一、國(guó)際結(jié)算的概念所謂國(guó)際結(jié)算，是指為清償國(guó)際間的債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系而發(fā)生在不同國(guó)家之間的貨幣收付活動(dòng)。DefinitionofInternationalsettlement：Internationalsettlementreferstothemoneytransferviabankstosettleaccounts,debtsandclaimsamongdifferentcountries.國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述Threeelementsininternationalsettlement（國(guó)際結(jié)算中的三要素）：(1)Personsindifferentcountries（不同國(guó)家）(2)Bank’sParticipation（銀行參與）(3)Fundstransfer(資金轉(zhuǎn)移）國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述三、國(guó)際結(jié)算的基本內(nèi)容

ResearchobjectiveofInternationalSettlementToolsofinternationalpaymentandsettlement（國(guó)際結(jié)算工具）

BillofExchange

匯票

PromissoryNote本票Check支票Methodsofinternationalpaymentandsettlement（國(guó)際結(jié)算方式）Documentsofinternationalpaymentandsettlement（國(guó)際結(jié)算單據(jù)）

Financingof

internationalpaymentandsettlement（國(guó)際結(jié)算融資）Remittance匯款Collection托收Letterofcredit信用證Letterofguarantee銀行保函Invoice發(fā)票TransportDocuments運(yùn)輸單據(jù)InsuranceDocuments保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)Importtradefinance

進(jìn)口貿(mào)易融資Exporttradefinance

出口貿(mào)易融資Factoring保理Forfeiting福費(fèi)廷國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述二、國(guó)際結(jié)算涉及的法律與國(guó)際慣例

InternationalCustomsandPractices

(一)與票據(jù)相關(guān)的法律和國(guó)際慣例InternationalPracticesconcerningBills:《英國(guó)票據(jù)法》BillofExchangeAct,1882《日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一票據(jù)法》JevaUniformBillAct.(二)與結(jié)算方式相關(guān)的國(guó)際慣例InternationalPracticesconcerningSettlement:《托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》UniformRulesforCollection,ICCPublicationNo.522《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》UniformCustomsandPracticeforCommercialDocumentaryCredits,1993Revision,ICCPublicationNo.500?UCP600?,2007(三)與單據(jù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際公約與國(guó)際慣例InternationalPracticesconcerningDocuments:《海牙規(guī)則》HagueRules、《漢堡規(guī)則》HamburgRules、《國(guó)際鐵路貨物運(yùn)送公約》InternationalConventionConcerningtheTransportofGoodsbyRail、《國(guó)際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運(yùn)協(xié)定》AgreementonInternationalRail-RoadthroughTransportofGoods、《聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸單證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》UniformRulesforaCombinedTransportDocuments、《倫敦保險(xiǎn)協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款》InstituteCargoClauses,ICC、《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》InternationalRulesforInterpretationofTradeTerms,Incoterms2000、《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì)仲裁規(guī)則》UNCITRALArbitrationRule等。國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述第三節(jié)國(guó)際結(jié)算體系及銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)

InternationalpaymentclearingsystemandBankingNetwork

一、銀行在國(guó)際結(jié)算中的作用TheroleofbankforInternationalSettlement1、銀行資金雄厚、資信優(yōu)良，可以為國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)算提供信用保障，例如信用證和銀行保函。Bankcanprovidecreditprotectionforinternationaltradesettlementbecauseoffinancialstrengthandcreditquality,suchaslettersofcreditandbankguarantees.

2.銀行可提供貿(mào)易融資，如開(kāi)展出口押匯、單據(jù)貼現(xiàn)等融資業(yè)務(wù)。Bankscanprovidetradefinance,suchasoutwardbills,billsdiscountingandotherfinanceoperations.3.銀行擁有效率高、安全性強(qiáng)的銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)與資金轉(zhuǎn)移網(wǎng)絡(luò)。銀行在全球建立了分支機(jī)構(gòu)以及代理行關(guān)系、賬戶(hù)關(guān)系，以拓展海外業(yè)務(wù)，加快資金的收付。Bankshavehighefficiency,safetybankingnetworkandfundstransfernetwork.

國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述二、國(guó)際結(jié)算的銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)(一)商業(yè)銀行的分支機(jī)構(gòu)TypesofInternationalBankingOffices①分行和支行(BRANCH&SUB-BRANCH)，分行和支行之間的關(guān)系稱(chēng)為“聯(lián)行關(guān)系(SISTERBANK)”②代表處(REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE)③經(jīng)理處(AGENCYOFFICE)④子銀行(SUBSIDIARY)，它是在東道國(guó)注冊(cè)的獨(dú)立金融機(jī)構(gòu)，具有法人地位⑤聯(lián)營(yíng)銀行(AFFILIATEDBANK)⑥銀團(tuán)銀行(CONSORTIUMBANK)國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述(二)代理行(CORRESPONDENTBANKORCORRESPONDENTS)代理行是指相互間建立委托辦理業(yè)務(wù)的，具有往來(lái)關(guān)系的銀行。Abankhavingdirectconnectionorfriendlyservicerelationswithanotherbank.

– Acorrespondentbankingrelationshipexistswhentwobanksmaintaindepositswitheachother.– Correspondentbankisverynecessaryinglobaleconomy.Evenforlargeinternationalbank,suchasBankofChina,theestablishmentofthecorrespondentrelationshipisstillveryimportantbecausetheycannotdoanybusinesswithoutthecooperationoflocalbanks.國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述HowtoestablishcorrespondentbankrelationshipChoosethebestbank– Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsidered:? Thereputationofthebank? SizeoftheBank? Serviceofferedbythebank? PhysicalfeatureandpersonnelSigningcontractandexchangingcontroldocuments(控制文件）? Controldocumentsinclude:–SpecimenSignature（印鑒樣本）–Telegraphictestkey（密押）–Termsandconditions（條款費(fèi)率表）國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述(三)賬戶(hù)行代理行建立代理關(guān)系后，就可以根據(jù)協(xié)議辦理委辦業(yè)務(wù)。但是，對(duì)于匯款、托收以及信用證業(yè)務(wù)，會(huì)涉及外匯資金的收付，需要雙方建立賬戶(hù)處理資金的清算。因此，代理行之間單方或者雙方互相在對(duì)方銀行開(kāi)設(shè)賬戶(hù)，稱(chēng)為賬戶(hù)代理行(DEPOSITORYCORRESPONDENTS)，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)賬戶(hù)行(DEPOSITORYBANK)。Banksalwaysopenanaccountinotherbanksinforeigncountries,thusformstheinter-bankaccounts.國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述Depositorybankmustbecorrespondentbank,butcorrespondentbankisnotnecessarilydepositorybank.

賬戶(hù)行一定是代理行，代理行不一定是賬戶(hù)行。各銀行的開(kāi)立賬戶(hù)的條件各不相同，在不同銀行建立賬戶(hù)的成本費(fèi)有大有小。賬戶(hù)條件大致有以下幾種：①最低存款額；②存款利息；③透支額度及利息；④賬戶(hù)費(fèi)用；⑤對(duì)賬單。①minimumdepositamount；②interestofdeposits；③overdraftlimitandinterest；④accountcost；⑤statements國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述MidlandBank,London,UK

Citibank,NewYork,USA1000USDa/c

1000GBPa/c

FromtheviewofMidlandBank,thisaccountiscalledNostroAccount(往賬).FromtheviewofCitibank,thisaccountiscalledVostroAccount(來(lái)賬).FromtheviewofMidlandBank,thisaccountiscalledVostroAccount(來(lái)賬).FromtheviewofCitibank,thisaccountiscalledNostroAccount(往賬).國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述Inter-bank accounts(銀行往來(lái)帳戶(hù)）? Tocreditsb’sa/cwith–貸記某人或某某單位帳戶(hù)一定金額? Todebitsb’sa/cwith–借記某人或某某單位賬戶(hù)一定金額? CreditAdviceandDebitAdvice–貸記報(bào)單和借記報(bào)單國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述三、國(guó)際支付體系

Internationalclearingsystem

目前，全世界有三大貨幣清算系統(tǒng)：1.紐約銀行同業(yè)電子清算系統(tǒng)(ClearingHouseInterbankPaymentSystem，CHIPS)。它是國(guó)際美元收付的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，總部設(shè)在紐約。2.倫敦銀行同業(yè)自動(dòng)清算系統(tǒng)(ClearingHouseAutomatedPaymentSystem，CHAPS)。它以高度計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)化代替票據(jù)交換，各商業(yè)銀行在清算銀行開(kāi)設(shè)賬戶(hù)，總部設(shè)在倫敦。3.環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會(huì)(TheSocietyforWorldwideInterbankFinancialTelecommunication，SWIFT)。該系統(tǒng)可以自動(dòng)儲(chǔ)存信息、自動(dòng)加押、自動(dòng)核對(duì)密押。SWIFT以其費(fèi)用低廉、安全、可靠、快捷、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、自動(dòng)化等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，已成為銀行之間劃撥資金、開(kāi)立信用證和往來(lái)聯(lián)系的主要通信工具。SWIFT在銀行界的廣泛使用，對(duì)提高國(guó)際銀行同業(yè)間的信息處理與交換具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。目前，除世界少數(shù)落后國(guó)家外，銀行之間的信息往來(lái)普遍采用SWIFT方式。國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一章國(guó)際結(jié)算概述TARGET歐洲間實(shí)時(shí)全額自動(dòng)清算系統(tǒng)

(Trans-EuropeanAutomate