考研外語(yǔ)模擬試卷5

一、UseofEnglish

1、Theconceptionofpovertyandwhatto[1]aboutithave

changedoverthedecades.UnderSocialDarwinismthelazyand

the[2]weresupposedtobeatthebottomoftheeconomicladder

as[3]ofthe“l(fā)awofsurvivalofthefittest”.Societywas

[4]asanetworkofself-sufficientfamilieswhichprovided

fortheirown.[5]personsoutsideahousehold(orphans,the

[6]elderly,andthecrippled)wereprovidedoutdoorrelief

grudginglyandasatemporaryexpedient(權(quán)宜之計(jì)).Although

itwas[7]that“thepoorwillalwaysbewithus”,theindividual

wasexpectedtoimprovehimself[8]actsofhisownwill.Charity

wasthoughttobethe[9]ofidleness.Bykeepingwageslow,

laborerswouldbe[10]toworkharder.

Atabouttheturnofthecentury,thebeginningofconcernabout

natural[11]broughtuneasinessaboutthepossiblespreadof

beggary.Therewasapotentiallydangerousclassin[12]of

diseaseanddisorder.The"poor"were[13]asdifferentfrom

“paupers"Pauperswereindividualswell[14]tobeingonthe

lowendofthesocioeconomic[15]Withoutshameorbitterness,

theywouldnotseekindependenceanda"[16]"life.Forthe

mountaineers,thesubsistencedwellers,andsomeslumdwellers,

thelackofwealth,[17]hasbeenargued,reflectsapreference

nottopaythepsychologicalcostsofthestruggleforfiches

orofadoptingthemiddleclassworkethicofstriving.In

[18],theworthypoorstruggledto[19]theirlotagainst

circumstancesbeyondtheircontrol:lowwages,sickness,

industrial[20],widowhood(孀居)andsoon.

(1)

A.find

B.do

C.work

D.deal

2、(2)

A.inefficient

B.invalid

C.ineffective

D.inaccessible

3、⑶

A.aneffect

B.aresult

C.anoutcome

D.aconsequence

4、(4)

A.imagined

B.estimated

C.conceived

D.guessed

5、(5)

A.Pity

B.Needy

C.Shabby

D.Greedy

6、(6)

A.childless

B.childly

C.childlike

D.childish

7、(7)

A.agreed

B.concurred

C.assented

D.consented

8、⑻

A.through

B.by

C.with

D.on

9、(9)

A.nurse

B.evil

C.patient

D.ward

10、(10)

A.promoted

B.admired

C.encouraged

D.excited

IK(11)

A.resource

B.source

C.origin

D.resources

12、(12)

A.respects

B.terms

C.regards

D.views

13、(13)

A.seen

B.noticed

C.watched

D.predicted

14、(14)

A.admitted

B.adjusted

C.applied

D.adapted

15、(15)

A.measure

B.scale

C.standard

D.scales

16、(16)

A.poor

B.better

C.humble

D.miserable

17、(17)

A.it

B.what

C.that

D.which

18、(18)

A.analogy

B.contrast

C.comparison

D.contrary

19、(19)

A.increase

B.enrich

C.improve

D.develop

20、(20)

A.accidents

B.incidents

C.events

D.disasters

二、ReadingComprehension

1PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyever

were,theyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlittered

withthedebris(殘骸)ofdeadsatellites,bitsofoldrockets

andtheoddtooldroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchis

theextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollision

betweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.Ithappenedin

February2022,whenadefunct(廢棄的)RussianCosmossmashed

intoafunctioningAmericanIridium,destroyingbothand

creatingevenmorespacejunk.

TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasofthe

UniversityofSurrey,inEngland,hasdesignedasystemthat

willremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheiruseful

lives-andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasit

doesso.Dr.Lappas'ssate11ite-removalsystememploysasolar

sail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesail,itimpartsaminuscule

butcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunched,

thesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationto

keepthesatelliteinorbit.(Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresult

ofcollisionswiththesmal1numberofairmoleculesfoundeven

ataltitudesnormallyclassifiedas"outerspace”.)

Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftin

thisway-severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesails

failedtounfurlproperly-butdoingsoisnotanovelideain

principleThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangethe

angleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Instead

ofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbit,itwill,overthecourse

ofacoupleofyears,dragitintotheatmosphereandthusto

afieryend.Notonlythat,butthesailwillalsoactlikea

handkerchief,moppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchas

flecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches.Afleckofpaintmay

notsounddangerous,butiftravellingat27OOOkph(17OOOmph),

asitwouldbeinorbit,itcouldeasilypenetratean

astronaut'sspacesuit.

AprototypeofDr.Lappas'sdesign,calledCubeSail,willbe

launchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kgand,whenfolded

up,measures30cm(12inches)by10erabylOera.Onceunfurled,

however,thesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.Ifthis

prototype,whichispaidforbyEADS,aEuropeanaerospace

company,provessuccessful,solarsailsmightbeaddedtomany

futuresatellites.Thatwou1denablethemtoberemovedrapidly

fromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretothe

skiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.

Thefirstsentenceinthispassageisto.

A.criticizeAristotle5sviewpoint

B.praisethebeautyoftheouterspace

C.expressAristotle'sattitudetowardstheheavens

D.warnthatthespaceisnowlitteredwithjunk

2、

WhichoneisNOTtheapplicationofthesystemdesignedby

VaiosLappas?

A.Tohaltcreatingmorespacejunk.

B.Toremovethesatellitesattheendoftheirusefullives.

C.Tostoptheaccidentalcollisionsinspace.

D.Tocleanthejunkcreatedbydeadsatellites.

3、

Orbitsdecaydueto.

A.theaccelerationofthespacecraft

B.thecrashwithsmallamountsofairmolecules

C.theinventionandapplicationofsolarsails

D.theexistenceofairmolecules

4、

IftheCubeSailturnstobepractical,thedesignwill.

A.begrantedapatenttorewardDr.Lappas

B.makeourskiesreturntobeperfect

C.bestilluselesstoremovethesatellitesfromorbit

D.beappliedtoallthefuturesatellites

5、

Thebesttitleforthetextshouldbe.

A.TheOuterSpace

B.TheCubeSail

C.AccidentalCollisions

D.SweepingtheSkies

6、Electronicsarebeingrecycledinrecordnumbersasmore

statesrequireitandmorecompaniescollectandevenpayfor

discardeditems,butthegainscomewithcontroversy.

Someenvironmentalistscomplainthatrecyclingisnotkeeping

pacewithelectronicssales.Somesaye-wasteisbeingdumped

indevelopingcountries,wheretoxicmaterialssuchasleadand

mercurycanleachfromlandfillsintogroundwater.

“Itisasuccessstory,butwe'dliketoseeitgetmore

successful''tokeepupwiththeelectronicsboom,saysJanette

PetersenoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).The

amountofrecycleditemsmorethandoubledfrom1999to2022,

themostrecentyearforwhichtheEPAhasfigures.Butasa

percentageofallelectronics,itincreasedless,from15%to

18%,“Thedemandforelectronicsrecyclinghasbeengrowing,“

partlybecauseoftheswitchlastyeartodigitalTV,says

JenniferBerryofEarth911.corn,aprivategroupthatkeeps

adatabaseofrecyclers.Lastyear,shesays31%ofinquiries

involvedelectronics,primarilyTVs,batteriesandcomputers.

Publicandprivateeffortsareexpanding.Vermontbecamethe

21ststatelastmonthtoenactalawthatrequirese-waste

recycling.Twenty-sixcompanies-includingDell,Hewlett

Packard,ATTandVerizon-havepartneredwiththeEPAonthe

Plug-IntoeCyclingprogramtopromoteelectronicsrecycling

sinceitslaunchin2022.CompaniessuchasGazelle,cornpay

forusedgadgetssuchasiPods,whichtheyresellorrecycle.

BestBuyandotherstoresarecollectingmoree-waste.Target

announcedlastmonththatitputbinsineverystoretoaccept

cellphones,MP3playersandinkcartridges.

JimPuckettofBaselActionNetwork,aSeattle-basednon-profit

organizationthataimstostoptoxicexports,worriesthatsome

Americancompaniesdumpe-wasteinAfricatosavemoney.

“Peoplearetryingtolookgreen,butthey'renottellingyou

whereit(waste)isgoing,“hesays."Youcan'tturnoveryour

TVtojustanyrecycler."Hesaysit'sbettertostoreanold

TVthangiveittoarecyclerthatmayexportittopoor

countries.

TheBaselActionNetworkannounceditse-Stewardsprogramlast

monthtoensuresafehandlingofelectronicsbyusingonly

recyclerscertifiedbyaccreditedorganizations.Itnowlists

45recyclersin80locations.Samsungandothercompanieshave

signedon.Environmentalgroups,includingtheSierraClub,

backit.

Bysaying"thegainscomewithcontroversy”(Line2,Paragraph

1),theauthormeans.

A.recyclingelectronicsgainsnoachievement

B.recyclingcannotsolvethee-wasteproblemfundamentally

C.statesandcompanieshavetopayfordiscardeditems

D.itisnotnecessarytotakemeasurestorecycleelectronics

7、

Wecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthat.

A.moreandmorepeopleareusingelectronicproducts

B.thereisnosignificantachievementinrecycling

electronics

C.recyclingelectronicshasgainedgreatsuccess

D.thereisgrowingdemandforrecyclingelectronics

8、

WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtheeffortspeoplehavemade?

A.Vermonthasenactedalawtodemande-wasterecycling.

B.Manycompaniesjoinintheprogramtopromoteelectronic

recycling.

C.Somecompaniespayforusedgadgetstoresellorrecycle.

D.BestBuyputsboxesineverystoretocollecte-waste.

9、

AccordingtoJimPuckett,youcannotgiveyourelectronicsto

recyclersbecause.

A.recyelersdon'ttellyouwheretheelectronicswillgo

B.youmaybecheatedbyrecyclersfornotknowingthe

electronics，value

C.recyclersmayexporttheelectronicstopoorcountries

D.youcanstoreyourelectronicsforabetterprice

10、

Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Recyclingofelectronicitemsisa"successstory”.

B.Environmentalistsareopposedtorecyclingelectronics.

C.Recyclingcannotkeeppacewithelectronicssales.

D.Itisunnecessarytorecycleelectronics.

11、Theword“globalization“usuallyconjuresupimagesof

globe-spanningcompaniesanddistance-destroyingtechnologies.

Itsenablersarethelawsofcomparativeadvantageand

economiesofscale.

InTheGreatBrainRaceBenWildavskypointstoanothermighty

agento(globalization:universities.Theseweresomeofthe

world'sfirst"global“institutions.IntheMiddleAgesgreat

universitiessuchasParisandBolognaattracted"wandering

scholars"fromacrossEurope.Inthe19thcenturyGermany's

researchuniversitiesattractedscholarsfromacrosstheworld.

Intheearly20thcenturyphilanthropistssuchasCecilRhodes

andWilliamHarknessestablishedscholarshipstofosterdeeper

linksbetweencountries.Bythe1960sglobe-trotting

professorsweresocommonplacethattheybadbecomethebutt

ofjokes.(WhatisthedifferencebetweenGodandprofessorso

andso?Godiseverywhere.Professorsoandsoiseverywhere

buthere.)

Universitiesareobsessedbytheglobalmarketplacefor

studentsandprofessors.Theyaretryingtoattractasmany

studentsfromabroadaspossible(notleastbecauseforeign

studentsusuallypayfullfees).Nearly3millionstudentsnow

spendsometimestudyinginforeigncountries,anumberthat

hasrisensteeplyinrecentyears.Universitiesarealso

settingupoverseas.NewYorkUniversityhasopenedabranch

inAbuDhabi.SixAmericanuniversitieshavecreateda

higher-educationsupermarketinQatar.Almosteveryuniversity

worthitsnamehasformedanalliancewithaleadingChinese

institution.

Butglobalizationisgoingdeeperthanjustthecompetitionfor

talent:agrowingnumberofcountriesaretryingtocreatean

elitegroupof“globaluniversities"thatarecapableof

competingwiththebestAmericaninstitutions.ChinaandIndia

arefocusingresourcesonasmallgroup.TheFrenchandGerman

governmentsaredoinghattiewithacademicegalitariansinan

attempttocreateEuropeanIvyLeagues.Behindallthisisthe

ideathatworld-classuniversitiescanmakeadisproportionate

contributiontoeconomicgrowth.

Thisisafascinatingstory.ButMr.Wildavsky,aformer

educationreporterwhonowworksforboththeKauffman

FoundationandtheBrookingsInstitution,istooearnesta

writertomakethebestofit.Hewastestoomuchinksummarising

researchpapersandquoting“experts“utteringbanalities.And

hefailstopointoutthehumourofsabbaticalmanjet-setting

hitherandthithertodiscusssuchstaplesofmodernacademic

lifeaspovertyandinequality.Mr.Wildavskyshouldspendless

timewithhisfellowthink-tankers(whoaremesmerisedbythe

ideaofaglobalknowledgeeconomy)andmoretalkingtostudents,

whoexperiencethedisadvantagesaswellastheadvantagesof

thenewcultofglobalizationatfirsthand.

Thephrase“globe-trottingprofessors”(Line5,Paragraph2)

referstoteacherswho.

A.have1inkswithmorethanoneuniversity

B.arebusywithteachinginauniversity

C.committhemselvestoeducatingthetalents

D.liketodoresearchonglobaluniversities

12、

TheauthorcitedNewYorkUniversityasanexampleinthethird

paragraphto.

A.showglobalizationofuniversityisatrend

B.glorifyitasanexcellentuniversity

C.praiseglobaluniversity'scontribution

D.showglobaluniversitiesrunforprofits

13、

Thepurposeofsettingupanoutstandinggroupof“global

universities"isto.

A.competeforexcellentstudents

B.competewithAmericaninstitutions

C.attractmoreforeignstudents

D.makecontributionstoeconomicgrowth

14、

WhichoneisNOTtheshortcomingofMr.Wildavsky'swriting?

A.Hepaysmoreattentiontoexperts'banalities.

B.Hespendslesstimewithhisfellowthinktankers.

C.Hespendstoomuchtimeinsummarizingthepapers.

D.Heistooearnesttogetthebestofit.

15、

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Themeaningoftheword“globalization”.

B.Howtocreateanelitegroupof"globaluniversities”.

C.Anothermightyagentofglobalization:universities.

D.TheprefaceofTheGreatBrainRace.

16、Youmightguessthatexperienceddrivershavefewer

accidents,butresearchfrominsurerAXAhasrevealedthatthey

aremorelaw-abidingandhonest,too.Apollof2000drivers

intheUKfoundthatthosewhohavebeenbehindthewheelfor

eightyearsormorehadnotonlycausedhalfasmanyaccidents

inthelastyearaslessexperienceddrivers,butwerealsoless

1ikelytohavebrokenthelaworliedtotheirinsurer.

Experienceddriverswerehalfaslikelytohavebeencaught

usingamobilephonewhiledrivingwithinthelastyear;and

athirdaslikelytohavebeencaughtdrivingunderthe

influenceofalcoholordrugs,ortohavebeenconvictedof

dangerousdriving.Theywerealsoafifthaslikelytohavebeen

convictedofdrivingwithoutaseatbelt.

Dishonestbehavior,appearstobemuchmorecommonamongnewer

drivers.TheUK'sexperienceddrivershavealwaysbeenan

attractivegroupforinsurers,butthemuchlowerriskthey

presentisrarelyfullyreflectedintheirpremiums.Thisis

whyAXAhasenteredthedirectcarinsurancemarketwitha

productthatrewardsthemwithano-claimsdiscountofupto

90percent-farhigherthananythingelseonthemarket.Only

thosedriverswhohavebeenclaim-freeforeightyearsormore

willbeeligible,whichcouldofferlargesavingsforaround

athirdofmotorists.

AXA'sresearchhasenabledittotailornotonlythepricing

totheseexpertdrivers,buttheservice,too.AXACarInsurance

willofferacourtesyearwheneveryoursisoutofactiondue

toaccident,fireortheft,notjustwhileit'sbeingrepaired.

Thesurveyfoundtheywantedhigherservicelevelstoo,so

customerswillbeabletochangetheirpolicydetailsonline

ortrackaclaimatanyhourofthedayornight,everydayof

theyear.

Manydriverswronglyassumedtheywereinsurediftheywere

injuredinaccidentsthataretheirfaults.Toplugthegap,

AXAhasintroducedDriverInjuryCover,whichpaysupto￡1

millionformedicaltreatmentandlossofearningsforan

additionalannualpremiumof￡34.99-lessthan￡3amonth.

Cockynewerdriversdoappeartobesomewhatoverconfident.A

thirdofthosewho'dbeenontheroadforbetweenonlyoneand

twoyearsclaimedtheywerealreadyexperienceddrivers,and

thatrosetoahalfamongthosewho'dbeendrivingforjustone

moreyear.But,asAXA'ssurveydemonstrates,theyhavestill

gotalottolearn.,theywillneedtobedrivingforatleast

fivemoreyearsbeforetheycantakeadvantageofthat90per

centno-claimsdiscount.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,wecanlearnthat"thosewho

havebeenbehindthewheel"are.

A.managers

B.researchers

C.guides

D.drivers

17、

Moreexperienceddriversarelikelyto.

A.abidebylawandseldomlie

B.becaughtbyusingcellphonewhiledriving

C.drivewithoutaseatbelt

D.driveafterbeinginliquor

18、

WhydoesAXArewardexperienceddrivers?

A.BecauseAXAwantstowarnnewdrivers.

B.Becauseexperienceddriversseldomapplyforpremiums.

C.Becauseexpertdrivershavebeenanattractivegroupfor

insurers.

D.Becausenewdriversdoesn'tneedthereward.

19、

TheserviceofferedbyAXAdoesNOTinclude.

A.changingthedetailsofinsurancepolicyonline

B.providingacourtesycarwheneveryourcarbreaksdown

C.trackingaclaimatanytimeallday

D.beinginsurediftheywereinjuredbytheirownfaults

20、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Newdriversthinktheyareexperienced.

B.Allnewdriversareoverconfident.

C.Newdriversneedtogetmorerewards.

D.Olddriverscanget90percentno-claimdiscount.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-G

tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.

LongbeforemanlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,

birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeofthese

animalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenow

extinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.

Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecause

theirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksas

fossils.

41.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtells

usmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenofthe

plantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate.

Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoften

becarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandthereget

coveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywould

probablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwould

falluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedand

preserved.42.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemany

kindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing,

43.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethe

sea-lilies,relationsofthestar-fishes,whichhadlongarms

andwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecovered

withahornysubstance,Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairs

oflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theother

forswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof

compoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywere

usuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.

Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferent

kindsareknown.Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinteresting

andimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,each

representingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrew

largeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.

ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.

Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerefishes,firstknown

intherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyears

agotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandand

inwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,and

manyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,

orlayer,formed.44.About75millionyearsagotheAge

ofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammals

quicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmany

familiaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45.

[A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.These

animalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

[B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150

millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,

inthesea,andintheair.

[C]Manyofthelatermammals,thoughnowextinct,wereknown

toprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsand

onbonecarvings.

[D]Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedin

rocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimals

thatlivedinornearwater.

[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereall

verysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.

[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedin

rocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,

dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,

orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

[G]Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,

thekindoffoodtheyate.Veryoccasiona

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Whatisthegoodlife?Aristotleacknowledgesthatluckhasa

roletoplayinthegoodlife,buttowhatextentdoesluck

effectthegoodlife?Ifthegoodlifeisdependentonexternal

factors,thenitwouldappearthatitcouldnotbeconsidered

self-sufficient.However,Aristotlearguesthatthegoodlife

isself-sufficient,butcommunallyself-sufficient.Whydoes

Aristotleargueforwhatappearstobeacontradictioninterms?

(46)Itiscontendedthatluck'seffectonthegoodlifewasmuch

greaterthanAristotlewaspreparedtoacknowledgeandthatas

aresultofthegoodlifebeingdependentonluck,thegoodlife

cannotbeconsideredselfsufficient.

Aristotlebelievedthatthegoodforhumanswouldbethemaximu