germany,India,andJapan,theexecutiveisknownasthecabinet,andcomposedofmembersofthelegislature.TheexecutiveischosenbythePrimeMinisterorChancellor,whoseofficeholdspowerundertheconfidenceofthelegislature.Becausepopularelectionsappointpoliticalpartiestogovern,theleaderofapartycanchangeinbetweenelections.Theheadofstateisapartfromtheexecutive,andhe/sheusuallylacksformalpoliticalpoweryetsymbolicallyenactslawsandactsasrepresentativeofthenation.ExamplesincludetheGermanpresident(appointedbytheParliament);theQueenoftheUnitedKingdom(ahereditarytitle).Theotherimportantmodelisthepresidentialsystem,foundinFrance,theU.S.andRussia.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveactsasbothheadofstateandheadofgovernment,andhaspowertoappointanunelectedcabinet.Underapresidentialsystem,theexecutivebranchisseparatefromthelegislaturetowhichisnotaccountable.Althoughtheroleoftheexecutivevariesfromcountrytocountry,usuallyitwillproposethemajorityoflegislation,andproposegovernmentagenda.Inpresidentialsystems,theexecutiveoftenhasthepowertovetolegislation.Mostexecutivesinbothsystemsareresponsibleforforeignrelations,themilitaryandpolice,andthebureaucracy.Ministersorotherofficialsheadacountry'spublicoffices,suchasaforeignministryorinteriorministry.Theelectionofadifferentexecutiveisthereforecapableofrevolutionisinganentirecountry'sapproachtogovernment.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析representativesofeachcountry'sexecutivebranch.G8:八國(guó)集團(tuán)，由美國(guó)、英國(guó)、法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利、加拿大、日本和俄羅斯八國(guó)組成。法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析TheUnitedNations'NewYorkheadquartershousescivilservantsthatserveits192memberstates.法律英語(yǔ)案例賞析LegalProfessionAcorollaryoftheruleoflawistheexistenceofalegalprofessionsufficientlyautonomoustobeabletoinvoketheauthorityoftheindependentjudiciary;therighttoassistanceofanadvocateinacourt—inEnglandthefunctionofbarristeroradvocateisdistinguishedfromlegalcounselor(solicitor).AstheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightshasstated,thelawshouldbeadequatelyaccessibletoeveryoneandpeopleshouldbeabletoforeseehowthelawaffectsthem.Inordertomaintainprofessionalism,thepracticeoflawistypicallyoverseenbyeitheragovernmentorindependentregulatingbodysuchasabarassociation,barcouncilorlawsociety.Modernlawyersachievedistinctprofessionalidentitythroughspecifiedlegalprocedures(e.g.successfullypassingaqualifyingexamination),arerequire