第十一講構(gòu)詞法課標(biāo)卷中的閱讀理解與完形填空中約含有2.5%的派生詞或合成詞，對這部分詞匯的掌握程度直接決定著做題質(zhì)量；構(gòu)詞法還是語法填空中必考的題目，同時(shí)，短文改錯(cuò)中也不乏對構(gòu)詞法的考查?？键c(diǎn)一派生法(一)名詞后綴1．動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration慶祝；慶祝會conclude→conclusion結(jié)論；結(jié)束discuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)attract→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀請explain→explanation解釋graduate→graduation畢業(yè)expect→expectation期望-er/-ordrive→driver司機(jī)；駕駛員gather→gatherer收集者；采集者conduct→conductor指揮；售票員teach→teacher老師announce→announcer播音員-mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對待；治療equip→equipment裝備；設(shè)備govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)perform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛refer→reference參考；查閱-inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning開始-ure-turefail→failure失?。粵]做到press→pressure壓力mix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure離開；出發(fā)-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢2.形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth溫暖；熱情-y/-ty/-ityhonest→honesty誠實(shí)difficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全disable→disability無能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任(二)形容詞、副詞后綴1．動(dòng)詞、名詞變形容詞的常見后綴后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的fort→fortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時(shí)髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的-almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的person→personal個(gè)人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的-edscare→scared感到恐懼的confuse→confused感到困惑的-ingsurprise→surprising令人驚異的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人滿意的-ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的-iveact→active積極的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻印象的-ouscontinue→continuous不斷的；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious十分小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的-erneast→eastern東方的；向東的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的2.形容詞變副詞的后綴在形容詞后加-ly可變成相應(yīng)意義的副詞直接加-lyslow慢的→slowly緩慢地改y為-ilyhappy高興的→happily高興地去e加-lytrue真的→truly真地(三)形容詞、名詞變動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴前/后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠large→enlarge擴(kuò)大rich→enrich使充實(shí)后綴-enbroad→broaden(使)變寬ripe→ripen(使)成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬-ifyclass→classify把……分類just→justify證明……正確simple→simplify簡化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)(四)表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴前/后綴例詞前綴dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺點(diǎn)il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合邏輯的im-polite→impolite無禮的patient→impatient不耐煩的前綴in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的ir-regular→irregular不規(guī)則的responsible→irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的mis-lead→mislead誤導(dǎo)understand→misunderstand誤解un-usual→unusual不尋常的willing→unwilling不愿意的后綴-less,hope→hopeless絕望的end→endless沒完沒了的考點(diǎn)二轉(zhuǎn)化法不改變詞形，把一個(gè)詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類的方法叫轉(zhuǎn)化法。動(dòng)詞→名詞look→havealook看一看survey→makeasurvey調(diào)查walk→takeawalk散步名詞→動(dòng)詞buttonn．紐扣→v.扣紐扣bookn．書→v.預(yù)訂seatn．座位→v.容納backn．背部→v.支持形容詞→動(dòng)詞slowadj.慢的→v.減慢narrowadj.窄的→v.縮小warmadj.暖和的→v.加熱考點(diǎn)三合成法合成詞是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的構(gòu)詞方式(有的合成詞中間需加連字符)。合成詞的詞義可以根據(jù)各個(gè)組成部分的意思加以推斷。構(gòu)成合成詞的幾個(gè)詞可以是詞性相同的詞也可以是詞性不同的詞。高中階段常見的合成形式有：合成名詞notebook筆記本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork協(xié)力；spaceship宇宙飛船；woodcut木刻合成形容詞lifelong畢生的；second-hand二手的；man-made人工的；widespread廣泛的合成動(dòng)詞underline在……下面畫線；whitewash粉飾；broadcast廣播；downloadⅠ.單句語法填空1．(2017·高考全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)TheCentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost________(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.2．(2017·高考全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)However,be________(care)nottogotoextremes.3．(2016·高考江蘇卷)—Canyoutellusyourrecipefor________(happy)andalonglife?—Livingeverydaytothefull，definitely.4．(2015·高考廣東卷)________(lucky)，healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.5．Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbee________(pain)．6．Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand________(disappoint)．7．Shewas________(surprise)helpful.8．“Thatwouldbeavery________(reason)thingtodoinabigcity，butitcoulddestroyasmallvillagelikeours，”Nicksaid.9．Butsuchasmallthingcouldn't________(possible)destroyavillage.10．Maryfelt________(please)，becausethereweremanyemptyseatsintheroom.【答案】1.successful2.careful3.happiness4.Luckily5．painful6.disappointed7.surprisingly8.reasonable9．possibly10.pleasedⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1．Themanwassocarefulthathemissedhistrain._____________________________________________________________2．Doyouknowthedeepoftheriver?_____________________________________________________________3．“What'sthat？”thefathershoutedangry._____________________________________________________________4．Ifyoudothat，you'llgetpunish._____________________________________________________________5．Hearingtheshockednews，shecried._____________________________________________________________【答案】1.careful→careless2.deep→depth3.angry→angrily4.punish→punished5.shocked→shockingⅢ.語法填空AAgroupofrobbersdugtheirwayintothebasementofabankinParisandemptiedalmost200private1.________(safety)．TheyenteredtheCreditLyonnaisbranchusingbuilding2.________(equip)todigholesanddestroywallsonSaturdaynight.Theytiedupa3.________(secure)guardandspentthenextninehoursrobbingthebank.One4.________(investigate)describedthe5.________(rob)asa“6._________(profession)job”．Therobberscameinatabout22：00onSaturdayandleftat7：00onSunday.Theyenteredthroughthebasementsofthe7.________(neighbour)building，diggingthroughaseriesoftunnelsandmakingaholeintoawallof80cmthicktogetintothebank，whichwashavingbuildingworksatthetime.Whentheyleft，therobberssettheplaceonfireto8.________(move)anytraceofevidence，switchingontheanti-firesystemandfloodingthebuilding.9.________(fortune)，theguardescaped10.________(harm)．Itisdifficulttoestimatethetotalvalueofwhatwasstolenasonlythebank'sclients(儲戶)knowthecontentoftheirprivatesafes.【答案】1.safes2.equipment3.security4.investigator5．fessional7.neighbouring8.remove9．Fortunately10.unharmedBFromthe1.________(express)onMary'sface，heknewheleftabad2.________(impress)onherandifshewonthe3.________(elect)tobeechairman