專用

人人文庫

NATIONALSTANDARD

OFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA

CodeforInvestigationandSurveying

of330kV-750kVOverheadTransmissionLine

GB50548-2010

ChiefDevelopmentDepartment:ChinaElectricityCouncil

ApprovingDepartment:MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment

ofthePeoplesRepublicofChina

ImplementationDate:December1,2010專用

人人文庫

ChinaPlanningPress

Beijing2010

圖書在版編目(CIP)數據

架空輸電線路勘測規(guī)范

330kV-750kV:GB50548-

英文中華人民共和國住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設部組織編

2010:/

譯北京中國計劃出版社

.—:,2014.9

ISBN978-7-80242-995-6

中架空線路輸電線路

Ⅰ.①3…Ⅱ.①…Ⅲ.①--

線路勘測規(guī)范中國英文

---Ⅳ.①TM726.3-65

中國版本圖書館數據核字第號

CIP(2014)124538

ChineseeditionfirstpublishedinthePeoplesRepublicofChinain2010

EnglisheditionfirstpublishedinthePeoplesRepublicofChinain2014

byChinaPlanningPress

rd專用

3Floor,CTower,GuohongBuilding

No.A11,Muxidi-Beili,XichengDistrict

Beijing,100038

PrintedinChinabyBeijingJinghuaHucaiPrintingCO.,LTD

?2010byMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopementof

thePeoplesRepublicofChina

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformor

byanymea人人文庫ns,graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,

oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystems,withoutwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.

Thisbookissoldsubjecttotheconditionthatitshallnot,bywayoftradeorotherwise,belent,

re-sold,hiredoutorotherwisecirculatedwithoutthepublisherspriorconsentinanyformof

blindingorcoverotherthanthatinwhichthisispublishedandwithoutasimilarcondition

includingthisconditionbeingimposedonthesubsequentpurchaser.

ISBN978-7-80242-995-6

AnnouncementofMinistryofHousingandUrban-Rural

DevelopmentofthePeoplesRepublicofChina

No.633

AnnouncementonIssuingtheNationalStandardof

CodeforInvestigationandSurveyingof

330kV-750kV

OverheadTransmissionLine

TheCodeforInvestigationandSurveyingofkVkVOverheadTransmissionLine

330-750is

herebyapprovedasaChinesenationalstandardbearingaserialnumberofGB50548—2010,and

willcomeintoeffectonDecember1,2010.

Articles1.0.4,3.3.2,3.4.6,12.1.1,12.2.1,and12.5.1arecompulsoryprovisionsandmust

beenforcedstrictly.

ThiscodewillbepublishedanddistributedbyChinaPlanningPr專用essasauthorizedbyResearch

InstituteofStandardsandNorms,MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentofthe

PeoplesRepublicofChina.

MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentofthePeoplesRepublicofChina

May31,2010

人人文庫

Foreword

ThiscodeispreparedbyCentralSouthernChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChina

PowerEngineeringConsultingGroupCorporationincollaborationwithassociatedorganizationsas

NoticeonPrintingandDistributingtheDevelopmentandRevisionPlanof

requiredbythe

NationalStandardsforEngineeringConstruction

2006issuedbytheformerMinistryof

Construction(JB[2006]No.136).

Thiscodehassummarizedandincorporatedthematureandeffectiveexperiencesandthe

appliedscientificandtechnicalachievementsintheinvestigationandsurveyingof330kV-750kV

overheadtransmissionlinesinrecentyears,reflectedthenewrequirementsforinvestigationand

surveyimposedbytheownersandtheengineering,construction,andoperationorganizations,and

beenfinalizedafterreview.Thiscodeisorganizedinto26chaptersand15appendices,mainly

including:General,TermsandSymbols,BasicProvisions,SurveyatFeasibilityStudyStage,Survey

atPreliminaryDesignStage,SurveyatDetailedDesignStage,專用GeotechnicalInvestigationat

FeasibilityStudyStage,GeotechnicalInvestigationatPreliminaryDesignStage,Geotechnical

InvestigationatDetailedDesignStage,GeotechnicalInvestigationMethods,Geotechnical

InvestigationforSpecialGeotechnicalAreas,GeotechnicalInvestigationforAreasunderSpecial

GeologicalConditions,PrototypeTest,FoundationPitInspection,ResultsofGeotechnical

Investigation,EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationatFeasibilityStudyStage,Engineering

HydrologicalInvestigationatPreliminaryDesignStage,EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationat

DetailedDesignStage,HydrologicalInvestigationandSurvey,HydrologicalAnalysisand

Calculation,EvolutionAnalysisonRiver(sea)Bed,EngineeringMeteorologicalSurveyat

FeasibilityStudyStage,EngineeringMeteorologicalSurveyatPreliminaryDesignStage,

EngineeringMeteorologicalSurveyatDetailedDesignStage,MeteorologicalInvestigation,and

MeteorologicalAnalysisandCalculation.

Articlesinboldinthiscodearecompulsoryandmustbeobservedstrictly.

Thiscodeisw人人文庫ithinthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment

ofthePeoplesRepublicofChinawhowillalsoberesponsiblefortheinterpretationofcompulsory

provisions,andsubjectedtodailymanagementbyChinaElectricityCouncil,andspecifictechnical

interpretationbyCentralSouthernChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChinaPower

EngineeringConsultingGroupCorporation.Duringtheimplementationofthiscode,theinterests

concernedareexpectedtoseriouslysummarizetheexperiencesandreferanycommentsand

suggestionsformodificationorsupplementationtoCentralSouthernChinaElectricPowerDesign

InstituteofChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroupCorporation(Address:No.668,Minzhu

Road,WuchangDistrict,WuhanCity,HubeiProvince.Postcode:430071.Email:wangshengzu@

·1·

)forreferenceinthefuturerevision.

Chiefdraftingorganizations,participatingdraftingorganizations,leadingauthorsandmain

reviewersofthiscode:

ThiscodeismainlydraftedbyCentralSouthernChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteof

ChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroupCorporation

Withthearticiationofthefollowinoranizations

ppgg:

ChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroupCorporation

NortheastChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChinaPowerEngineering

ConsultingGroupCorporation

NorthwestChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChinaPowerEngineering

ConsultingGroupCorporation

NorthChinaPowerEngineeringCo.,Ltd.ofChinaPowerEngineering

ConsultingGroup

EastChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChinaPowerEngineering

ConsultingGroupCorporation

SouthwestChinaElectricPowerDesignInstituteofChinaPowerEngineering

ConsultingGroupCorporation專用

ChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroupCorporationBeijingNorth-StarCo.,

Ltd.

GuangdongElectricPowerDesignInstitute

ShanxiElectricPowerExploration&DesignInstitute

Leadinauthors

g:

WangShengzuShiKeqinAiChuanjingLiuDepingXiongHaixing

WangZhongping

Otherauthorsinclude(inorderofstrokesofChinesecharacters):

MaLingkangYinLiangDaiHongboZhangXiaowangLiuFuting

WuGangBieChuanyanLiWeiqiangChenYamingShangSiliang

HuChangquanRaoZhenxiangHuChangshengLouJunqingYaoPeng

JiaJianGaoFushanTaoLiCaoWeidongLiangShuilin

人人文庫PenYuhuanChenZhenfenZenWeixion

gggggg

Mainreviewers

:

WuJunshuaiWangCongCaiYonglanSongJunFangRuiChengXiaojiu

YinZhenlongWangLiLiuHoujianShiRongwenChenDongqian

TangHuimingLiuXiaoqingZhengYongfengLvJianchunLiQiulin

KongXiangyuanZhuWeiLuXiaodongWangAipingWangJianmin

LiJirenHuangWeizhongMaZhijianFuChunhengJiangLiYangAili

·2·

Contents

………………………

1General(1)

…………

2TermsandSymbols(2)

………………………

2.1Terms(2)

……………………

2.2Symbols(4)

……………

3BasicProvisions(6)

………………………

3.1Survey(6)

……………………

3.2GeotechnicalInvestigation(7)

……………

3.3EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationandSurveying(7)

…………

3.4EngineeringMeteorologicalInvestigationandSurveying(8)

…………

4SurveyatFeasibilityStudyStage(9)

……………

4.1GeneralProvisions(9)

…………………

4.2IndoorWork(9)

…………………

4.3FieldWork(10)

………………

4.4SurveResultstobeSubmitted專用

y(10)

………

5SurveyatPreliminaryDesignStage(11)

……………

5.1GeneralProvisions(11)

……………

5.2IndoorSelectionofRoutingScheme(11)

……………

5.3FieldSelectionofRoutingScheme(11)

…………

5.4AerialPhotographing(12)

………………

5.5EstablishmentofGPSMainControlNetworkandGPSFieldControlofAerialSurvey(15)

………………………

5.6PhotographAnnotation(20)

………………

5.7ScanningofAerialPhotographs(21)

…………

5.8AerialTriangulation(21)

……

5.9EstablishmentofThree-dimensionalDigitalModelforRoute(23)

………

5.10RouteOptimizationwithThree-dimensionalDigitalModel(23)

………………

5.11FinalResultstobeSubmitted(24)

……………

6SurveyatDetailedDesignStage(25)

……………

6.1GeneralProvis人人文庫ions(25)

………………………

6.2RouteSelectionSurvey(25)

…………………

6.3StraightLineLocationSurvey(26)

………………

6.4SurveyofStakeSpacingandElevationDifference(29)

……………………

6.5HorizontalandElevationConnectionSurvey(31)

…………………

6.6SurveyofPlansandSections(33)

………………………

6.7SurveyofCrossing-over(35)

……………………

6.8LocationandCheckSurvey(37)

……

6.9SurveyforSectionsofTowerFoundationsandTopographyofTowerLocations(38)

……………

6.10SurveyofLayoutMapsofHouses(39)

·1·

………

6.11SurveyofTowerLocationCoordinates(40)

…………

6.12SurveyofDistributionofForestTrees(40)

………………

6.13SurveyofEarthElectrodeSite(40)

………………

6.14SurveyResultstobeSubmitted(41)

……

7GeotechnicalInvestigationatFeasibilityStudyStage(43)

…………………

8GeotechnicalInvestigationatPreliminaryDesignStage(44)

……

9GeotechnicalInvestigationatDetailedDesignStage(45)

……………

9.1GeneralProvisions(45)

………

9.2InvestigationofPlainsandRiverValleys(45)

…………………

9.3InvestigationofMountainousandHillyAreas(46)

………

10GeotechnicalInvestigationMethods(48)

………………

10.1EngineeringGeologicalSurvey(48)

………………

10.2RemoteSensingInterpretation(48)

…………

10.3EngineeringGeophysicalExploration(49)

………………………

10.4ExplorationandTest(50)

……………

11GeotechnicalInvestigationforSpecialGeotechnicalAreas(51)

……………

11.1CollapsibleLoess(51)

…………………

11.2FrozenSoil(51)

……………專用………

11.3SoftSoil(52)

……………………

11.4ExpansiveRockandSoil(53)

……………………

11.5RedClay(54)

……………………

11.6FillSoil(55)

……………

11.7WeatheredRockandResidualSoil(56)

…………………

11.8SalineSoil(57)

………………

11.9CompoundSoil(57)

……………

12GeotechnicalInvestigationforAreasunderSpecialGeologicalConditions(59)

……………

12.1KarstandCaves(59)

…………………

12.2Landslide(60)

………………………

12.3EboulementandTalus(61)

………………………

12.4Gully(61)

………………

12.5DebrisFlow(62)

……………………

12.6EarthquakeLiquefaction(62)

………………………

12.7Goaf人人文庫(63)

……………

13PrototypeTest(65)

…………

13.1GeneralProvisions(65)

………………

13.2FoundationPilePrototypeTest(65)

……

13.3AnchorFoundationandUndistributedSoilFoundationTest(65)

…………

13.4PreparationofPrototypeTestResults(66)

…………………

14FoundationPitInspection(67)

…………

15GeotechnicalEngineeringInvestigationResults(68)

…………

15.1GeneralProvisions(68)

………………………

15.2FeasibilityStudyStage(68)

·2·

……………………

15.3PreliminaryDesignStage(68)

………………………

15.4DetailedDesignStage(69)

……

16EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationatFeasibilityStudyStage(70)

…………

16.1GeneralProvisions(70)

……

16.2DepthofInvestigationContentandTechnicalRequirements(70)

…………

16.3InvestigationResults(72)

…

17EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationatPreliminaryDesignStage(73)

…………

17.1GeneralProvisions(73)

……

17.2DepthofInvestigationContentandTechnicalRequirements(73)

…………

17.3InvestigationResults(77)

……

18EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationatDetailedDesignStage(78)

…………

18.1GeneralProvisions(78)

……

18.2DepthofInvestigationContentandTechnicalRequirements(78)

…………

18.3InvestigationResults(79)

…………………

19HydrologicalInvestigation(81)

…………

19.1GeneralProvisions(81)

………

19.2SurveyonEffectsofHumanActivities(81)

………………

19.3FloodSurvey(82)

………專用………

19.4SurveyonRiverbedEvolution(83)

…………

19.5SurveyonIceConditionsandFloats(84)

………

19.6HydrologicalSurveyforSpecialRegions(84)

…………

19.7HydrologicalTest(84)

……………………

20HydrologicalAnalysisandCalculation(86)

…………

20.1GeneralProvisions(86)

………………

20.2DesignFloodofNaturalRivers(87)

……………

20.3DesignFloodUpstreamandDownstreamReservoir(87)

………………

20.4FloodResultingfromLeveeBreachorDamBreak(88)

……………………

20.5IceFlood(89)

……………………

20.6FloodinSpecialRegions(89)

…………

20.7DesignFloodLevel(89)

……………

20.8DesignVelocity(90)

………………

20.9HydrologicalAnalysisandCalculationforSeashoresandEstuaries(90)

…………………

21EvolutionAna人人文庫lysisonRiver(sea)Bed(97)

…………

21.1GeneralProvisions(97)

………………

21.2AnalysisonRiverbedEvolution(97)

…………………

21.3AnalysisonSeabedEvolution(98)

…

22EngineeringMeteorologicalInvestigationatFeasibilityStudyStage(100)

…………

22.1GeneralProvisions(100)

………

22.2InvestigationContentDepthandTechnicalRequirements(100)

…………

22.3InvestigationResults(100)

………………

23EngineeringMeteorologicalInvestigationatPreliminaryDesignStage(102)

…………

23.1GeneralProvisions(102)

·3·

………

23.2InvestigationContentDepthandTechnicalRequirements(102)

…………

23.3InvestigationResults(103)

……

24EngineeringMeteorologicalInvestigationatDetailedDesignStage(105)

…………

24.1GeneralProvisions(105)

………

24.2InvestigationContentDepthandTechnicalRequirements(105)

…………

24.3InvestigationResults(105)

……………………

25MeteorologicalSurvey(106)

…………

25.1GeneralProvisions(106)

……………………

25.2SurveyonStrongWinds(106)

……………

25.3SurveyonIcing(107)

…………

25.4SurveyonPrevailingWindDirection(108)

……………

25.5DedicatedMeteorologicalStationsandObservation(109)

…………………

26MeteorologicalAnalysisandCalculation(110)

……………

AppendixA:SampleofPlansofCrowdedAreas(112)

AppendixB:SampleofRelativePositionMapsof

……

DangerousEffectsofCommunicationLines(113)

AppendixC:SampleofPlansofIncoming/Outgoing

…………

LinesofSubstationsorPowerPlants(114)

………………

:專用()

AppendixDSpecificationsandBurialDimensionsofStakes115

…

AppendixE:SampleofRelativePositionMapsofParallelAdjacentLines(116)

………

AppendixF:PlansandSectionsofTransmissionLines(117)

………

AppendixG:TablesofSymbolsinPlansandSections(118)

………

AppendixH:SampleofSub-sectionsofCrossing-over(124)

……………

AppendixJ:SampleofSub-plansofCrossing-over(125)

………………

AppendixK:SampleofSectionMapsofTowerFoundations(126)

……………

AppendixL:SampleofTopographicMapsatTowerLocations(127)

……………

AppendixM:SampleofLayoutMapsofHouses(128)

………

AppendixN:ListofHydrologicalConditionsatTowerFoundations(129)

………………

AppendixP:CalculationofDesignWindSpeed(130)

……………

AppendixQ:CalculationofDesignIceThickness(133)

…………

ExplanationofWordinginTheCode(136)

………………………

ListofQuotedSta人人文庫ndards(137)

·4·

1General

1.0.1

Thiscodeisdevelopedtoensurethattheinvestigationandsurveyingfor330kV-750kV

overheadtransmissionlinescomplywithrelevantnationallaws,regulations,guidelinesandpolicies,

suitproject-specificnaturalengineeringconditions,theselinesaresafe,reliable,technically

advancedandapplicable,costeffective,withhighreturnoninvestmentandenvironmental

friendliness.

1.0.2

Thiscodeappliestothesurvey,geotechnicalinvestigation,engineeringhydrologicalinvestigation

andsurveying,andengineeringmeteorologicalinvestigationandsurveyingatstagesoffeasibilitystudy,

preliminarydesignanddetaileddesignofnewlyconstructedorexpanded330kV-750kVoverhead

transmissionlines.Thiscodeisnotapplicabletotheinvestigationandsurveyingoflargecrossingoverhead

transmissionlines.

1.0.3

Theinvestigationandsurveyingofoverheadtransmissionlinesshallbedividedtosuitthe

designstages,consistingofinvestigationandsurveyingatfeasibilitystudy,preliminarydesignand

detaileddesignstage.

1.0.4Allmeasuringinstrumentsandequipmentusedforengineeri專用nginvestigationandsurveying

shallbeperiodicallycalibratedinaccordancewiththenationalmeteorologylaws,andallprofessional

applicationsusedshallbecertifiedorverified.

1.0.5

Originalengineeringinvestigationandsurveyingrecordsmustbeauthenticandaccurate,

andthereferencescollectedshallbeverified.

1.0.6

Thiscodespecifiesthebasicrequirementsforinvestigationandsurveyingof330kV-

750kVoverheadtransmissionlines.Wherethiscodeisincontradictionwithrelevantprovisionsof

nationallawsoradministrativeregulations,thelattershallprevail.

1.0.7

Inadditiontothiscode,theengineeringsurvey,geotechnicalinvestigation,engineeringhydrological

investigationandsurveying,andmeteorologicalinvestigationandsurveyingof330kV-750kVoverhead

transmissionlinesshallcomplywithrelevantnationalstandardsinforceaswell.

人人文庫

·1·

2TermsandSymbols

2.1Terms

2.1.1

Largecrossing

Tensionsectionsoflinescrossingwidenavigablerivers,lakesorstraitswithlargespanlengths

(above1000m)orhightowers(higherthan100m),wherespecialconsiderationshallbegivento

conductorselectionortowerdesignandafaultmayseverelyinfluencethenavigationoris

extremelydifficulttorepair.

2.1.2

Straightlinelocationsurvey

Amethodofsurveywithwhichpositionsofstakesofstraightlinearesetupinthedirectionof

thelinebetweentwoanglestofacilitateplanandsectionsurvey,crossing-oversurveyandlocation

survey.

2.1.3

Linearity

Thedescriptionofstraight-linestakesdeviatingfromthetheoreticallineformedbytwoangle

stakes,withthestraight-linestakesandthetheoreticallineform專用edbytwoanglestakesall

projectinginthesameplane.

2.1.4

Thestakeofstraightline

Controlstakesarrangedonthelinebetweentwoanglestakestofacilitatesubsequent

surveyingworksuchasplanandsectionsurvey,crossing-oversurveyandlocationsurvey.Also

knownasstraight-linestake.

2.1.5

Directionalstake

Astakearrangedclosetotheturningangleonthestraightlineinfrontoforbehindtheangle

indeterminingrouteorlocation.Adirectionalstakeisusedtoindicatethedirectionofline.

2.1.6

Distancebetweentwostakes

Thehorizontaldistancebetweentwoadjacentstraight-linestakesorastraight-linestakeand

itsadjacentanglestake.

2.1.7

Differenceofelevationbetweentwostakes

Thedifferenceofelevationbetweentwoadjacentstraight-linestakesorastraight-linestake

anditsadjacentanglestake.

2.1.8

Centralse人人文庫ction

Thesectionlineformedbytheverticalplaneinwhichthelinebetweentwoanglestakeslies

intersectingthegroundsurface.

2.1.9

Sideline

Thesectionlineatwhichtheverticalplaneformedbysideconductorsbetweentwotowers

intersectingthelandformorsurfacefeatures.

2.1.10

Windslantingpoint

Pointsofthelandform(suchasridge,rampandsteeprock)andbuildings(structures)which

needtobesurveyedastheymaybeapproachedbythesideconductorundertheeffectofthelargest

windforce.

·2·

2.1.11

Crossedpointoftwolines

Thepointatwhichthecentralplaneofcentralconductororsideconductorintersectsthe

crossedline.

2.1.12

Crosssection

Thelandformsectionlinesperpendiculartothecentralsection.

2.1.13

Heightlineofthetrees

Thesectionlineformedbyconnectingtheintersectingpointsofverticalplaneoftheconductor

(orsideconductor)betweentwotowersandthetreetops.

2.1.14

Locationsurvey

Amethodofsurveywithwhichatowerlocationisdeterminedandthecumulativedistanceor

coordinatesandelevationofatowerlocationstakeismeasured.

2.1.15

Distancebetweentwopoles

Thehorizontaldistancebetweentwoadjacenttowerlocationstakes.

2.1.16

Geotechnicalinvestigation

Activitiesofascertaining,analyzing,andassessingthegeologicalandenvironmentalfeatures

andgeotechnicalpropertiesoftheconstructionsiteaccordingtotheprojectrequirements,and

compilinginvestigationdocuments.

2.1.17

Geotechnicalexploration專用

Themeansofgeotechnicalengineeringinvestigations,includingdrilling,welling,trenching,

pitting,geophysicalexplorationandconepenetrationtesting.

2.1.18

Investigationofsubgradeforeachindividualtower

Activitiescarriedoutduringthegeotechnicalinvestigationatthedetaileddesignstageto

explorethesubgradeofeachpoleortower.

2.1.19

Investigationduringconstruction

Activitiescarriedoutduringconstruction,whichareusedtoascertaintheengineering

geologicalconditionswhichcannotbeascertainedatthedetaileddesignstageorsatisfycertain

specialrequirements,includingexploration,monitoring,analysis,evaluationandpreparationof

explorationdocuments.

2.1.20

Prototypetest

Akindofsolidengineeringtestcarriedoutwithinatypicalsiteonthegroundrockandsoil

undertheengineeringconditionsequivalenttotheproposedproject.

2.1.21

Resultofgeotechnicalinvestigation

Systematicinv人人文庫estigationdocumentswhichareobtainedbymeansoforganization,statistics,

summary,calculation,analysis,evaluationandpropositionofengineeringsuggestionsbasedonraw

data.Thesedocumentsaretobeusedfortheproposedconstructionproject.

2.1.22

Designflood

Thefloodsatisfyingtherequirementsofdesignstandards,whicharerepresentedby

characteristicssuchaspeakfloodflow,floodlevel,totalfloodvolume,andflowhydrograph.

2.1.23

Standardofdesignflood

Floodfrequencyorfloodstandardadoptedintheengineeringfordifferentclassesofbuildings.

2.1.24

Floodcontrolstandard

Standardsforfloodcontroldeterminedbythestatebasedontheimportanceofprotected

·3·

objectsandeconomicrationality.

2.1.25

Floodcontrolplanning

Thegeneralplanningdevelopedtopreventorcontrolflood.

2.1.26

Fluvialprocess

Thechangesinerosionanddepositionofariverchannelundertheinteractionofwaterflow

andriverbed,whichoccursnaturallyorduetohumaninterference.

2.1.27

Seabedevolvement

Thechangesinerosionanddepositionofseabed,beachorshoreundertheinteractionofwater

flowandseabed,whichoccursnaturallyorduetohumaninterference.

2.1.28

Hydrologicalcomputation

Organization,analysisandcomputationofhydrologicaldataforaspecificpurpose,soasto

providehydrologicaldatarequiredfortheplanning,design,constructionandmanagementofa

project.

2.1.29

Maximumstageofwaterway

Themaximumstageofwaterwaypermittedforthenormalnavigationofvesselscarrying

standardloading.

2.1.30

Navigationstandard

Thebasictechnicalprovisionsspecifiedbythestatewhichm專用ustbeobservedinwaterway

planningandconstruction.

2.1.31

Gradeofwaterway

Thegradeofwaterwaydesignatedaccordingtonationalwaterwaygradingcriteria.

2.1.32

Navigationclearance

Theheightandspanofspacewhichmustbeprovidedunderriver-crossedbuildingsforsafe

andfreeaccessofvessels.

2.1.33

Designwindspeed

Thewindspeedatdesignfrequencyrequiredbyengineeringstandards.

2.1.34

Wireicecovering

Ameteorologicalphenomenonwhenglaze,rime,freezingmixtureofglazeandrime,andwet

snowcongealandsticktotheconductors.

2.1.35

Standardicethickness

Theicethicknessobtainedbyconvertingthethicknessesoficewithdifferentdensitiesand

3

shapestosnowhavingadensityof0.9g/cmandevenlywrappingtheconductors.

2.1.36

Designic人人文庫ethickness

Theicethicknessobtainedbymeansofaseriesofanalysisandcomputation,including

correctionintermsofconductorheight,diameter,landform,distancebetweentwopoles,andline

direction,andtheconversionofre-occurrenceperiod.

2.2Symbols

2.2.1

Thefollowingprovisionsforsymbolsshallbeobservedforsurvey:

a

———fixederror

b

———scaleerrorcoefficient

D

———distancebetweenadjacentpoints

·4·

d

———distancebetweenadjacentstraight-linestakesortowerlocationstakes

DEM———DigitalElevationModel

DJ6,DJ2,DJ1———gradesofopticaltheodoliteseries

DS10,DS3,DS1———gradesoflevelseries

fk

———principaldistanceofaerialcamera

GPS———SatellitePositioningSurvey

n

———numberofmeasuredlegs,pointsorsurveystations

RTKGPS———real-time,dynamicsatellitepositioningsurvey

S

———sidelength,leglength,routelength,sidelengthofhouse

WGS84———WorldGeodeticSystem

Ws

———linearmisclosure

WXWYWZ

,,———misclosurecomponents

σ

———standarddeviationofbaseline

Δd

———transverseoffsetdistance.

2.2.2

Thefollowingprovisionsforsymbolsshallbeobservedforgeotechnicalinvestigation:

b

———basewidth

d

———diameterorsidelengthofapileshaft

g

———gravitationalacceleration

p———專用

valueofstressduetotheself-weightofsoilmass

δz

———additionalstressatthedepthσzinthesubgrade.

2.2.3

Thefollowingprovisionsforsymbolsshallbeobservedforengineeringhydrological

investigationandsurveying:

Cv

———coefficientofvariation

Cs

———skewnesscoefficient

n

———roughness.

2.2.4

Thefollowingprovisionsforsymbolsshallbeobservedforengineeringmeteorological

investigationandsurveying:

B

———designicethickness

B

0———standardicethickness

V

10min———10-minaveragemaximumwindspeed

VT

min———2-mina人人文庫verageorinstantaneousmaximumwindspeed.

·5·

3BasicProvisions

3.1Survey

3.1.1

Aerialphotographingandsatellitepositioningshallbemadefulluseofinthesurvey,and

othernewsurveytechnologiesshallbeactivelypromoted.Thesurveyresultsobtainedusingnew

surveytechnologiesshallsatisfytheapplicableprecisionrequirementsgiveninthiscode.

3.1.2

ChinaGeodeticCoordinateSystem2000,XianGeodeticCoordinateSystem1980orBeijing

GeodeticCoordinateSystem1954shouldbeusedasthecoordinatesystemsforthesurvey,and

HuanghaiVerticalDatum1956orNationalVerticalDatum1985shouldbeusedastheelevation

system.Uniformhorizontalandelevationsystemsshallbeusedforthesurveyatthefeasibility

studystage,preliminarydesignstageanddetaileddesignstage.Projectiondeformationshallbe

takenintoaccountforselectionofcentralmeridian,andthepermissibledeviationofprojection

deformationshallnotexceed5cm/km.

3.1.3

Thesurveyscopeofplansshallbe50monbothsidesofthecenterlinefor330kV,

±400kV,500kVand±500kVoverheadtransmissionlines,and7專用5mfor±660kVand750kV

overheadtransmissionlines.

3.1.4

Thesurveyresultssubmittedshallincludedrawingsandcorrespondingelectronicdocuments.Data

interfacesshouldbeprovidedbetweenthesoftwareusedandthesoftwareforlinedesign.Fieldcollected

rawdatashallbemaintained.

3.1.5

Whereatotalstationortheodoliteisusedfordirectroutelocation,thealloweddeviationof

horizontalangleofstraight-linestakepositionsshallbe180°±1'.Therelativeerrorofthe

discrepancyoftwoobservationsetsshallnotbelargerthan1/1000.WhenusingGPStolocatethe

routeoradjacentstraight-linestakesortowerlocationstakes,therootmeansquareerror(RMSE)

ofrelativecoordinatesshallnotexceed0.05m,andtheerrorofrelativeelevationdifferencefor

adjacentstraight-linestakesortowerlocationstakesshallnotexceed0.3m.

3.1.6

WhenusingGPSforconnectionsurveyingofhorizontalcoordinatesorsurveyingofphoto

controlpoints,therapidstaticmodeorstaticmodeshouldbeadopted.WhenusingGPSforsurvey

ofplansandsections,crossing-overplans,topographicmaps,andsettingoutsurveyoftower

locationstakesandstraight-linestakes,thereal-timedynamicmodeorsemi-dynamicmodeshould

beadopted.Theell人人文庫ipsoidselectedforGPSsurveyshallhaveuniformbasicparametersthroughout

differentstagesofthesameproject.

3.1.7

ThereferencestationforGPSsurveyofstraight-linestakesshallbelocatedinanopenarea

withsparsevegetation,convenienttraffic,andconvenientconditionsforGPSreceiving.The

referencestationshallsurveythecoordinatesandelevationsintherapidstaticmodeorstaticmode.

ApermanentstakeshallbeburiedattheGPSreferencestation.

3.1.8

Auniqueheadingdirectionshallbedeterminedforoneline.Relativepositionsof"left"and

"right"shallbebasedonthedeterminedheadingdirection.Thecumulativedistancesandstake

numbersshallbeincrementalalongtheheadingdirection.

3.1.9

Themethods,instrumentsandproceduresofsurveyingshallbeselectedbasedonthe

·6·

terrain,landformandvegetation.

3.1.10

TheprecisionrequirementsforClassI,ClassIIandClassIIIdistancemeasuring

instrumentsshallbeincompliancewiththeprovisionsonprecisiongradinginGB/T16818

SpecificationsforShorttoMediumRangesElectro-opticalDistanceMeasurements

.The

theodolitesofgradesDJ1,DJ2andDJ6andtheirbasictechnicalparametersshallcomplywiththe

TheSeriesofTheodoliteandBasic

provisionsinthecurrentnationalstandardGB3161

Parameters

.ThelevellersofgradesDS1,DS3andDS10andtheirbasictechnicalparametersshall

TheSeriesofLevelandBasic

complywiththeprovisionsinthenationalstandardinforceGB3160

Parameters

.

3.2GeotechnicalInvestigation

3.2.1

Geotechnicalinvestigationandanalysisshallbecarriedoutmeticulouslyaccordingtothe

requirementsofdifferentinvestigationstages,andinvestigationreportswithcompletedataand

correctevaluationshallbedeveloped.

3.2.2

Geotechnicalinvestigationshallbecarriedoutbystageandthefollowingsitesshouldbe

subjecttogeotechnicalinvestigationwhenpolesortowersareconstructed:

1

Sitesinkarstareas;

2

Goaf;

3專用

Sitesinfillareas;

4

Siteswhereundergroundworksislocated;

5

Siteslocatedindykeandglobularweatheredbodyofgranitearea;

6

Otherareaswheretheconstructioninvestigationisnecessary.

3.2.3

Specialinvestigationshallbecarriedoutaccordingtotherequirementsofconstruction

whenlinespassthroughthefollowingareas:

1

Wheregoafandgroundsurfacedepressionbasinmovesareactive;

2

Wherethekarststronglydevelops;

3

Landslideareas;

4

Desertsforwhichnosufficientconstructionexperienceisavailable;

5

Wherethedebrisflowdevelops;

6

Wherepermafrostsoilexists;

7

Otherareasforwhichspecialinvestigationisrequired.

3.2.4

Thecomplexityofsiteswherepolesortowersarelocatedandtheirfoundationsshallbe

Codefor

classifiedinaccord人人文庫ancewiththeprovisionsinthecurrentnationalstandardGB50021

InvestigationofGeotechnicalEngineering

.

3.2.5

Theclassificationandidentificationofrockandsoilshallbeincompliancewiththecurrent

CodeforInvestigationofGeotechnicalEngineering

nationalstandardGB50021.

3.3EngineeringHydrologicalInvestigationandSurveying

3.3.1

Thetaskofengineeringhydrologicalinvestigationandsurveyingistoprovidereasonable

andreliablehydrologicalinvestigationresultsforthedesign,constructionandoperationofoverhead

transmissionlinesunderdesignconditions.

3.3.2For330kV-750kVoverheadtransmissionlines,thedesignstandardforfloodcontrolshall

·7·

notbelowerthan100-yearreoccurrenceinterval.

3.3.3

Wheretheoverheadtransmissionlinescrossoveranavigableriver,canal,reservoirorlake,

thereoccurrenceintervaloffloodofthedesignmaximumstageofwaterwayshallcomplywith

NavigationStandardofInlandWaterway

GB50139.Inthecaseofagulf,thenationalstandards

concerningnavigationstandardsofseaareasshallbefollowed.

3.3.4

Wheretheoverheadtransmissionlinespassthroughimportantwater-conservancyfacilities,traffic

areasormarineareas,specialstudyshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewithrelevantlawsandregulations.

3.3.5

Newtechnologiesandmethodsshouldbeactivelyandcautiouslypromotedinthehydrological

investigationandsurveyingoflines.

3.3.6

Thebasicdatareferencedinthehydrologicalanalysisandcalculationshallbeanalyzedin

termsofreliability,consistencyandrepresentativeness,andthecalculatedresultsshallbejustified.

3.3.7

Theelevationsystemofdesignwaterlevelshallbeidenticalwiththatofplanandsection

drawingsoflines.

3.3.8

Incaseofemergenciessuchascatastrophicflood,stormsurgeorhugeevolvementofbank,

fieldinvestigationshallbecarriedoutintime,thehydrologicalinvestigationresultsprovidedduring

thedesignstageshallberechecked,andcountermeasuresforsuchemergencyeventsshallbe

proposed.

3.4EngineeringMeteorologicalInvestigationandSurveying

專用

3.4.1

Thebasicdatareferencedinmeteorologicalanalysisandcalculationshallbereviewedin

termsofreliability,consistency,andrepresentativeness.

3.4.2

Multiplemethodsshouldbeadoptedforcalculationanddeterminationofthedesignwind

speedandicethicknessforareaswherenosufficientdataisavailable,andthecalculationresults

derivedfromthesemethodsshallbeanalyzedcomprehensivelysoastoselectreasonableresults.

3.4.3

Wherelinesrunthroughremotemountainousareasanditisimpossibletoborrowdata

fromthemeteorologicalstationsinadjacentareas,specialmeteorologicalobservationstationsshall

beestablishedaccordingtoengineeringrequirementstoobserveicing,windandother

meteorologicalelements.

3.4.4

Thedesignreoccurrenceintervalforprotectionagainststrongwindandicingshallbe30

yearsfor330kVoverheadtransmissionlinesand50yearsfor500kV-750kVlines.Authorities

havingjurisdictionmayalsodeterminethecriteriaofdesignreoccurrenceintervalbasedonthe

importanceoflines.However,suchcriteriashallnotbelowerthanthosespecifiedinthiscode.

3.4.5

Icingarea人人文庫sofoverheadtransmissionlinesshouldbedividedintothefollowingthree

categories:Lighticingarea(thedesignicethickness≤10mm),mediumicingarea(10mm<the

designicethickness<20mm),andheavyicingarea(thedesignicethickness≥20mm).

3.4.6Wherethelinesrunthroughheavyicingareas,specialstudyonicingshallbecarriedout.

3.4.7

Formicro-terrainormicroclimateheavyicingareaswithcomplicatedterrainandharsh

climate,thecalculatedvaluesshallbeincreasedby10%assafetycorrection.

3.4.8

Whereanemergencyeventsuchasstrongwindoricingoccurs,fieldinvestigationshallbe

carriedoutintimetomakefurtherstudyandanalysisonthedesignmeteorologicalconditions,make

correctionasnecessary,andproposeproperengineeringmeasures.

·8·

4SurveyatFeasibilityStudyStage

4.1GeneralProvisions

4.1.1

Thesurveyatfeasibilitystudystageshallprovidethebasicsurveydatarequiredforthe

project.

4.1.2

Thesurveyshallbeconductedinconjunctionwiththedesignpersonneltodeterminethe

routingscheme.Duringfieldreconnaissance,informationaboutthelinerouteshallbeobtainedand

theimportantcrossing-overwhichmaygreatlyinfluencetheroutingfeasibilityandprojectcost

shallbesubjecttosurvey.

4.2IndoorWork

4.2.1

Accordingtotheprojectplanning,topographicmapsof1∶50,000and1∶100,000for

areaswhichthelinesrunthroughshouldbecollectedandtopographicmapsof1∶10,000shallbe

collectedforcomplicatedareas.Forlongerlines,topographicmapsofasmallerscalemaybe

collected.Allcollectedtopographicmapswhichhavethesamescales專用houldhaveuniformcoordinate

andelevationsystems.

4.2.2

Satelliteremotesensingimages,aerialphotographsandDigitalElevationModel,where

available,shallbecollectedandusedaccordingtotheprojectrequirements.

4.2.3

Thecollectionandprocessingofsatelliteremotesensingimagesshallsatisfythefollowing

requirements:

1

Thecollectedsatelliteremotesensingimagesshouldhaveagroundresolutionofnomore

than15m,andthenumberofspectralbandsshouldnotbelessthanthree.

2

Thesatelliteremotesensingimagesshallmeetthemappingrequirementsforimagesof1∶

50,000or1∶100,000.

3

Imageswhicharetakenrecentlyandreflectthelatestinformationshouldbeselected.

4

Theelementsofimagessuchasdefinition,cloudamount,hue,andcontrast,shallsatisfythe

applicablequalityacceptancerequirements.

5

Anyprocessingonimagingdatasuchaspre-processing,rectificationandfusionshallbe

conductedwithprofessionalremotesensingsoftware.

6

Thescale人人文庫ofmapsproducedfromsatelliteimagesshouldbe1∶50,000or1∶100,000.

Variousgeographicinformationshouldbeindicatedonthemaps,includingcoordinategrids,main

residentialareas,roads,watersystems,andplanningareas.

4.2.4

Thecollectionandprocessingofaerialphotographsshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

Thescaleofaerialphotographsshallbenolessthan1∶30,000forflatandhillyareas,and

nolessthan1∶40,000formountainousareas.

2

Whenusingaerialstereopairs,photographingparametersanddocumentsaboutacceptance

oforiginalresultsshallbeobtainedaswell.

3

Aerialphotographingdatashallbeprocessedwithadigitalphotogrammetricsystem.

4

Theresultsofaerialphotographingprocessingshallincluderoutingorthophotomap,digital

·9·

elevationmodel,stereoscopicmodel,andsoon.

4.2.5

Thecollecteddigitalelevationmodelshallhaveitsgridspacingofnomorethan25mand

theformatshallbesuitableforsubsequentsoftwareprocessing.

4.2.6

Thecolleteddigitalelevationmodelmaybeusedtoproduceskeletonizedsectionaldataor

graphicdocumentsoftheproposedroutesoastomeettheneedsofpoleandtowerplanning.

4.3FieldWork

4.3.1

Naturalgeographicsituationsalongthelinesshallbeunderstood,suchasterrainand

landform,traffic,watersystem,vegetation,aswellasthedistributionofcitiesandtowns.

4.3.2

Fieldreconnaissanceshallbecarriedoutforimportantsectionswhichmayaffectthe

routingscheme,includingplanningareas,areasonwhichrelevantagreementsarereached,crowded

areas,forests,quarries,ammunitiondepots,oildepots,microwavetowers,andcommunication

facilities.Forlineswithimportantcrossing-overorparalleladjacenttocommunicationlines,field

annotationshallbeconductedandinstrumentsshallbeusedforfieldsurveyifnecessary.

4.3.3

Whereanysurfacefeaturesorlandformwhichmayaffecttheroutearefoundinconsistent

withtheavailabledata,annotationandsupplementarysurveyshallbecarriedout.

4.3.4

Foranysubstationandpowerplantinvolvedinthelines,thesurveypersonnelshall

cooperatewiththedesignpersonneltocollecttheplansofingoinga專用ndoutgoinglines.

4.4SurveyResultstobeSubmitted

4.4.1

Forthesurveyduringthefeasibilitystudystage,engineeringsurveyreports,topographic

maps,plansofcrowdedareasdrawnatsite,relativepositionmapsofdangerouseffectsof

communicationlines,andplansofingoingandoutgoinglinesofsubstationorpowerplantshouldbe

submitted.TheplansofcrowdedareasshallcomplywiththeprovisionsinAppendixAtothis

code,therelativepositionmapsofdangerouseffectsofcommunicationlinesshallcomplywiththe

provisionsinAppendixB,andtheplansofingoingandoutgoinglinesofsubstationorpowerplant

shallcomplywiththeprovisionsinAppendixC.

4.4.2

Wheresatelliteremotesensingimages,aerialphotographsordigitalelevationmodeland

othersurveydatahavebeenused,theorthophotomapsandskeletonizedplansandsectionsshallbe

provided.

人人文庫

·10·

5SurveyatPreliminaryDesignStage

5.1GeneralProvisions

5.1.1

Thesurveyatpreliminarydesignstageshallincludedatacollection,fieldreconnaissance,

participationinrouteselection,surveyingofimportantcrossing-over,crowdedareasandrelative

locationofdangereffectontelecommunicationlines,aerialphotographing,controlsurveyon

photographs,photographannotation,aerialtriangulation,surveyingofskeletonizedplansand

sections,routeoptimizationwiththree-dimensionaldigitalmodel,andsoforth.

5.2IndoorSelectionofRoutingScheme

5.2.1

Whenselectingtheroutingschemeindoors,theroutingschemedeterminedthroughthe

designreviewatfeasibilitystudystageshallbeunderstood.

5.2.2

Wheretheroutingschemeatthepreliminarydesignstagedeviatesgreatlyfromthatofthe

feasibilitystudystage,topographicmapswiththescaleof1∶50,000or1∶10,000shouldbe

collected.Whenselectingtheroutingschemeindoors,thesurveyorss專用hallcooperatewiththedesign

personnelforschemecomparisonandselection.

5.2.3

Whenselectingtheroutingschemeindoors,thesurveyorsshallanalyzethedistributionof

nationalhorizontalandelevationcontrolpointsalongtherouteandproposetheschemetobe

adopted.

5.3FieldSelectionofRoutingScheme

5.3.1

Whenselectingtheroutingschemeinthefield,thesurveyorsshallverifythepresenceof

nationalcontrolpointsalongtherouteandtheirdistribution.

5.3.2

Wheretheroutingschemeofthepreliminarydesignstagedeviatesgreatlyfromthatofthe

feasibilitystudystage,supplementaryreconnaissance,surveyingandmappingshallbeconducted,

duringwhichemphasisshallbeputonplanningareas,areasonwhichrelevantagreementsare

reached,crowdedareas,forests,areaswithcomplicatedconstructionconditions,importantcrossing-

over,aswellasareaswherethetransmissionlinesareparalleladjacenttocommunicationlines.

5.3.3

Wherethetransmissionlinesrunthroughorapproachplanningareasorareasonwhich

relevantagreement人人文庫sarereached,anduniformplanecoordinatesystemsarerequired,connection

surveyofplanecoordinatesshallbecarriedout.

5.3.4

Whereacrowdedareamayaffecttheestablishmentofroute,theplanofthecrowdedarea

shallbemappedwiththescaleofnolessthan1∶5000.

5.3.5

Fortransmissionlinesof35kVandabovewhichmayaffecttheestablishmentofroute,

properinstrumentsshallbeusedtosurveytheirlocations,crossing-overpoints,aswellasthe

heightsofpolesatbothends.

5.3.6

Wherethelinesimposeeffectonparalleladjacentcommunicationlinesoneitherside,

annotationorsurveyshallbecarriedout,afterwhichthesurveyresultsshallbeindicatedonthe

topographicmapsorarelativepositionmapofdangerouseffectsofcommunicationlinesshallbe

·11·

developed.Whentheapproachdistanceislessthan100m,thescaleofmapshouldbe1∶10,000.

5.3.7

Wherethetransmissionlinesrunthroughariver,lakeorreservoir,thesurveyorsshall

cooperatewiththehydrologicalpersonnelinsurveyingthehydrologicalsections,gradientsand

floodmarksifnecessary.

5.3.8

Whenerectingatowerintheriverorlake,thesurveyorsshallsurveytheunderwater

topographyorsection,andthescaleofunderwatertopographicmapshallnotbelessthan1∶2000.

Themethodsandprecisionindicatorsforsurveyingtheunderwatertopographyshallcomplywith

CodeforEngineeringSurveying

therelevantprovisionsofGB50026.

5.4AerialPhotographing

5.4.1

Aerialphotographingshallbeconductedatthepreliminarydesignstageaftertherouting

schemeisdetermined.

5.4.2

Aerialphotographingforlineroutesshouldbecarriedoutinsingle-stripmode.When

alternativeschemesareavailable,aerialphotographingcanbecarriedoutrespectivelyforthemain

schemeandalternativeschemesinsingle-stripmodeorcanbecarriedoutforalltheseschemesin

blockmode.Whereitisdifficulttoselecttherouteschemeandforareaswheresubstationor

converterstationlinesareintensive,theblockmodemaybeadopted.

5.4.3

Aqualifiedprofessionalaerialphotographingorganizations專用hallbedelegatedtocarryout

aerialphotographing.

5.4.4

Thecentralpartofobjectivelensofaerialcamerashallhavearesolutionofnolessthan100

linepairs/mm.

5.4.5

Thestripwidthofflightlinephotographingshallnotbelessthan2km.

5.4.6

Atechnicalplanshallbedevelopedforaerialphotographing,whichshouldincludethe

following:

1

Selectingtheplaneforaerialphotographing.

2

Developingthearrangementplanofflightlines,containingthephotographicscopeandthe

latitudeandlongitudeofstarting&endingpointsofeachflightsegment.

3

Determiningtherequiredflyinghoursandthenumberofphotographicfilmsrequiredwhen

anopticalcameraisused.

4

Junctionmapofflightstrips.

5

Determiningthemodel,principaldistanceandpictureformatoftheaerialcamera.

6

Determiningthescaleandtypeofphotographing.

7

Determinin人人文庫grequirementsonflyingqualityandphotographicquality.

8

Determiningtheseasonandtimeforaerialphotographing.

9

Exposuretimeandphotographinginterval,andtheselectedphotographicmaterialsand

opticalfilterswhenanopticalcameraisused.

10

Specifyingthedesignationsandcopiesofalldocumentstobetransferred.

5.4.7

Thedivisionofflightsegmentsshallcomplywiththefollowingprovisions:

1

Ona1∶50,000topographicmap,aflightlineshallbedividedbyturningangle,andthe

startingandendingpointofeachsegmentshallbedetermined.

2

Withinasegment,theactualdistancefromeachturningangletotheedgeofflightstrip

shallbemorethan400m.Therealdistanceofflightendpointstothenearestturningangleshallbe

·12·

morethan1000m.

3

Iftopographicalelevationwithinthesurveyareavariesgreatly,theareashallbedivided

intoseveralsub-areasforphotographing.Thetopographicalelevationdifferencewithinasub-area

shallnotbelargerthan1/4oftherelativeflyingheight.

5.4.8

Foranaerialcamerawiththepictureformatof23cm×23cm,thelensmodel,principal

distanceandapplicabletopographycategoriesshallconformtoprovisionsinTable5.4.8.

Table5.4.8Lensmodel,principaldistanceandapplicabletopographycategoriesoflow-altitudeaerialphotographing

ModelofLensPrincipalDistance(mm)TopographyCategory

fk

Super-wide-anglelens=87.5±3.5Flatareas

fk

Wide-anglelens=152.0±3.0Flatandhillyareas

fk

Semi-wide-anglelens=210.0±5.0Mountainousareas

fk

Normal-anglelens=305.0±30Mountainsorurbanareas

mfk

Note:Whenthedenominatorofthescaleislessthan15000,=152.0±3.0alsoappliestomountainousareas.

5.4.9

Whenadigitalaerialcameraisusedforaerialphotographing,thegroundresolutionshall

notbelessthan0.3m.Whenanopticalaerialcameraisused,thescaleofaerialphotographingshall

beselectedinaccordancewithprovisionsinTable5.4.9.

Table5.4.9Requirementsonphotographicscale

LandformPhotographicScale

fk

Flatandhillyareas1∶8000-1∶14,000專用(=152mm)

fk

1∶12,000-1∶15,000(=152mm)

Mountainousareas

fk

1∶10,000-1∶12,000(=210mm)

fk

Alpineareas1∶10,000-1∶14,000(=210mm)

5.4.10

Theflyingqualityofaerialphotographingshallcomplywiththefollowingregulations:

1

Theaerialphotographsshallhaveatiltnotlargerthan2°,andinrarecases,shouldnot

exceedthemaximumvalueof4°.

2

Theaerialphotographsshallhaveaswinganglenotlargerthan10°.Withinaflight

segment,thenumberofconsecutivephotographswiththeswingangleatorclosetotheupperlimit

shallbenomorethanthree.

3

Thelongitudinaloverlapofaerialphotographsshallbeintherangeof60%-65%,andin

rarecases,shallnotbelargerthan75%,anditshallnotbelessthan56%inanycase.

4

Thelateraloverlapshallbeintherangeof30%-35%,andinrarecases,shallnotbeless

than15%.Absoluteaerialgapshallnotoccurinthephotographicarea.

5

Thecurva人人文庫tureofflightlinesshallnotbegreaterthan3%.

6

Aftertheaerialphotographingiscompleted,thecenterlineoftherouteshallbemorethan

4cmawayfromthephotographedges.

7

Theflyingheightdifferenceforadjacentphotographsonthesameflightlineshallbeless

than20m,andthedifferencebetweenmaximumflyingheightandminimumflyingheightonthe

sameflightlineshallbelessthan30m.Withinaphotographingsub-area,thedifferencebetweenthe

actualflyingheightandthedesignflyingheightshallbelessthan50m,andwhentheflyingheight

ismorethan1000m,thedifferenceshallbelessthan5%ofthedesignflyingheight.

5.4.11

Thephotographicqualityofaerialphotographingshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:

1

Whenvisuallyinspectingthenegatives,theimagesshallbeclear,showingnormalhue,rich

·13·

gradationandappropriateimagecontrast,shallbefreeofanydefectssuchasobviousshadow,

shadowofclouds,facula,scratch,electrostaticscar,fracture,unbondingandsandgrains,andthe

imagesoftinysurfacefeaturesadaptabletothephotographicscalearediscernable.

2

Theimagesofopticalfiducialmarksshallbedistinctandcomplete,withadensitycorresponding

tothatofimagesofmostbrightsurfacefeaturesabovethegroundwithinthepictureformat.

3

Theunevendeformationofaerialphotographingnegativesshallnotbemorethan3/10,000.

4

Theerrorofnegativesafterbeingflattenedshallbemeasuredandcheckedwithastereo-

comparator.

Duringcheck,thepersonnelshalldeterminethecoordinatesandparallaxesofthestandard

configurationpointandatleastninecheckpoints.Whenanalyzingandcalculatingtherelative

orientationusingsixpoints,theverticalresidualparallaxofcheckpointsintheoutputshallnotbe

greaterthan0.02mm.

5

Thefoggingdensityofanegativeshallnotexceed0.2.Themaximumdensityofsurface

featuresshouldbe1.4iftheyhavesmallerbrightnessand1.8iftheyhavelargerbrightness.The

densitydifferenceofsurfacefeaturesshallnotbegreaterthan1.4orlessthan0.6.

5.4.12

Thephotographicprocessingqualityofaerialphotographingduplicates,suchastransparent

positivesandphotographs,shallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

Themodelofphotosensitivematerialandmedicamentform專用ulashallbeproperlyselected

accordingtothecontrastofaerialnegatives.Thetemperatureofdevelopingsolutionshouldrange

from18℃to22℃,andthetemperaturedifferencebetweenfixingsolutionanddevelopingsolution

shouldnotexceed5℃.

2

Duringexposureandprinting,themechanicaldirectionoftheexposurematerialsshallbe

perpendiculartothatofnegatives.Formagnifiedpicturesusedforpurposeofannotation,the

imagesbetweenadjacentonesshallbeproperlyoverlapped.

3

Sufficienttimeshallbereservedtoallowfixingandbathingandcareshallbetakento

preventmembranefromsofteningandimagesfromshifting.Thetimeforbathingwithcurrent

watershouldbe30minutes.

4

Afterprinted,thecompletepictureshallhaveuniformphotoreceptionandrichgradation.

Theimagesshallhaveafoggingdensityoflessthan0.2andapermissibledeviationofcontrastof

0.9±0.3.Theasperityofthemembranesurfaceshallbelessthan0.02mm.Theimagesofthe

fiducialmarksshallbeclearandcomplete.

5.4.13

Theinspectionandacceptanceofaerialphotographicmaterialsshallbeperformedby

meansofcombinin人人文庫gvisualinspection,datameasurementandsamplephotographcomparison.

5.4.14

Therequirementsonflyingquality,photographicqualityandprocessingqualityofphotographic

materialsshallconformtoprovisionsfrom5.4.9to5.4.12.

5.4.15

Aftertheaerialphotographydataisinspectedandaccepted,thefollowingshouldbe

submitted:

1

Allnegativesordigitalimagesandaregistrationformofaerialphotographicnegatives;

2

Threesetsofphotographs;

3

Onenegativeandphotoofindextophotographs;

4

Technicalspecificationsandassessmentofaerialcamera;

5

Aerialphotographyresultassessmentlist;

·14·

6

Ahand-overlistofnegatives,photosandindextophotographs;

7

Thetechnicalandqualityinspectionreportsofaerialphotographing.

5.5EstablishmentofGPSMainControlNetworkandGPSFieldControlofAerialSurvey

5.5.1

TheGPSmaincontrolnetworkshallbearrangedaccordingtotheactualneedsandtraffic

inthesurveyarea.Thedistancebetweenmaincontrolpointsshouldnotbemorethan10km.

Permanentstakesshallbeburiedatthecontrolpointsofmaincontrolnetwork.

5.5.2

ForthesurveyprecisionofGPSmaincontrolnetwork,therelativeRMSEoftheweakest

sideshallnotexceed1/20,000,whilethechordlengthbetweenneighboringpointsandtheprecision

ofgeodeticelevationdifferenceshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

TheprecisionofchordlengthbetweenneighboringpointsoftheGPSmaincontrolnetwork

shallbecalculatedusingtheformulabelow(5.5.2),andshallsatisfytherequirementsonprecision

ofchordlengthbetweenpointsstipulatedinTable5.5.2-1.

σa2bd2

=+()(5.5.2)

Where:

σ

———standarddifference,mm.

a

———fixederror,mm.

b-6

———scaleerrorcoefficient(10).專用

d

———distancebetweenneighboringpoints,km.

Table5.2.2-1Requirementsonprecisionofchordlengthbetweenpoints

ab-6

TypeofChordLengthFixedError(mm)ScaleErrorCoefficient(10)

Chordlengthbetweenmaincontrolnetworkpoints≤10≤20

2

TheprecisionofgeodeticelevationdifferencesurveyedwithGPSmaincontrolnetwork

shallbecalculatedusingformula5.5.2,andshallcomplywiththerequirementsonprecisionof

geodeticelevationdifferencebetweenpointsstipulatedinTable5.5.2-2.

Table5.2.2-2Requirementsonprecisionofgeodeticelevationdifferencebetweenpoints

ab-6

TypeofGeodeticElevationDifferenceFixedError(mm)ScaleErrorCoefficient(10)

Geodeticelevationdifferencebetweenmaincontrolnetworkpoints≤15≤30

5.5.3

ConnectionsurveyandconversionshallbemadebetweentheGPSmaincontrolnetwork

andnationalhorizontalcontrolnetwork,andthenumberofconnectionsurveypointsshallnotbe

lessthanthree.TheGPSmaincontrolnetworkforthesameprojectmaybedividedintoseveral

projectionsections人人文庫.

5.5.4

WheretheGPSmaincontrolnetworkisusedforconnectionsurveyofelevation,the

numberofverticalpointsforconnectionsurveyshallnotbelessthanthree,whichshallbeevenly

distributedandcontrolthewholenetwork.

5.5.5

ObviousdirectionsignsshouldbeprovidedaroundthecontrolpointsofGPSmaincontrol

network,andthedescriptionofGPSpointsshallbemappedinthefield.

5.5.6

Thearrangementofphotocontrolpointsonphotographsshallcomplywiththefollowing

provisions:

1

Thephotocontrolpointswiththepictureformatof23cm×23cmshallbemorethan1.5cm

awayfromthephotoedges,andthephotocontrolpointswiththepictureformatof16cm×9cm

·15·

shallbemorethan0.5cmawayfromthephotoedges,andmorethan1mmawayfromanysignon

thephoto.

2

Thephotocontrolpointsshallbemorethan4.5cmawayfromtheheadingline.

5.5.7

Thephotocontrolpointsshallbearrangedontheflightlinesinaccordancewiththe

followingprovisions:

1

Theupperandlowercontrolpointsatthestartandendoftheflightlineshouldbelocated

inthestraightlinethatpassesthroughtheprincipalpointofphotographandisperpendiculartothe

headingline,andthesecontrolpointsshalldeviatefromeachotherbylessthanhalfbaselinewhen

thereisdifficulty.Theupperandlowerpairsofpointsshallbelocatedwithinthesamestereopair.

2

Whenthepointsarearrangedforasingleflightline,apairofcontrolpointsshallbe

arrangedforeveryfivebaselinesforthepictureformatof23cm×23cm,andforatleasteveryeight

baselinesforthepictureformatof16cm×9cm.Thenumberofphotocontrolpointsforeachflight

stripshallnotbelessthansix.Commonphotocontrolpointsshallbearrangedatthejunctionof

twoflightlines.

3

Whenthelongitudinaloverlapislessthan56%,pointsshallbearrangedrespectivelyfor

theareaswiththeaerialgapbeingtheboundary.Theaerialgapshallbesurveyedinfield.

5.5.8

Thepointarrangementforablockshallconformtothefollowingprovisions:

1

Whentheblockisusedtodensifyhorizontalandverticalcontrolpoints,everyfivebaselines

專用,

withthepictureformatof23cm×23cmshallbeprovidedwithonepairofcontrolpointsandat

leasteightbaselineswiththepictureformatof16cm×9cmshallbeprovidedwithonepairof

controlpoints.Thecontrolpointsshouldbearrangedusingthesix-pointmethod(seeFigure

5.5.8a)oreight-pointmethod(seeFigure5.5.8b),andthenumberofbaselinesbetweeneachpair

ofverticalcontrolpointsalongthedirectionofflightlineshouldbe3-5.

Figure5.5.8Pointarrangementschemeforablock

O—Horizontalcontrolpoint●—Verticalcontrolpoint

2

Whereprincipalpointsorstandardpointsarelocatedinwaterorcoveredbycloud

shadows,shadesorsnowshadowsorothercausesleadtofuzzyimages,ornoobvioussurface

featuresexist,the人人文庫followinrovisionsshallbecomliedwith:

gpp

1

)Aslongastherangesandpositionsonwaterdonotaffecttheconnectionofstereoscopic

models,thecontrolpointsmaybearrangedasifalongnormalflightlines;

2

)Wherenoobviousobjectcanbeselectedwithin3cmoftheprincipalpointornoconnection

pointcanbeselectedwithinthelongitudinaloverlapofthreephotographs,thestereopair

onwatershallemploycontrolpointsarrangedinthefield.

3

Wherelateralstandardpointsarelocatedonwaterandnoconnectionpointcanbeselected

fromthelongitudinaloverlapofthreephotographsmorethan4cmawayfromtheheadingline,the

stereopaironwatershallemploycontrolpointsarrangedinthefield.

4

Thecommonphotocontrolpointsofadjacentflightlinesshallbearrangednearthe

·16·

centerlineoflateraloverlap,morethan4.5cmawayfromthephotoheadinglinesoftheupperand

lowerstrip.

5.5.9

Thecontrolpointsshallbedominatedbypointinterpretationandsupplementedwithpin-

points.Pointselectionschemeshouldbeworkedoutindoors,andthepinprickofpointsshallbe

conductedinthefield.

5.5.10

Theselectionandpinprickofphotocontrolpointsshallconformtothefollowing

provisions:

1

Thehorizontalcontrolpointsshallbelocatedattheintersectionoffixedsurfacefeatures

thathaveproperintersectionanglesandclearimagesorthecenterofpunctualfeaturesthathavean

imagesizeoflessthan0.2mm.

2

Theverticalcontrolpointsshallbeattargetpointswhoseelevationsarenotproneto

changeandtheimagesonadjacentphotosareclear.

3

Thepositionsofhorizontalandverticalcontrolpointsshallmeettherequirementsfor

pinprickforbothhorizontalandverticalcontrolpurposes.

4

Thephotocontrolpointsshallbeselectedandpinprickedatthetargetpointsthatare

convenientforGPSstationestablishmentandobservation,andtheidentificationprecisionofthe

targetpointsinthefieldshallnotexceed0.1mm.

5.5.11

Pinprickingshallbecarriedoutwiththehelpofastereosco專用peormagnifierandthepoints

mustbemadethrough.Thepinprickerrorofhorizontalandverticalcontrolpointsshallnotbe

0.1mmlargerthanthatonphotos.Double-pinprickshallbeavoided.Inaddition,thefollowing

requirementsshallbemet:

1

Ifhorizontal&verticalcontrolpointsarelocatedonaverticalsurfacefeaturesuchaswall,

theverticalcontrolpointsshouldbelocatedathigherplaces.

2

Ifitisdifficulttoselectthetargetpinprickpoint,agroupofpinpricksshouldbeselected.

5.5.12

Thetriangulationpoint,levelingpoint,traversepointandothermonumentsetpoints

shouldbepinprickedontheaerialphotographs.Thepointpositionsketchesshallbemapped,and

theheightannotationmarkswithrespecttothegroundshallberoundedupto1cm.

5.5.13

Thedecorationofthefrontofacontrolphotoshallincludepointmarkandnumber.

Commonphotocontrolpointssharedbyflightlinesshallbetransferredonthebasicphotosof

adjacentlines,andthelinenumberandphotonumberofthepinpricksshallbemarked.

5.5.14

Todecoratethebackofcontrolphotos,thepositionsofcontrolpointsshallbemarked

withappropriatesymbols,adetailedandaccuratesketchof2cm×2cmshouldbemapped,and

simpletextdescri人人文庫ptionshallbeaddedtodescribetheexactposition.Todescribeahorizontal

position,withthetextheadofphotonumberorientedupwards,use"up","down","left"and

"right"aswellasgrayscaleandcolorfordescription.Incaseofmountainousareaswhereno

obvioussurfacefeaturesexist,thelandformsketchesofcontourortheprofilesmaybemapped.The

personnelwhopinprickandcheckthepointsshallsigntheirnamesandthedates.

5.5.15

Photocontrolpointsshallbenumberedinaunifiedway,andthenumbersshouldcontain

thestripnumberandsequencenumber.

5.5.16

Thesurveyofphotocontrolpointsshouldbecompletedsimultaneouslywiththatofthe

controlpointsofGPSmaincontrolnetwork.However,theadjustmentofGPSmaincontrolnetwork

shallbeconductedseparately.TheGPScontrolnetwork,whichshallbecomposedofoneormore

·17·

independentobservationloops,shallbeformedbymeansofnetworkconnection,sideconnectionor

annexedtransverses.Freebaselineshallbeavoidedinthenetwork.

5.5.17

WhenusingGPSforsurvey,thesurveyorsshallpayconstantattentiontothesatellite

signalreceivedbytheGPSreceiverandinformationstorage,andcompletethefieldobservation

notebook.Incaseofanyabnormalreceptionandstorage,thesurveyorsshallmakeadjustmentin

timeandnotifyotherreceiverstoadjusttheobservationplanifnecessary.Inaddition,thefollowing

requirementsshallbemet:

1

Fortheobservationduringaperiod,thesurveyorsshouldmeasuretheantennaheights

(roundedupto1mm)respectivelybeforeandafterobservation.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwo

heightsshallnotexceed3mm,andtheiraverageshallbetakenastheheightofantenna.

2

Duringtheobservation,noradiostationshallbeusedwithin50mofthereceiver,andno

interphoneormobilephoneshallbeusedwithin10m.

3

WhenperformingsurveyusingGPSinrapidstaticmodeorstaticmode,thesampling

intervalofeachGPSreceivershallremainthesameduringthesameobservationunit.

4

Duringoneobservationsession,itisnotallowedtoperformselftests,changethesatellite

elevationmaskangle,thedatasamplinginterval,ortheantennaposition.

5

Thedataordocumentsstoredinthereceiversshallbetransmittedtoacomputerorexternal

storagedeviceaftertheobservationeachday.Fieldobservationdatashallbecopiedinduplicatewithout

anydeletionorrevision.專用

5.5.18

ThebasictechnicalrequirementsforGPSmaincontrolnetworksurveyshallcomplywith

theregulationsofTable5.5.18.

Table5.5.18BasictechnicalrequirementsforsurveywithGPSmaincontrolnetwork

Class

GPSMainControlNetwork

Item

Elevationmaskangleofsatellite(°)15

Effectivenumberofsatellitesforsimultaneousobservation≥4

Totaleffectivenumberofsatellitesforobservation≥4

Static≥40

Doublefrequency+P(Y)≥2

Lengthofsession(min)

RapidstaticDoublefrequencyandfullwave≥10

Single/doublefrequencyandhalfwave≥15

Static10-30

Samplinginterval(s)

Rapidstatic5-15

EffectiveobservationtimeofStatic≥15

anysatelliteduringthe人人文庫timeDoublefrequency+P(Y)≥1

Rapidstatic

()

periodminDoublefrequencyandfullwave≥3

Single/doublefrequencyandhalfwave≥5

5.5.19

Theobservationdatashallbesubjecttoprocessingandqualityanalysisintimeoncethefieldsurvey

isfinished.Duringeachobservationsession,thesimultaneousobservationloopandnon-simultaneous

observationloopshallbeverifiedformisclosureinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:

1

Thesimultaneousobservationofmultiplereceiverswillbringabouttrilateralsimultaneous

observationloops.Therefore,afterprocessingtheobservationvaluesofvariouslegs,thesurveyors

shallcheckallpossiblemisclosuresoftrilateralloops.Themisclosurecomponentsofcoordinate

differenceoftrilateralsimultaneousobservationloopsshallbesmallerthantheindictorsbelow:

·18·

WX3σ

≤(5.5.19-1)

5

WY3σ

≤(5.5.19-2)

5

WZ3σ

≤(5.5.19-3)

5

WsWX2WY2WZ23σ

=++≤(5.5.19-4)

5

Where:

WX

———misclosureoflongitudinalcoordinatesofthetrilateralsimultaneousobservationloop;

WY

———misclosureofhorizontalcoordinatesofsimultaneousobservationloop;

WZ

———misclosureofverticalcoordinatesofsimultaneousobservationloop;

Ws

———linearmisclosureofthetrilateralsimultaneousobservationloop;

σ

———RMSEofthechordlengthofthesimultaneousobservationloopthatiscalculatedwith

themeanchordlengthusingformula(5.5.2).

2

Wheremultipleindependentobservationlegsformanon-simultaneousclosedobservation

loop,theloopshallbeverified.Themisclosurecomponentsofcoordinatedifferencesshallbe

smallerthantheindictorsbelow:

WXnσ

≤3專用(5.5.19-5)

WYnσ

≤3(5.5.19-6)

WZnσ

≤3(5.5.19-7)

WsW2XWY2W2Znσ

=++≤33(5.5.19-8)

Where:

WX

———misclosureofthelongitudinalcoordinatesofthenon-simultaneousobservationloop;

WY

———misclosureofthehorizontalcoordinatesofthenon-simultaneousclosedobservation

loop;

WZ

———misclosureoftheverticalcoordinatesofthenon-simultaneousclosedobservationloop;

Ws

———misclosureofthewholelengthofthenon-simultaneousclosedobservationloop;

n

———numberoflegscomprisingthenon-simultaneousclosedobservationloop;

σ

———RMSEofchordlengthofthenon-simultaneousclosedobservationloopthatis

calculatedwiththemeanchordlengthusingformula(5.5.2).

5.5.20

Foroneleg,thediscrepancyofresultsduringanytwosessionsshallbesmallerthan22

timesthenominal人人文庫precisionofGPSreceivers.

5.5.21

Wheretheobservationresultsarefoundunsatisfactory,comprehensiveanalysisshallbe

madeontheGPSresultsandsupplementarysurveyorresurveyshallbecarriedoutonthe

unsatisfactorydata.

5.5.22

Selecttheinitialcalculationdataaccordingtoactualneedsandmakeinspectionand

analysisonthembeforemakingadjustmentoftheGPScontrolnetwork.

5.5.23

Whenprocessingthedataforasurveyarea,theRMSEofprecisionforsinglepoint

positioningcoordinatesattheselectedstartingpointshallbesmallerthan25m.

5.5.24

Duringtheadjustment,unconstrainedadjustmentshallbefirstcarriedouttocheckthe

complianceprecisionofGPSbaselinevectornetworkandwhetheranobvioussystemerrorexists

·19·

betweenbaselinevectors,anddeletethebaselinelegswhichcontaingrosserrors.

5.5.25

Three-dimensionalortwo-dimensionalconstraintadjustmentmaybeusedfortheGPS

controlnetwork,whichshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

Forconstrainedadjustment,thecoordinates,distanceandazimuthofcontrolpointsmaybe

constrainedasfixedvaluessubjecttocompulsoryconstraint.

2

Whenthree-dimensionalconstraintadjustmentisused,itisallowedtoassumethegeodetic

elevationofonlyonepointastheoriginaldataforelevationcalculation.

3

Whentwo-dimensionalconstraintadjustmentisused,thethree-dimensionalGPSvectors

shallbefirstconvertedtotwo-dimensionalbaselinevectors.

5.5.26

Aftercalculation,alldataresultsprocessedshallbeanalyzedtoproduceresultsofGPS

adjustment.TheresultsofGPSadjustmentshallincludetheGPSsurveyresults,precision

evaluation,nameandversionofadjustmentsoftware,modelandnumberofGPSequipment,

calculationdate,observers,andcalculators.

5.5.27

ForthefieldcontrolofGPSmaincontrolnetworkandGPSaerialphotographing,the

followingdatashallbesubmitted:

1

Controlphotos;

2

ObservationnotebooksoffieldcontrolpointsforaerialphotographingwithGPSmaincontrolnetwork;

3

Adjustmentresults;

4專用

ReportsonGPSfieldcontrolresults.

5.6PhotographAnnotation

5.6.1

Thephotographannotationshouldbedividedintorouteannotationanddetailed

annotation.Allannotationworkshouldbecarriedoutbycombiningindoorinterpretation,field

annotation,aswellasmeasurementwithinstruments.

5.6.2

Theindoorinterpretationshallbecarriedoutbymeansofstereoscopicviewingandimage

identification.Formicro-surfacefeaturesandmicro-reliefthataredifficulttointerpretaccurately

andothersurfacefeatureswhichmayaffecttheroute,fieldannotationshallbeconducted.Forthe

annotationofcrossing-over,parallel-adjacentornewsurfacefeatures,andchangingterrains,

measurementwithinstrumentsshouldbecarriedout.

5.6.3

Thephotographsmustbeannotatedinsuchamannerthattheyareinterpretedaccurately,

describedclearly,thecartographicsymbolsareusedappropriatelyandlocatedcorrectlyandvarious

notesarecorrect,unambiguousandlegible.Theclassificationandpropertiesofsurfacefeaturesand

landformshallbe人人文庫determinedthroughannotation.

5.6.4

Forcrossedpowerlines,thevoltagelevel,towertypesandheightsshallbemarkedonthe

photographs,whileforpowerlinesat35kVandabove,theheightsoftowersneighboringtheroute

shallbesurveyedinthefield.Theconductorheightatthesagpointofpowerlinescrossedbythe

routeshallbesurveyedaccordingtothedesignrequirement.

5.6.5

Forcrossedcommunicationlines,overheadcables,andoverheadopticalcables,theirtypes,

grades,towertypesandheightsshallbemarkedonthephotographs.

5.6.6

Forcrossedoverheadcablewaysandaqueductsorothersimilarsurfacefeatures,their

positionsandheightsshallbemarkedonthephotographs.

5.6.7

Forcrossedundergroundcables,opticalcablesandpiping,theirtypesandpositionsshallbe

·20·

markedonthephotographs.

5.6.8

Forcrossedhighwaysandrailways,theirnames,travelingdirection,anddistancetothe

crossing-overpointshallbemarkedonthephotographs.Whileforcrossedrivers,theirnames,

travelingdirectionandflowingdirectionshallbemarked.

5.6.9

Forcashcropsandforestswithinthecorridoralongtheline,thescopeandheightshallbe

markedonthephotographs.

5.6.10

Personsresponsibleforannotationshallsigntheirnamesandannotationdateonthe

annotatedphotographs.

5.7ScanningofAerialPhotographs

5.7.1

Theresolutionofphotographsshallnotbelessthan25μm.

5.7.2

Thescannedimagesshallbecorrectlyexposedandhaveappropriatehue,graylevel,gradation,

contrast,andbargraphs.Theopticalimagesshallbeclearandcomplete.Thescannedimagesshallhave

theirgraylevelvaluesnormallydistributedintherangeof0-255.

5.7.3

Thescannedfiducialmarksshallbeclearandcomplete.

5.7.4

TheimagefilesshallbeintheformatofTIF.

5.8AerialTriangulation

5.8.1專用

Aerialtriangulationshallbeperformedusingadigitalphotogrammetricsystem.

5.8.2

Foraerialtriangulation,thefollowingdatashouldbeobtainedbeforedensification:

1

Technicalspecificationsandassessmentofaerialcamera;

2

Aerialphotographingtechnicalandqualityinspectionreport;

3

Negativesorimagefiles;

4

Indextophotographs;

5

Mosaicmapofflightstrips;

6

Informationaboutphotocontrolpoints;

7

Informationaboutphotographannotation;

8

Topographicmapsandrelevantcontrolresultsdataaboutthesurveyedareas.

5.8.3

Alltheobtaineddatashallbecheckedandanalyzed,andcanonlybeusedafterbeing

confirmedtosatisfytherequirementsofdensificationandmappingduringofficework.

5.8.4

ThepositionsofdensificationpointsofeachphotoshouldbearrangedaccordingtoFigure5.8.4,

thedensificationpointsshallnotbelessthantwo,andtheupperandlowerrowsofpointsshallbearranged

evenly.Thepointpo人人文庫sitionsshallbeselectedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsbelow:

Figure5.8.4Arrangementofpositionsofdensificationpoints

□—Principalpointofphotograph○—Densificationpoint

1

Thedensificationpointsshallbeselectedatthetargetpointsinthephotographforwhich

theimagesinthisphotographanditsadjacentonesareclear,obviousandcanbeeasilymeasured,

·21·

ratherthanatthelocationsundershadoworwithexcessivedeformation.

2

Thepointpositionsshallbeinthelinethatpassesthroughtheprincipalpointof

photographandisperpendiculartotheheadingline,withdeviationontherightorleftsidebeingno

morethan1.5cm.Theupperandlowerpointshouldbeclosetotheheadingline.Thepoint

positionsshouldnotdeviatefromthestandardlocationbymorethan1cmandtheelevation

differencebetweenpointsshouldnotbeexcessive.

3

Wherethelateraloverlapissmall,differentpointsshallbearrangedontwoflightlines,

providedthatthesumofdistancesfromthetwopointstothecenterlineofoverlapisnomorethan

2cm.Wherethelateraloverlapissolargethattheselecteddensificationpointsarelessthan2cm

apartfromtheheadingline,differentpointsshallbearrangedontwoadjacentflightlinesand

surveyedagainsteachother.

4

Densificationpointsshallbelocatedclosetotheconnectionlineofphotocontrolpoints,

withtheperpendiculardistancetotheconnectionlinebeingnomorethan1cm.

5.8.5

Forthemeasurementandsurveyofphotopoints,automaticmatchandmanualadjustmentshouldbeused.

5.8.6

Whereanopticalcameraisusedforaerialphotographing,photographorientationshallbe

performedbymeansofanalyticorientationoffiducialmarks.Whereadigitalcameraisusedfor

aerialphotographing,cornermarkshallbeusedforphotographorientation.

5.8.7

Thefieldcontrolpointsshallbesurveyedbasedonthe專用pointlocationsketches,point

locationdescriptions,andpositionsofpin-prickholesonfieldcontrolphotographs.

5.8.8

Thedensificationproceduresofaerialtriangulationshallhavefunctionssuchasdata

management,flightstripnetworking,blockpre-processing,integraladjustment,grosserror

detectionandsystematicerrorcorrection.Theinitialdata,residualerroroforientationand

adjustmentresultsshallbereflectedontheprinteddocuments.

5.8.9

Thesystemerrorofphotographpointcoordinatesmaybecorrectedpointbypointwiththe

followingformulas:

x'xaaxay

=+1+2+3(5.8.9-1)

y'ybbxby

=+1+2+3(5.8.9-2)

Where:

x'y'

,———theoreticalcoordinatevaluesoffiducialmarksofaerialcamera,mm;

xy

,———theoreticalcoordinatevaluesoffiducialmarksonsurveyphotograph;

aaabbb

1,2,3,1,2,3———conversionparameters.

5.8.10

Theresidualverticalparallaxofrelativeorientationandthediscrepancyofmodelbridging

shallcomplywith人人文庫theprovisionsinTable5.8.10.

Table5.8.10RequirementsontolerancesofrelativeorientationandmodelbridgingItemLandform

Δq

ItemResidualverticalparallax(mm)Discrepancyofmodelbridging(m)

ΔsΔz

LandforStandardpointCheckpointHorizontalElevation

Mf

Flatandhillyareas0.0050.008-3-3

0.06M×100.04b×10

Mountainousareas0.0080.010

Δq

Note:———residualverticalparallax,mm;

Δs

———discrepancyofhorizontalposition,m;

Δz

———elevationdiscrepancy,m;

M

———denominatorofphotographscale;

f

———principaldistanceofaerialcamera,mm;

b

———lengthofphotographbaseline,mm.

·22·

5.8.11

AbsoluteorientationshallcomplywiththeprovisionsinTable5.8.11:

Table5.8.11Requirementsontolerancesofabsoluteorientationoffieldcontrolpoints(m)

ResidualErrorofDiscrepancyofRedundantDiscrepancyofCommon

Item

OrientationPointControlPointsPointsofNeighboringFlightLines

LandformHorizontalElevationHorizontalElevationHorizontalElevation

Flatareas1.00.31.50.42.50.8

Hillyareas1.00.51.50.62.51.2

Mountainousareas1.51.02.02.03.04.0

Highmountainousareas2.0l.53.03.04.56.0

5.8.12

Ifthetolerancesofaerialtriangulationdensificationexceedthelimits,thepersonnelshall

conscientiouslyuseallavailabledatatoanalyzeandprocessthecalculationresultsofrelative

orientationandabsoluteorientationbytakingintoaccountthelawsofoccurrenceofvariouserrors

andthemagnitudesanddirectionsoflimit-exceedingerror.

5.8.13

TheRMSEofdensificationpointsshallbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

ΔΔ

mcontrol[]

=±n(5.8.13-1)

2

mcommon[dd]

=±n(5.8.13-2)

2

Where:專用

m

control———RMSEofcontrolpoint,m;

m

common———RMSEofcommonpoint,m;

Δ

———discrepancyofredundantfieldcontrolpoints,m;

d———discrepancyofcommonpointsofneighboringflightlines,m;

n

———numberofpointsforprecisionevaluation.

5.9EstablishmentofThree-dimensionalDigitalModelforRoute

5.9.1

Variousmethodsincludingstereoscopicviewingandimageidentificationshallbeusedfor

inputofannotationdatatoensuretheinputdatacanbeinterpretedaccuratelyanddescribed

clearly.Themaincontenttobeenteredshallincludethepowerlines,communicationlines,

independentsurfacefeatures,pipingandauxiliaryfacilitiesforoutdoorannotation,whichshallbein

theformatofelectronicdocuments.

5.9.2

Whenestablishingthedigitalmodelofgroundelevation,thefollowingrequirementsshall

besatisfied:

1人人文庫

Thedigitalgroundelevationmodelshallberegisteredusingthestereoscopicmodelof

images,andman-machinemutualeditingshallbecarriedouttocorrecttheerrorscausedby

automaticmatchandthevegetationandbuildingheights.

2

Thegridspacingofdigitalgroundelevationmodelshallnotbelessthan10m.

3

WhencombiningtheDEMswithinaflightstripandcombiningdifferentflightstrips,an

overlappedbandofatleasttwogridsshallbemaintained.

4

Themetafileofdatashallbeaccurateandcomplete.

5.10RouteOptimizationwithThree-dimensionalDigitalModel

5.10.1

Theroutemapoforthophotoimagesshallincludeorthophotoimages,contour,villages,

·23·

annotationinformation,routeduringthepreliminarydesign,GPScontrolpoints,andgridsinkm.

5.10.2

Surveypersonnelshallcooperatewiththedesignpersonneltoaccuratelyadjusttheroute,

andtakeadvantageoftheorthophotoimagemapsanddigitalgroundelevationmodelinavisualized

three-dimensionalenvironmenttooptimizetheroutescheme.

5.10.3

SkeletonizedplanandsectionshallbeproducedbasedontheDEM.

5.10.4

Duringtheoptimizationofroutescheme,theterrainoftowerlocationsshallbechecked

onebyoneandtheslopeoftowerfoundationshallbemeasured.

5.10.5

Duringtheoptimizationofroutescheme,theoffsetandareaofhousesonbothsidesofthe

lineshallbemeasured.

5.10.6

Thefollowingdatashallbesubmittedafterrouteoptimization:

1

Turninganglecoordinates;

2

Diagramofhouseareaobtainedthroughaerialphotographing;

3

Sketchesofplanandsection;

4

Diagramofimagesofroute;

5

Routeoptimizationreport.

5.11FinalResultstobeSubmitted

5.11.1

Thefollowingfinalresultsshouldbesubmittedduringthepreliminarydesign:

1

;專用

Plansandsectionsofmajorcrossing-over

2

Plansofcrowdedareas;

3

Plansofincoming/outgoinglinesofsubstations;

4

Surveyresultsofhydrologicalsections;

5

ResultsofGPSfieldcontrolandrouteannotationreport;

6

Technicalreportofsurvey.

人人文庫

·24·

6SurveyatDetailedDesignStage

6.1GeneralProvisions

6.1.1

Thefinalsurveyresultsatthedetaileddesignstageshallsatisfytherequirementsofdesign

tasks,andthestakelocationssurveyedandestablishedinthefieldshallsatisfytherequirementsof

constructionsettingout.

6.1.2

Thesurveyduringdetaileddesignstageconsistsofseveralprocesses,includingroute

selection,routelocation,surveyofstakespacingandelevationdifference,plan§ionsurvey,

positioning,andchecksurvey.Processesmaybecombinedunderuncomplicatedconditions.Where

GPSisusedfordirectpositioning,theaccuracyandreliabilityrequirementsonfinalresultsshallbe

satisfied.

6.1.3

Duringthesurvey,plansandsectionsareconsideredasthemajordrawings,whilesubplans

ofhouses,sectionsoftowerfoundationsandtopographicmapsoftowerlocationsareconsideredas

thesubsectionmagnifieddrawings.Alldataaboutthesamecontentshallbeconsistent.Thevalues

oftreeheightreflectedinthestripplansshallbeconsistentwiththeheightlineofthetreesonthe

sections.專用

6.1.4

Theelevationerrortoleranceofacrossing-overpointrelativetotheadjacentstraight-line

stakesshallnotbemorethan0.3m,andtheelevationerrortoleranceofasectionpointorwind

slantingpointrelativetotheadjacentstraight-linestakesshallnotbemorethan0.5m.Ontheplans

andsections,thespan,stakespacing,andcumulativedistanceshallberoundedupto1meter,and

theelevationsofstraight-linestakesandtowerlocationstakes,waterlevel,andcrossing-overpoints

shallberoundedupto0.1m.

6.1.5

ForRTKGPSsurvey,thenumberofsimultaneousobservationsatellitesshallnotbeless

thanfive,andthepermissibledeviationofdisplayedcoordinatesandelevationsshallbelessthan

±30mm.Whenthedisplayedoffsetdistanceislessthan±15mm,thestraight-linestakesandtower

locationstakesmaybedeterminedandtheactuallysurveyeddata,stakenumberandinstrument

heightshallberecorded.

6.1.6

Thestraight-linestakesandtowerlocationstakeswithinthesamelinesegmentshouldbe

setoutusingRTKGPSatthesamereferencestation.Ifthereferencestationischanged,the

straight-linestakes人人文庫(ortowerlocationstakes)thataresetoutusingthepreviousreferencestation

shallberesurveyed.Thediscrepancyofcoordinatesbetweenthetwosurveysshallnotbemorethan

7cmandtheelevationdiscrepancyshallnotbemorethan10cm.

6.2RouteSelectionSurvey

6.2.1

Therouteselectionsurveyshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

Thesurveyorsshallcooperatewiththedesignpersonneltosurveythedeterminedroutein

thefield,selecttheanglelocationsofrouteandobtainthevaluesofturningangles,basedonthe

approvedpreliminarydesignroute.

2

WherethelinescrossoverClassIandClassIIcommunicationlines,opticalcables,and

undergroundcommunicationcableswiththecrossingangleslessthanorclosetothedesignlimits,

·25·

instrumentsshallbeusedtosurveythepositionsoflinesrelativetotheselinesorcablestoobtain

thevaluesofcrossingangles.

6.2.2

Thetotalstationortheodoliteusedforrouteselectionshallhaveaprecisionnolessthan

DJ6,andtheprecisionofdistancemeasurementoftotalstationshallnotbelowerthanClassIII

distancemeasurementinstrument.

6.2.3

Thetotalstationortheodoliteshalladoptthedistanceoranglecenter-partedmethod.

Wherethetelescopeinreverseddirectionisimpossibleforanelectronictheodolite,one-half

observationsetshallbecarriedoutonthehorizontalangleinanti-clockwisedirection.Afterdirect

routing,thehorizontalangleshallbecheckedwithahalfobservationsetandrecorded,andthe

permissibledeviationofangleshallbeintherangeof±1.

6.2.4

Whenatotalstationortheodoliteisusedforrouteselection,directionalstakesnolessthan

400mawayfromtheturningangleshallbesetbeforeandaftertheturningangles.

6.2.5

Whenatotalstationortheodoliteisusedforrouteselection,theroutemapinwhichthe

positionsofselectedanglestakesanddirectionalstakesaremarkedshallbeprovidedappropriately

forroutingorlocation,andtheanglevaluesofanglestakesshallbeprovided.

6.2.6

Whenadigitalphotogrammetrysystemhasbeenusedforindoorrouteselectionandthe

coordinatesofturninganglesandorthophotomapsareavailable,GPSshallbeusedfordetermining

therouteinthefield.

6.2.7

WhenGPSisusedfordeterminingtherouteinthefield,the專用coordinatesandelevationsof

GPScontrolpointsduringtheGPSfieldcontrolstagewhichhavesatisfactoryprecisionandreliable

stakepositionsshallbeselectedastheinitialdata.

6.2.8

Thesurveyorsshallcooperatewiththedesignpersonneltosurveythelandformandsurface

featuresbetweenturningangleswhichaffecttheroute,duringwhichtheGPSshallbeusedfor

surveyofcoordinatesandthepositionsofturninganglesshallbeadjustedinthefield.

6.2.9

Permanentstakesshouldbeburiedwhenthepositionsofturninganglesaredetermined.

ThecoordinatesandelevationsofturninganglesshallbesurveyedusingGPSinthereal-time

dynamicorrapidstaticmode.TheRMSEofprecisionshallnotbegreaterthan5cmforcoordinates

andnotbegreaterthan7cmforelevation.

6.2.10

Whereatotalstationisusedforsubsequentroutingsurvey,positioningstakesshallbe

buriedneartheturningangles.Clearintervisibilityshallbemaintainedbetweenpositioningstakes

andturningstakesandthestakespacingshouldnotbelessthan80m.Thecoordinatesandelevationsof

positioningstakesshallbesurveyedusingGPSinthereal-timedynamicorrapidstaticmode.

6.2.11

WhenGPSisusedforrouteselectionorroutedetermination,orthophotomapsinwhichthe

positionsofturning人人文庫angleswillbeprovidedforroutingorlocationsurvey,andthesurveyedcoordinatesand

elevationvaluesofreferencestation,anglestakes,andpositioningstakeswillalsobeprovided.

6.3StraightLineLocationSurvey

6.3.1

Thestraightlinelocationsurveyshallcomplywiththefollowingbasictechnicalrequirements:

1

Availableroutingsurveymethodsincludedirectroutingwithtotalstationortheodolite,

indirectroutingwithtotalstation,routingwiththecombinationofGPSandtotalstation,andRTK

GPSrouting.

2

WhenatotalstationandGPSarealternativelyusedforrouting,twostraight-linestakesorturning

stakesattheendsofintersectionwhicharedeterminedwithtotalstationshallbesurveyedwithGPS.

3

Thestraight-linestakesshallbearrangedatplaceswherethesurveyingofstakespacing,

·26·

elevationdifferences,plansandsections,crossing-over,locationsurvey,andchecksurveycanbe

easilyperformedandthestakescanbedurablypreserved.Thestakespacingshouldnotbelarger

than500m.Whereconstrainedbythelarge-spanlandforminmountainousareas,thespacingof

straight-linestakesshallnotbelargerthanthespan.

4

Thestraight-linestakesandanglestakesshallbenumberedinsequenceseparately.Repeated

numbersshallbeavoided.Thepermanentstakesmaybeburiedbasedonthespecificconditionsofthe

project.ThespecificationsofstakesandburyingdimensionsmayfollowtheprovisionsinAppendixDof

thisCode.

5

WhenGPSsurveyisusedforarrangementofstraight-linestakes,therequirementsonplan

andsectionsurvey,cross-oversurveyaswellaschecksurveyshallbesatisfied,andclearintervisibility

shallbemaintainedbetweenthestraight-linestakesandatleastoneadjacentstraight-linestake.

6.3.2

Forstraightlinelocationsurvey,atotalstationortheodolitewiththedistanceorangle

center-partedmethodmaybeusedfordirectrouting.Themidpointoftheodolitetelescopeinnormal

andreverseddirectionatdifferentlocationsshallbetakenasthefrontsightpointlocationof

distancecenter-partedmethod.Whilefortheanglecenter-partedmethod,thebisectingpointofthe

twohorizontalanglesoftheodolitetelescopeinnormalandreverseddirectionshallbetakenasthe

frontsightpointlocation.Wherethetelescopeinreverseddirectionisimpossibleforanelectronic

theodolite,one-halfobservationsetshallbecarriedoutonthehorizontalangle.

6.3.3

Wherethecoordinatesofturninganglepointsandpositioni專用ngstakessurveyedwithGPS

duringtherouteselectionstageareusedtoinverselycalculatetheazimuthforroutingsurvey,the

followingprovisionsshallbeobserved:

1

UsingtheGPScoordinatesofthreestakepoints(theanglestakeandpositioningstakeat

thebeginningend,andtheanglestakeattheterminalend)toinverselycalculatetheazimuthofthe

anglestakeatthebeginningendtothepositioningstake,andtakingitasthebasiclineofsightfor

routingsurveywithtotalstationortheodolite.

2

WhenmeasuringthevalueofΔd(transverseoffsetdistancebetweentheendGPSangle

stakeandthemarkedline),thefollowingprovisionsshallbeobserved:

1

)IfΔdislessthanorequalto0.1m,thehorizontalpositionsofthenearestoneortwo

straight-linestakescanbeadjustedtoannexthelinetotheGPSanglestakeonthe

premisethat180°±1issatisfied.

2

)IfΔdislargerthan0.1m,thesurveyshallbemadebasedonthenewturningangle

markedthroughstraightlinelocationsurvey,andthecoordinatesofthenewturningangle

canbemeasuredbasedontheoriginalturningangleandtheauxiliarystake.

6.3.4

Station-by人人文庫-stationobservationorskip-stopobservationmaybeusedfordirectrouting.

Whenskip-stopobservationisused,thedistancefromthefarthestpointtotheobservationstation

shouldnotexceed800minflatareasandnotexceed1200minmountainousareas.Theadded

straight-linestakesshouldbespacedevenly.

6.3.5

TheprecisionofdirectroutingsurveyshallconformtotheprovisionsinTable6.3.5.

Table6.3.5Precisionofdirectroutingsurvey

PointLocationsofFrontSightofTelescope

AlignmentErrorofInstrumentHorizontalOffsetofBubble

inNormalandInversedDirectionforTwice

(mm)(grid)

-Differenceper100m(m)

≤3≤1≤0.06

·27·

6.3.6

Theforesightandbacksighttargetscollimatedduringdirectroutingshallbeverticaland

thelowerpartsoftargetsshouldbecollimated.Ifnoobstacleexistswithin100mfromthe

collimatedtargetontheground,athinandsmallmarkshallbelocatedatthestakepin.Ifthe

distancetothecollimatedtargetislessthan40m,thepointlocationofstakeorthelowerpartofthe

slenderandstraighttargetshallbecollimated.

6.3.7

Incaseofdirectroutingsurvey,thetechnicalrequirementsforsurveyingthehorizontal

angleofaturningangleshallconformtotheprovisionsinTable6.3.7.

Table6.3.7Precisionofsurveyofhorizontalanglesofanglestakes

InstrumentObservationNumberofDiscrepancyBetweenResult

Readings

ModelMethodObservationSetsTwiceCollimationErrorsValues

DJ6Directionmethod1161

DJ2Directionmethod11811

6.3.8

Ifobstaclesexistandtheterrainisflat,arectangleorisoscelestrianglemaybearranged,

whichisusedforindirectroutingwiththecombinationoftotalstationorsteeltapedistance

measurementandtheodolite.Thetechnicalrequirementsformeasurementofangleanddistance

shallcomplywiththeprovisionsinTable6.3.8-1andTable6.3.8-2.

Table6.3.8-1Technicalrequirementsforanglemeasurementinindirectrouting

InstrumentObservationNumberofDiscrepancyBetweenResult

Readings

ModelMethodObservationSetsTwiceCollimationErrorsvalues

Methodofdirection

DJ2118專用11

observationinrounds

Table6.3.8-2Technicalrequirementsfordistancemeasurementinindirectrouting

SettingofDistanceMeasurementDistanceMeasurement

SurveyPointswithGeodimeterwithSteelRuler

Relative

InstrumentLevelnessErrorofRelativeError

Shortest

PermissiblePermissibleDiscrepancyLengthofDiscrepancy

InstrumentDistance

CenteringDeviationofDistancePerpen-in

ModelTolerancePerpen-

DeviationGridsMethodsMethodsMeasu-MethodsdicularMeasurement

(mm)dicular

(mm)ofBubblesrementtoRouteinForward

toRoute

from(m)andInversed

(m)

OppositeDirection

Directions

Setthe

telescope

innormalThe

ObservationMeasure-

andthendifference

人人文庫foreachment

reversedofpoint

observationin

positionlocation

DJ2≤3≤1set≥20≤1/4000Forward20-80≤1/2000

fortwicefortwice

respectivelyand

andtakeper10m

inoppositeInversed

thecentralisless

directionsDirection

positionasthan3

thesurvey

point

Note:1Whenabranchtraverseinanyformismade,theleglengthsshouldbeequal.

2Whenthelegislessthan20mormorethan80m,thesurveyprecisionshallbeimproved.

3Thedistancesandcalculatedresultsshallberoundedupto1mm.

·28·

6.3.9

Whenthetraversemethodisusedforindirectroutingsurvey,thefollowingprovisionsshall

beobserved:

1

Whenthetraversemethodisusedforindirectrouting,thephotoelectricdistancemeasurement

instrumentsusedfordistancemeasurementshallnotbelowerthanClassII,andtwoobservationsetsin

oppositedirectionsshallbemade.TherelativeRMSEoflegsshallnotbelessthan1/14,000.

2

Thehorizontalangleoftraversesshallbesurveyedusinganinstrumentwiththeprecision

nolowerthanDJ2witheachobservationsetforleftandrightangle,andtheaveragevalueshallbe

taken.Themisclosureofcircumferentialangleshallnotbelargerthan±20",andtheRMSEof

angleobservationshallnotbelargerthan±10".

3

Thecoordinatesystemoftraversesshouldhavethestraight-linestakeatthebeginningas

itsorigin,thedirectionofthebeginningside(i.e.,theroutelinedirection)asitsXaxisdirection

andthedirectionofthelinethatpassesthroughtheoriginandisperpendiculartotheroutelineas

itsYaxisdirection.

4

Thecoordinatesandazimuthoftraversepointshallbecalculatedonsite,withtheangle

beingaccuratetosecondsandsidelengthandcoordinatesaccuratetomillimeters.

5

Thetwostraight-linestakepointsattheterminalendshallbemarkedwithtwosteps:

settingoutandlocationsurvey.Forthecalculationresultsoflocationsurveyaftersettingout,the

transversaloffsetdistancevaluewhenregressedontothelineshallbesmallerthan5mm.

6專用

Thenumberofintermediatetraversepointsshouldnotexceedfive,andthelengthoftraverse

shouldnotexceed2km.

7

Whenthetraversemethodisusedforindirectroutingsurvey,electro-opticaldistance

measurementtrigonometriclevelingshallbeused,andthesurveyprecisionshallsatisfythe

requirementsinTable6.5.6-1onClassIIelectro-opticaldistancemeasurementtrigonometric

leveling.

6.3.10

TheRTKGPSmethodmaybeusedforroutingsurvey,duringwhichtheactuallysurveyed

coordinatesofturningangles(selectedinthefield)aretakenasthebasisofdirectrouting.Thecoordinates

ofturninganglesshallbecheckedbeforedirectrouting,thecheckingdiscrepancyshallnotbegreaterthan

7cmandelevationdiscrepancyshallnotexceed10cm.

6.3.11

WhenusingRTKGPSforsurveyingstraight-linestakes,thesurveyorsmayfirstlyarrangethe

straight-linestakesonmaps.Eachstraight-linestakeshouldhavegoodintervisibilityinatleastone

directionandthestakespacingshouldnotbelessthan100m(largerspacingisallowedformountainous

areasaccordingtothetopography).

6.3.12

WhenRT人人文庫KGPSisusedforsurveyingstraight-linestakes,oneGPSreceiveristakenas

thereferencestationandoneormoreGPSreceiversasmobilestationstocarryoutsurveying

activities.Double-frequencyGPSreceiversshouldbeused.Thehorizontalandelevationprecisionof

straight-linestakesshallconformtotheprovisionsin3.1.5.Theworkwithmobilestationsshall

complywiththeprovisionsin6.1.5.

6.4SurveyofStakeSpacingandElevationDifference

6.4.1

Thesurveyofstakespacingandelevationdifferencemaybecombinedandcarriedout

simultaneouslywithroutingsurvey.BothgeodimeterandGPSmaybeusedforthesurveyofstake

spacingandelevationdifference.

·29·

6.4.2

Whereageodimeterisusedforsurveyingthestakespacingandelevationdifference,two

observationsetsinoppositedirectionsshouldbemadeortheheightsofinstrumentandobservation

markermaybechangedtomaketwosetsofobservationinthesamedirection.Distance

measurementshallcomplywiththefollowingprovisions:

1

Thesketchofstakepositionrelationshipshallbedevelopedforeachobservationstation.

2

Observationforeachobservationsetshallbecarriedoutrespectivelyinoppositedirections.For

eachobservationset,thedatashallbesurveyedtwice.Alldatashallberecordedinautomaticormanual

way,andthereadingsandrecordsshallbecheckedintime.

3

Whenmeasuringinthesamedirection,twoobservationsetsshallbemadewiththesurvey

dataobtainedtwiceforeachset.Therequirementsshallbethesameasthoseforobservationin

oppositedirections,buttheprismheightorinstrumentheightshallbechangedforthesecond

observationset.

4

Therelativeerrorofdistancediscrepancyfortwoobservationsetsshallbelessthan

1/1000.Iftheabovelimitisexceeded,anadditionalobservationsetshallbemadeandtheresultsof

twosatisfactoryobservationsetsshallbeselected.Otherwise,thesurveyshallbemadefortwonew

observationsets.

6.4.3

Theuseofgeodimetershallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

1

Thespecificationsandoperationalproceduresintheinstructi專用onsoftheinstrumentshallbe

compliedwith.

2

Conversationwithinterphoneshallbesuspendedduringwork.

3

Whentheinstrumentsareerected,thesurveystationandlensstationshallbealwaysattended.

4

Iftwolensstationsareatthesameheightofcollimationline,theprismofanotherstation

shallbearrangedafteronestationissurveyedanddetermined.Itisforbiddentoaligntwoprisms

withthedistancemeasurementinstrument.

5

Itisforbiddentoalignthetripodheadwiththesun.

6.4.4

Elevationsurveyshallbecarriedoutsimultaneouslywithdistancemeasurement.