2021屆高考英語閱讀理解題型精準(zhǔn)練—主旨大意題

Cedar,athird-generationbeekeeperfromthecountrysideofNewSouthWales,Australia,

saysthathewasinspiredtotryanddesignasimplerhive（蜂箱）afterhisbrotherwas

stung（勤duringoneoftheirhoney-gatheringtasks.

Theyoungguyknewthattheremustbeacleverwaytogatherhoneywithouthavingtowear

protectivesuits,openthehive,anddisturbthelittlebees.Afterseveralyears,Cedarandhisfather

Stuartfinallyperfectedtheirinvention-theFlow.Hive,whichcansavebeekeepershoursofwork

simplybychannelingallofitshoneyintoatapthatcanbeturnedonandoffatwill.

Fouryearsaftertheirinitialsuccess,theFlowHivehashadabiginfluenceonhoneybee

populationsaroundtheworld.Thefatherandhissonsaythattheyhavesuccessfullyshippedover

51,000hivesto150differentcountries.Sincetheyintroducedthehivein2015,thenumberof

beekeepersintheU.S.alonehasincreasedbyover10%.

Theirsuccessisparticularlysignificantsincehoneybeepopulationshavebeensteadily

decreasingasaresultofhabitatloss.That'swhynowStuartandCedarAndersonaredonating

theirhiveearningstointernationalhoneybeeadvocacygroups.

"We'reproudtohavedonated100%ofprofitsfromthesaleofourFlowPollinator（傳粉昆

蟲）HousetoninelocalpollinatorprojectsinAustraliaandtheU.S.thatareatworkprotecting

wildhabitatsallaroundtheworld,"saidtheAndersonsinastatement."Pollinatorsneedlarge

areasofhabitattogrowhealthily-themorewecandotoconservenativehabitats,themore

opportunitiesthesetinyenvironmentalchampionswillhavetodotheirimportantwork."

4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A."HoneyonTap”BeehiveB.TheCostofBeeke印ing

C.TheGrowthofaBeekeeperD.TrueFactsAboutHoneybees

Inordertohelpdiscoverspoilage（變質(zhì)）andreducefoodwasteforsupermarketsand

consumers,researchershavedevelopednewlow-cost,smartphone-linked,eco-friendlyspoilage

sensorsformeatandfishpackaging.

OneinthreeUKconsumersthrowawayfoodjustbecauseitreachestheuse-bydate(保存

期),but60%(4.2milliontonnes)ofthe￡12.5billion-worthoffoodwethrowawayeachyearissafe

toeat.

Theresearchers,whosefindingswerepublishedinACSSensors,saythesensorscouldalso

eventuallyreplacetheuse-bydate-awidelyusedindicatorofbeingfreshandeatable.

ThesensorscosttwoUScentseachtomake.KnownasHpaper-basedelectricalgas

sensors(PEGS)*',theydetectspoilagegaseslikeammonia(apoisonousgaswithastrongunpleasant

smell)inmeatandfishproducts.Theinformationprovidedbytheelectronicnoseisreceivedbya

smartphone,andthenyoucanknowwhetherthefoodisfreshandsafetoeat.

TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhodevelopedPEGSmadethesensorsby

printingcarbonelectrodes(電極)onloaspecialtypeofpaper.Thematerialsareeco-friendlyand

harmless,sotheydon'tdamagetheenvironmentandaresafetouseinfoodpackaging.The

sensors,combinedwithatinyelectronicsystem,theninformnearbymobiledevices,whichidentify

andunderstandthedataaboutspoilagegases.

LeadauthorDrFiratGuder,ofImperial'sDepartmentofBioengineering,said,"Although

theyYedesignedtokeepussafe,use-bydatescanleadtoeatablefoodbeingthrownaway.They

don'talwaysreflectitsactualfreshness.Infact,peopleoftengetsickfromfoodbornediseasesdue

topoorstorage,evenwhenanitemiswithinitsuse-bydate.

"Thesesensorsarecheapenoughsowehopetoseesupermarketsusingthemwithinthree

years.OurgoalistousePEGSinfoodpackagingtoreduceunnecessaryfoodwaste.1'

TheauthorshopethatPEGScouldhaveapplicationsbeyondfoodprocessing,likesensing

chemicalsinagriculture,airquality,anddetectingdiseasemarkersinbreathlikethoseinvolvedin

kidneydisease.

4.Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinthetext?

A.Theprocessofresearchingspoilagesensors.

B.Anewtechnologyinpackagingtoreducefoodwaste.

C.Use-bydatesinfluenceonsupermarketsandconsumers.

D.Theapplicationofspoilagesensorsbeyondfoodprocessing.

Drivenbyherpassionforprovidingqualityhealthcare,aLatvianwomanhaswonoverthe

heartsoftheelderlyresidinginthenursinghomesheoversees.

ItisincrediblyraretofindaCaucasianwomanworkingasthedirectorofanursinghomein

Shanghai.ButthefactthatAnastasijaPuzankovacanevenconverseinLiantang,aChinesedialect

spokenonlybyresidentsinasmalltowninsouthwesternShanghai,makesheroneofakind

UIhadalwayswonderedhowtheelderlyweregettingalongwithothers,oriftheywerewell

caredfor.IrealizedthatIcouldbetterservethemandunderstandtheirconcernsifIspoketheir

dialect."saysthe35-year-old,whoalsospeaksRussian,English,Latvian,FrenchandSpanish.

PuzankovachosetostudySinology（漢學(xué)）outofhercuriosityaboutChinaattheUniversity

ofLatviain2003.Thenextyear,shetraveledtoShanghaiaspartofanexchangeprogramand

thenshespentthenext10yearsstudyinglawatFudanUniversity,graduatingwithamaster's

degreein2014.

Despiteherqualifications,in2018,PuzankovajoinedHaiyangGroup,aShanghai-based

companythatoperatesthenursinghome,asanexecutiveassistant.Duringthatperiod,she

performedsowellinhernursingandmanagementtrainingthatshewasappointedthedirectorof

thehomeafterjustoneyear.

Acaregiver,surnamedCai,saystheatmosphereatthehomehaschangedsincePuzankova

tookcharge,uShemakeslifeinthenursinghomeupliftingandpurposeful.saysCai.

"Shethrowsmonthlybirthdaypartiesfortheelderly,createsafestivemoodinthehomefor

everytraditionalfestivalandfrequentlyorganizeshandicraftsclassesandactivitiestostimulate

themindsoftheresidents.1'

Whenfamilyvisitsandgroupactivitiesweredelayedduringthenovelcoronavirusoutbreak,

Puzankovacameupwithasimilarideaatthehome,purchasingvegetableseedsandgrowingthem

inthefieldnearthenursinghomesothattheresidentscanobservetheplantsgrowingfromtheir

windows.

Justwatchingtheplantsgrowcanlifttheirspirits.Wecanalsoservetheseorganic

vegetablestothem.9,sheexplains.

Puzankovasays,nIsimplylikecommunicatingwithpeople,understandingtheir

personalitiesandofferinghelpwhentheyareinneed.Makinganelderlypersonhappy,isn'thard.

Itjusttakesalittletime,loveandthought."

4.Thebesttitleofthepassagecouldbe"

A.Aforeignfacewithalocalsoul

B.Alanguageexpertwithalovingheart

C.Anursinghomewithawomandirector

D.Anexecutiveassistantwithamaster*sdegree

Increasingly,Americansarebecomingtheirowndoctors,bygoingonlinetodiagnosetheir

symptoms,orderhomehealthtestsormedicaldevices,orevenself-treattheirillnesseswithdrugs

fromInternetpharmacies（藥店）.Someavoiddoctorsbecauseofthehighcostofmedicalcare,

especiallyiftheylackhealthinsurance.Ortheymaystayawaybecausetheyfinditembarrassing

todiscusstheirweight,smoking,alcoholconsumptionorcouchpotatohabits.Patientsmayalso

fearwhattheymightlearnabouttheirhealth,ortheydistrustphysiciansbecauseofnegative

experiencesinthepast.Butplayingdoctorcanalsobeadeadlygame.

Everyday,morethansixmillionAmericasturntotheInternetformedicalanswers—most

ofthemaren'tnearlyskepticalenoughofwhattheyfind.A2002surveybythePewInternet&

AmericanlifeProjectfoundthat72percentofthosesurveyedbelieveallormostofwhatthey

readonhealthwebsites.Theyshouldn*tlookup"headache,nandthechancesoffindingreliable

andcompleteinformation,freefromamotivationforcommercialgain,areonlyoneinten,reports

anApril2005BrownMedicalSchoolstudy.Ofthe169websitestheresearchersrated,only16are

scoredasnhighquality.^^Recentstudieshavefoundfaultyfactsaboutallsortsofotherdisorders,

causingoneresearchteamtowarnthatalargeamountofincomplete,inaccurateandeven

dangerousinformationexistsontheInternet.

Theproblemisthatmostpeopledon'tknowthesafewaytosurftheWeb.HTheyusea

searchenginelikeGoogle,get18trillionchoicesandstartclicking.Butthat'srisky,because

almostanybodycanputupasitethatlooksauthoritative（權(quán)威的）,soit'shardtoknowifwhat

you'rereadingisreasonableornot,“saysDr.SarahBassfromtheNationalCancerInstitute.

4.Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'smainargument?

A.Ifscheaptoself-treatyourownillness.

B.It'sembarrassingtodiscussyourbadhabits.

C.It'sreasonabletolookupamedicalwebsite.

D.It'sdangeroustobeyourowndoctor.

PITTSBURGH-Formostpeople,snakesseemunpleasantoreventhreatening.ButHowie

Chosetseesintheirdelicatemovementsawaytosavelives.

The37-year-oldCarnegieMellonUniversityprofessorhasspentyearsdevelopingsnake-like

robotsthathehopeswilleventuallyslidethroughfallenbuildingsinsearchofvictimstrapped

afternaturaldisastersorotheremergencies.

DanKaraispresidentofRoboticsTrends,aNorthboro,Mass,-basedcompanythat

publishesanonlineindustrymagazineandrunsroboticstradeshows.Hesaidthereareother

snake-likerobotsbeingdeveloped,mainlyatuniversities,butdidn'tknowofonethatcouldclimb

pipes.

TheCarnegieMellonmachinesaredesignedtocarrycamerasandelectronicsensorsandcan

becontrolledwithajoystick（操縱桿）.Theymovesmoothlywiththehelpofsmallelectricmotors,

orservos,commonlyusedbyhobbyistsinmodelairplanes.

Builtfromlightweightmaterials,therobotsareaboutthesizeofahumanarmorsmaller.

Theycansensewhichwayisup,butareonlyasgoodastheirhumanoperators,Chosetadded.

SamStover,asearchteammanagerwiththeFederalEmergencyManagementAgencybased

inIndiana,saidsnake-typerobotswouldoffergreatermobilitythanequipmentcurrently

available,suchascamerasattachedtoextendablepoles.

HItjustallowsustodosomethingwe'venotbeenabletodobefore/*Stoversaid,"We

neededthemyesterday.”

Hesaidsnifferdogsarestillthebestsearchtoolforrescueworkers,butthattheycanonlybe

usedeffectivelywhenworkershaveaccesstodamagedbuildings.

Stover,amongtherescueworkerswhohandledtheaftermath（后果）ofHurricaneKatrina,

saidsnakerobotswouldhavehelpedrescuerssearchfloodedhousesinthatdisaster.

Chosetsaidtherobotsmaynotbereadyforuseforanotherfivetotenyears,dependingon

funding.

4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Snake-likerobotsusedinindustries.

B.Snake-likerobotsmadetoaidinrescues.

C.Thedevelopmentofsnake-likerobots.

D.Theworkingprinciplesofsnake-likerobots.

LuoDengpinghasbecomefamousastheonlywomaninagroupof"spidermen"whoclimb

cliffsofupto100metershigh,withoutropesorsafetyequipmentofanykind,forthe

entertainmentoftouristsinChina'sGuizhouProvince.

MenoftheMiaopeople,inSouthwestChina,havebeenfree-climbingsteepcliffsfor

centuries.Theyoriginallydevelopedthisskillaspartofacustom,toliftcofEns（棺材）ofrelatives

upthecliffsandplacetheminsmallcavesorjusthangthemonthecliffside,liketheTanaToraja

tribe,inIndonesia.TheMiaospidermencontinuedclimbingtheverticalcliffsofZiyun,inorderto

collectraremedicinalplants.Today,onlyafewmembersoftheMiaopeoplestillpracticethis

ancienttradition,andoneofthemisawoman.

Traditionally,onlyMiaomenwereconsideredbraveandskilledenoughtobecome

spidermen,butLuoDengpinghadnochoicebuttobreaksocialnormsandtakeupthepractice.As

thedaughterofaskilledspiderman,andwithnobrotherstocarryonherfamily'stradition,Luo

beganclimbingthecliffsnearthevillageofGetuhewhenshewasjust15yearsold.Inthe

beginning,shefeltscaredandcouldbarelymoveontheprecariouscliffside,butastimewentby,

sheperfectedherskillsand,eventually,makingherwayupthegiantrocksusingnothingbuther

handsandfeetbecameroutine.

Inherlateteens,LuoDengpingleftthevillageandbecameamigrantworkerata

constructionsiteinGuangzhou.Shereturnedin2000,marriedavillagerandhadtwochildren.To

supportherhusband,whodrivesfreighttrucksforaliving,sheoccasionallyclimbednearbycliffs

insearchofmedicinalplantstosell.Then,in2015,thelocalgovernmentdecidedtopromotethe

karstmountainasatouristattraction,andstartedhiringspidermentopracticetheirskillsfor

entertainmentpurposes.

4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.China'sOnly'*SpiderWoman^^B.ThePromotionofAncientSkills

C.AHobbyMakesnSpiderWoman"D.SpiderMenBecomesaMust-see

RedpandasarenativetothehighforestsofAsia.Theyareonlyalittlebiggerthanahouse

catandconsideredtobeendangered.

Scientistsreportedlastmonththatnotallredpandasbelongtothesamespecies.Thereare

twodifferentspeciesofthisanimal,notjustone.Thescientistsreportedfindingmajordifferences

inthreegeneticmarkersbetweenChineseredpandasandHimalayanredpandas.Scientists

identifiedthemarkersafterstudyingDNAfrom65ofthecreatures.DNAcarriesgenetic

informationforthedevelopment,growthandreproductionoflivingthings.Documentingthe

existenceoftwoseparatespeciescouldhelpguideeffortsforprotectingredpandas.

ChineseredpandasliveinnorthernMyanmar,aswellassoutheasternTibet,Sichuan,and

YunnanprovincesinChina.HimalayanredpandasarenativetoNepal,India,Bhutanand

southernTibetinChina.ConservationbiologistsYiboHuandFuwenWeiledthestudy.Their

findingswerepublishedinthejournalScienceAdvances.

"Toconservethegeneticuniquenessofthetwospecies,weshouldavoidtheirinterbreeding

incaptivity,*'Husaid."Interbreedingbetweenspeciesmayharmthegeneticadaptationsalready

establishedfortheirlocalhabitatenvironment.'1

Scientistshadearliersuggestedthereweretwospeciesofredpanda.Butthenewstudywas

thefirsttoprovidethegeneticinformationnecessarytopermitsuchajudgment.International

expertsestimateatotalpopulationofaround10,000redpandasinthewild.Thetwospeciesdiffer

incolorationandskullshape.TheHimalayanredpandaistherarerofthetwo.Majorthreatsto

redpandasincludedeforestationandhabitatloss.

Whiletheyhavesimilarnames,redpandasandgiantpandasarenotcloselyrelated.Giant

pandasareoneoftheworld'seightbearspecies.Redpandasaresometimescalledlivingfossils

becausetheyhavenocloselivingrelatives.Theyaretheonlyremainingmemberoftheir

mammalianfamily.

1.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydealwith?

A.Notallredpandasbelongtothesamespecies.

B.Themajordifferencesbetweenthetwospecies.

C.Thedifficultyinfindingoutgeneticdifference.

D.Thesignificanceforfurtherresearchintopandas.

Thegendergapinmaths-relatedsubjectsisobvious.Inalmostallcountries,farfewer

womenthanmenchooseSTEM（理工科）careers.

It'snotthatgirlsandwomenarebadatmaths.IntheUKin2019,forexample,39%of

18-year-oldgirlswhostudiedmathsatA-levelachievedanAorA*,comparedto42%ofboys.

ForA-levelphysics,29%ofgirlsachievedthetoptwogrades,comparedto28%ofboys.Butin

bothsubjects,boysheavilyoutnumberedgirls-bymorethan3:1inthecaseofphysics.Sowhy

aresomanygirlsturningtheirbacksonthesesubjects?

AstudypublishedrecentlyinthejournalPNASsuggeststhattheanswermayinfactliein

male-femaledifferencesinacademicability,buttheabilityinquestionisreading,notmaths.

ThomasBreda,atParisSchoolofEconomics,andClotildeNapp,atParisDauphineUniversity,

wonderedwhetherthismale-femaledifferenceinreadingcouldhelpexplainthegendergapin

STEMcareers.Everythreeyears,hundredsofthousandsof15-year-oldsinmorethan60

countriestakepartinthePISAstudy.Studentscompletetestsinmaths,readingandscience,and

answerquestionsabouttheirfuturecareerintentions.WhenBredaandNapplookedatthedata

fromPISA2012,theyrealisedtheywereontosomething.

"Thereweresmallgendergapsinmathsperformanceat15yearsold,butthesegapsweretoo

smalltoexplainthehugegendersegregation（隔離）inSTEM,“saysBreda.Butforreading,the

tableswereturned;thegirlsweremuchbetterthantheboys.Asaresult,whenaboyandagirlhad

similarscoresinmaths,thegirlusuallyhadanevenbetterscoreinreading.

WhenBredaandNappcomparedeachstudent'sscoresinreadingandmaths,theyfoundthe

greaterastudent'sadvantageinreading,thelesslikelytheyweretoplanacareerinmaths,even

whentheirmathsscorewasalsohigh.Notably,thiswastrueforbothboysandgirls.

"Itmakesalotofsense,"saysSarahCattan,of