Chapter2WordsandCharactersReadthefollowingsentencesandfigureoutwhattheymean.女子體態(tài)嫻靜美好姽,閑體行姽姽也。從女,危聲。猶頠之為頭,嫻習(xí)也?！墩f(shuō)文》既姽婳于幽靜兮,又婆娑乎人間?！斡瘛渡衽x》Paith

hareted

tha

orata,teret

ita,yeagotre

tha

merar.guiweipo

suoQuestionsforDiscussionDoyouthinkwhichlanguageiseasiertolearn,ChineseorEnglish?Why?DotheChinesestrokesconveymeaning?Forexample,whatdoesitmeanbythestroke(筆畫)“丿”?DotheEnglishlettersconveymeaning?Forexample,whatdoesitmeanby“W”?Chineseislargelyanideographic(表意)language.象形字Pictographiccharacters會(huì)意字Associativecompounds

指事字Self-explanatorycharacters形聲字phonogram抬，踢，吃，泳轉(zhuǎn)注字:顛與頂，竅與空Mutuallyexplanatoryorsynonymous假借字：命令與縣令PhoneticallyloanedcharactersPhonogramsformthebiggestcategoryoftheChinesecharacters.Charactersofthiscategorycanbeviewedascomposedof

radicals

(義符)andthe

phoneticcomponent(聲符).

扌亢radicalphoneticcomponentWhatdoestheradical“竹”meaninthecharacterslike“笑”and”笨”？Howabout”王”in“球”？Does“每”functionasthephoneticcomponentinthecharacter“海”？And“工”in“江”,“杠”and“扛”？儒：熟悉詩(shī)書禮樂(lè)為貴族服務(wù)的術(shù)士，其名本寓柔義。嚅：柔弱膽怯，欲言又止貌。孺：弱小之人，幼兒。蠕：蟲類柔軟的身體緩慢、柔和地爬行。濡：柔弱，柔軟。嬬：柔弱。薷：藥草，柔軟植物。壖：疏松柔軟的土地。懦：性格軟弱。糯：粘性、軟性的麥子，其名亦寓柔軟義。ThehistoryofChinesecharacters Chinesecharacters Inscriptionscarvedonoracle-bonesandtortoiseshells(甲骨文)Inscriptiononancientbronzeobjects(金文)ThestyleofcalligraphyadoptedintheQinDynasty(大篆→小篆)ThestyleofcalligraphyadoptedintheHanDynasty(小篆)Theregularstyle(楷書)ThenumberofChinesecharactersChinesehas500,000meaningfulmorphemes,whicharegenerallycharacters,ofwhichabout7000areincommonuse.Englishisbasicallyaphonographic(表音)language.TheEnglishlettersarephonemesandtheydonotconveyanymeaning.Whatdoesitmeanby“w”?Whenthephonemesrepresentedbythelettersformamorpheme,itcantakemeaning.Whatdoesitmeanby“-wards”?V-belt:三角皮帶T-strap:丁字鞋口U-turn:180度轉(zhuǎn)彎V-neck:雞心領(lǐng)子ABC:AmericanBornChineseAdvancedBookingCharterAustralianBroadcastingCorporationIthinkherpassionforyouisbasedontwofactors:A,youlookgood;B,youaresmart.ThenumberofEnglishwordsTheOxfordEnglishDictionarycontains450,000words.ButWilliamShakespeareusedavocabularyofonlyabout20,000words.Intermediussummary

EnglishlettersarejustlikestrokesinChinese.EnglishmorphemesarelikeChineseradicals.ChineseassociativecompoundcharactersarelikeEnglishcompoundwords.Question:HaveyouanyideawhytherearemoreEnglishwordsincommonusethanChinesecharacters?

TheformationofEnglishwordsSimplewordsIndependentmorphemes:boygirl,handDerivativewordsAffixation:kicks,apples,anti-terrorism,woolenCompoundwordsHandbag,second-handTherelationbetweenChinesecharactersandwords.GrammaticalHierarchymorphemewordphraseclausesentencetextChinesecharacter褒禪山亦謂之華山，唐浮圖慧褒始舍于其址，而卒葬之；

褒禪山也稱為華山。唐代和尚慧褒當(dāng)初在這里筑室居住，死后又葬在那里；

aprettygirl唐代的Replace:re-+place???placere爽直：直+爽?？爽直Replace:re-+place???placere上當(dāng)?上了一個(gè)大當(dāng)吃飯?吃過(guò)飯了吹牛?吹什么牛打架?打起架來(lái)頭發(fā)?披頭散發(fā)早晨鍛煉?晨練顛來(lái)倒去?顛倒ComparethefollowingexamplesChinesewordsaremorediscrete(離散)

thanEnglishWords.CharactersaregenerallyviewedasthebasicunitoftheChineselanguage,whileinEnglishthebasicunitwithindependentmeaningisword.

Thereisnorestrictionincollocationofcharactersexceptidiomaticusage.Charactersinwordscanbereversedtoformnewwords.Characterscanbeinsertedinto“separated-unitedwords”.Wordscanbeexpandedorcontractedwithoutchangingmeaning.Multinomes（連綿詞）Binomes:琵琶、枇杷、蜘蛛、伶俐、倉(cāng)促、惆悵 坎坷、慷慨（天翻地覆慨而慷） 哆嗦、霹靂、逍遙、嘮叨、燦爛、苗條 蝴蝶、珊瑚、蝌蚪、蜈蚣、蚯蚓、袈裟 奶奶（我奶叫我送來(lái)的。）、太太、姥姥、 猩猩、蛐蛐Trinomes:白蘭地、薩其馬、馬拉松Multinomes:奧林匹克、蓋世太保Riddles開頭千里相逢無(wú)人入伍一字千口，人人都有。Whatisitthatoccursonceinasecond,onceinamonth,yetnotatallinayearoraweek?WhyistheletterAlikehoneysuckle(金銀花)?一重五舌TheletterN.BecauseaBfollowsit.IntermediussummaryInformingwords,Chinesecharactersaremore

elastic

thanEnglishmorphemes.

Motivationofwords:Whydowordslookandsoundlikewhattheylookandsound?MotivationofwordcreationAPPLEPEARInasense,anylanguage,especiallyitsvocabulary,isveryarbitrary.

MotivationofwordcreationMEWBANGOntheotherhand,thereissomemotivationbehindthecreationofwords.MotivationofwordcreationMotivationisthegeneofthelifeofalanguage.Itistherationalbasisoftheinceptionanddevelopmentofthecodeofalanguage.PhoneticMorphologicalSemanticPhilologicalPhoneticmotivationmew,bang,drip-drop,click,clank,tick鴨，鴉，貓，蛙，箏，金，蕭，滴澎湃，咕嚕，骨碌，鏗鏘Morphologicalmotivationgirl→girls;teach→teacher;large→larger→largest;be→being;kick→kicked老-：老王，老李，老張-兒：花兒，朵兒，鶯兒，燕兒準(zhǔn)-：準(zhǔn)媽媽，準(zhǔn)爸爸，準(zhǔn)丈母娘后-：后張藝謀時(shí)代，后達(dá)達(dá)主義，后現(xiàn)代畫風(fēng)PhilologicalandsemanticmotivationHand-bag,football,snowfall,horse-riding,second-hand,greenhouse,grown-up,waiting-room甭，采，從，林，森，玨，傡，塵，尖，炎room-mate, workplace, policemanliving-room, workbag, postman

城鎮(zhèn) 趁機(jī) 毛孩兒 寒流長(zhǎng)城

趁錢 毛竹 寒衣InEnglish,themorpheme’smeaningislargelythesameasthatinthecompounditforms;however,inChinese,acharacte