Unit2InternationalOceanTransportForwardingBusinessⅠ.OceantransportOceantransport,shortforshipping,referstoamodeoftransportationthatdeliverspassengersorgoodsbyshipontheseaway.Themaritimecargovolumeofworldforeigntradenowaccountsforabout80%ofthetotalamountoftheinternationaltransportofgoods.Accordingtothemodesofshippingbusinessoperation,oceantransportofinternationaltrademainlyincludeslinertransport,namelylinershippingaswellasshippingbychartering,namelytrampshipping.Linertransport,alsocalledlinershipping,isamarinetransportthatdeliversmostnon-specificgoodsofmostnon-specificownersofcargoinafixedrouteaccordingtothescheduleddatesandfreightrates.Asopposedtolinertransport,trampshippingisanoperationmodewhichdoesnothaveanypredeterminedtimetable,fixedroute,fixedportorpredeterminedfreightrates.Instead,theoperationoftheshipistobearrangedaccordingtothecarriagecontractsignedbytheshipownerandthechartererregardingthetransportroute,thetypeandquantityofgoods,stop-and-startspot,timeofdispatchandtimetodestination,freightratesorrentsetc.Itisapplicabletothegoodswithlargequantitiesandcouldbetransportedwithinoneship.Itincludes：（1）VoyageCharterVoyagecharter,alsocalledtripcharter,isoneofthecarriagesofspecificgoodsforasingletriporseveraltripsfromthespecifiedporttoanother,ortoseveralportsundertheconditionthattheshipowneragreestoprovidethespecificshiporpartoftheshippingspaceforthecharterer.（2）ContractofAffreightment（COA）ContractofAffreightment（COA）isthecharterforthecompletionoftotalvolumeregulatedbythecontractbetweenthespecificportsatapredeterminedtimeandvoyageperiod,withalmostequalfreightvolumeforeachvoyageundertheconditionthattheshipowneragreestoprovidecertaintonnageforthecharterer.（3）TimeCharterTimecharteristhetime-basedhiringofashipforaspecificperiod,duringwhichshiplessorsrentoutspecificshipstothechartererforuse.（4）BareboatCharterBareboatcharteror,alternatively,demisecharter,isanarrangementforthehiringofavessel,wherebynoadministrationortechnicalmaintenanceisincludedaspartoftheagreement.Thecharterershallpayanagreedsumoffreighttotheownerandisresponsibleforcrewingseamentomanageandoperatethevesselforaspecifiedperiodoftimeregulatedbythecontract.Theinternationaloceanfreightforwardersmeansthosetradesentrustedbyownerofthegoodsconductthecustomsdeclarationandexaminationofoceanimportandexportofgoods,charterandbookspace,andcollectremunerationsfortheirservicesintheirownnamesorinthenameoftheirconsignors.Generallyspeaking,thefeaturesofmaritimelineragentsinclude：Mainlybeingtheagentofcontainertransport,andsometimesengaginginasmallamountoftramptransportagentbusiness.②Mainlyundertakingthebusinessoffillingrelatedbillsandcustomsinspectionwithmanyemployees.③Somemaritimelineragentsarealsothespacebookingagentsofshippingcompanies,thustheycangetmoreroomtoexpand.④SomemaritimelineragentswithhighprofessionalabilityandrelativelyperfectsalesnetworkhavedevelopedintoNVOCCsormultimodaltransportoperators,bringingthemmultipleidentities.⑤Maritimelineragentsalwaysoperatecollectionanddistributionbusinessandwarehousingofrailwayandroadasasideline.一、海洋運輸海洋運輸（oceantransport），是指以船舶為工具，通過海上航道運送旅客或貨物的一種運輸方式，簡稱海運。目前，世界外貿(mào)海運量在國際貨物運輸總量中占80%左右。按照船舶的經(jīng)營方式，國際貿(mào)易海洋運輸主要有班輪運輸（linertransport）即定期船運輸和租船運輸（shippingbychartering）即不定期船運輸、班輪運輸（linershipping），也稱定期船運輸，是指在一定航線上，按照預(yù)定船期表和事先規(guī)定的運價，運輸屬于不特定多數(shù)貨主的不特定多數(shù)貨物的海上運輸。不定期運輸（trampshipping）是與班輪運輸相對應(yīng)的一種營運方式，在不定期運輸中，運輸工具的營運不是按預(yù)定的時刻表、固定的航線、固定的港口和事先規(guī)定的運費費率表等固定形式進行的，而是按承托雙方達成的有關(guān)運輸航線、運輸貨物種類、數(shù)量、停發(fā)地點、起運與終到時間、運價或租金等運輸合同來進行，它比較適宜于運輸批量大、能組織整船運輸?shù)呢浳?。包括：?）航次租船航次租船（voyagecharter），又稱航程租船或程租船，是指船舶出租人向承租人提供特定的船舶或者船舶部分艙位，在特定的兩港或數(shù)港之間進行一個特定的航次或幾個航次并承運特定貨物的租船。（2）包運租船包運租船（contractofaffreightment，COA），是指船舶出租人提供給承租人一定的噸位，在確定的港口之間，以事先約定的時間及約定的航次周期和每航次較均等的貨運量完成合同規(guī)定的總運量的租船方式。（3）定期租船定期租船（timecharter），也稱期租船，是一種以時間為基礎(chǔ)，由船舶出租人將特定的船舶出租給承租人使用一個時期的租船。（4）光租租船光租租船（bareboatcharter，demisecharter），是由船舶出租人向承租人提供一艘未配備船員的空船，承租人在合同規(guī)定的租期內(nèi)按所確定的租金率支付租金，并配備船員來管理和經(jīng)營船舶的租船。

國際海上貨運代理是指接受貨主的委托，以委托人的名義或自己的名義從事海上進出口貨物報關(guān)報驗、租船訂艙等業(yè)務(wù)，并收取報酬的企業(yè)。一般而言，海運班輪代理具有以下基本特點：①以集裝箱運輸代理業(yè)務(wù)為主，兼營少量不定期運輸代理業(yè)務(wù)。②從業(yè)人員較多，業(yè)務(wù)主要以繕制單證、報關(guān)報驗為主。③一些海運班輪代理同時兼具船公司的訂艙代理，從而具有更多的擴展空間。④一些具有較高業(yè)務(wù)能力和較為完善的業(yè)務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的海運班輪代理已發(fā)展成為無船承運人或多式聯(lián)運經(jīng)營人，從而使其身份呈現(xiàn)多重性。⑤海運班輪代理往往兼營鐵路、公路集疏運業(yè)務(wù)和倉儲業(yè)務(wù)。Ⅱ.TheprocessofmarinelinerexportfreightforwardingTheprocessofmarinelinerexportfreightforwardingmeansthatinternationalfreightforwarderrepresentsownerofthegoodsonbehalfoftheagenttomanagethebusinessprocessofexportofgoodsthroughmarineliner,gettingthegoodsfromtheconsignor,receivingthegoodsanddeliveringthemtothecarrierandallthebusinessprocessrelatedtotheaboveservices,suchasthelinks,theproceduresandthenecessarydocuments.Thedetailedoperationprocessesincludes：canvassingthecargoandreceivingtheorder,handlingthecargoandmakingthedocument,bookingthespaceandbookingspaceprocess,coveringcargoinsurance,collectingemptycontainer,packingthegoods,thehandoverandsigningofgoods,thesupervisionofloadingship,theinformationnotificationsafterthetransporthasbeendone,fillinginthebills,payingandgettingthebills,therelevantissuesaftershippingandplacingbusinessonfile.二、海上班輪出口貨運代理流程海上班輪出口貨運代理業(yè)務(wù)流程是指國際貨運代理以代理人的身份代表貨主辦理貨物經(jīng)海運班輪出口，從發(fā)貨人手中攬取貨物，接受貨物到將貨物交付承運人這一過程所需要通過的環(huán)節(jié)、所需要辦理的手續(xù)及必備的單證等業(yè)務(wù)過程。具體操作流程如下：攬貨接單、理貨制單、訂艙及訂艙處理、辦理貨運保險、提取空箱、貨物裝箱、貨物的交接與簽收、監(jiān)裝船、完船信息通告及繕制提單、付費取單、處理裝船后的有關(guān)事宜、業(yè)務(wù)歸檔。Ⅲ.TheprocessofmarinelinerimportfreightforwardingTheprocessofmarinelinerimportfreightforwardingmeansthattheinternationalfreightforwarderrepresentsownerofthegoodsonbehalfofagenttomanagethebusinessprocessofimportofgoodsthroughmarinelineranddeliveringthemtothecarrierandallthebusinessprocessrelatedtotheaboveservices,suchasthelinks,theproceduresandthenecessarydocuments.Theproceduresoflessthancontainerload（LCL）import（FOB）businessinclude：canvassingthecargoandreceivingtheorder,sortingtheorderandmakingthedocument,bookingspaceandbookingspaceprocess,notifyingtheconsignee,consignorandagentofloadingport,forwardingtheinformationabouttheshippingadviceofthegoods,coveringinsuranceonthegoods,knowingthedynamicofimportedships,receivingorderandprovidingtheflowofimportedgoods,dealingwiththedeliveryprocedures,customsinspectionandexamination,customsdeclaration,unburyingcontainers,deliveringthegoodstotheconsignee,returningtheemptycontainers,expensesettlement,placingbusinessonfile.Ifthefreightforwardersowncustomssupervisionwarehouse,theycanreceivethegoodsbeforecustomsinspectionandexamination.Theproceduresofbulkcargoimport（FOB）businessarefundamentallythesameastheabovementioned,onlyleavingoutunburyingcontainersandreturningtheemptycontainers.Andasarule,thearrivalsandtransferlocationsarethewarehouseinsteadofthecontainerfreightstation（CFS）andthecontainerterminalyard.Inaddition,theshippingdocumentsarequitedifferentfromtheonesthatthecontainer-shippedgoodsuse.Generallyspeaking,thedeliveryrecordsusedindealingwiththedeliveryproceduresandcustomsinspectionandexaminationarecalledbilloflading（B/L）.三、海上班輪進口貨運代理流程海上班輪進口貨運代理業(yè)務(wù)流程是指國際貨運代理以代理人的身份代表貨主辦理貨物經(jīng)海運班輪進口，將貨物交付承運人承運這一過程所需要通過的環(huán)節(jié)、所需要辦理的手續(xù)及必備的單證等業(yè)務(wù)過程。對于集裝箱拼箱進口（FOB）業(yè)務(wù)需要經(jīng)過：攬貨接單—理單制單—訂艙及訂艙處理—通知收發(fā)貨人及裝港代理—轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)貨物已裝船通知—辦理貨物保險—掌握進口船舶動態(tài)—接單與提供進口貨物流向—辦理提貨手續(xù)—報檢報驗—報關(guān)—提取集裝箱—貨交收貨人—空箱返還—費用結(jié)算—業(yè)務(wù)歸檔。如果貨運代理擁有自己的海關(guān)監(jiān)管倉庫，也可以先接收貨物再進行報關(guān)報驗。對于散雜貨進口（FOB）業(yè)務(wù)流程與上述流程基本相同，只不過省去提取拆箱、返還空箱環(huán)節(jié)，而且貨物交接地點通常也不在貨運站或碼頭堆場而是在倉庫。此外，所用的貨運單證也與集裝箱貨物有所不同。在辦理提貨手續(xù)、報關(guān)報驗以及提貨時，通常使用交貨記錄，即提貨單。Ⅳ.Non-VesselOperatingCommonCarrier（NVOCC）AccordingtotheRegulationofthePRConInternationalMaritimeTransportation,non-vessel-operatingcommoncarrierisanenterpriseaslegalpersonthatacceptsshipmentsfromtheshipperasacarrier,issuesitsownbillsofladingorothershippingdocuments,chargestheshipperforthefreight,accomplishesthecarriageofgoodsbyseathroughtheeffortsoftheinternationalshippingoperator（namelytheactualcarrier）,andassumestheresponsibilitiesofthecarrier.Thebusinessscopeofnon-vessel-operatingcommoncarrierincludes：makingtheinternationalgoodstransportcontractwiththeshipperonbehalfofthecarrier;takingoverthegoodsanddeliveringthemasacarrier;signingandissuingthebillofladingandothershippingdocuments;collectingfreightandotherserviceremuneration;bookingspaceanddealingwiththeconsignmenttotheinternationalshippingoperatorsandothermeansoftransportoperators;payingfortheporttoportfreightchargesandothertransportcharges;containerunloadingandLCLbusiness;otherrelatedbusiness.Inrespectofformat,content,term,signingandissuingetc.,theNVOCC’smasterbillofladingandhousebillofladingshouldbeinconformitywiththeadjustmenttotheregulationsofinternationalconventionandlawsonthemarinebillsoflading.Thereiscertainrelevancebetweenthemandtheyarethesameinlegalstatusandtransportpurpose.However,theyaredifferentinmakingtheB/Landtheproceduresofexchange.NVOCC’smarinebillofladingshouldbemadeandsignedstrictlyinaccordancewiththeregulationoftheletterofcredit，inordertohandlethesettlementofexchangeandtakedeliveryofthegoodsfortheconvenienceofthesupplier.四、無船承運人根據(jù)《中華人民共和國國際海運條例》的規(guī)定，無船承運人，是指以承運人身份接受托運人的貨載，簽發(fā)自己的提單或者其他運輸單證，向托運人收取運費，通過國際船舶運輸經(jīng)營者（即實際承運人）完成國際海上貨物運輸，承擔(dān)承運人責(zé)任的企業(yè)法人。無船承運人的業(yè)務(wù)范圍包括以承運人身份與托運人訂立國際貨物運輸合同；以